Chapter 21 powerpt

Civil Right Movement
Early vs. Modern Civil Rights Movement
Searching for an Identity and Leadership
Leaders, Activities, and Organizations

Plessy v Ferguson
1896
“ 14 th amendment does not prevent private organization from discriminating”
Legalized Jim Crow Laws
Segregated accommodations were legal provided they were equal
“ separate but equal”

Booker T. Washington
Not for social equality
Remain apart
Founder of Tuskegee Institution in 1891
Focus – industrial education/learn a skill
Vocational jobs to improve economic situation
Problem?

W.E.B. Du Bois
Ph.D. from Harvard
Founder of the NAACP in 1910
Grew out of the Niagara Movement
Never except inferiority
Use courts to fight discrimination
Rejected Washington’s ideas
“ The Talented Tenth”

Marcus Garvey
Black nationalist
United Negro Improvement Association in 1914
Stressed racial separation from white
Black only businesses etc.
Encouraged a return to Africa

In the 1950s
15 million African Americans living in the United States
2/3 living in the south
Jim Crows laws ruled their lives
Legal segregation in schools, parks, transportation, hospitals etc

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Bring about change through peaceful measures
Founded by James Farmers in 1942
James Farmer 1920-1999

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
May 17, 1954
Supreme Court unanimously decided segregation violates the 14 th amendment
Brown Family

Chief Justice Earl Warren
1. Education plays a vital role in training children for citizenship, employment and leisure-time activities
2. Separating black children from others solely on the basis of race “generates a feeling of inferiority that may affect them in a way unlikely to be undone”
3. therefore, separate educational facilities are inherently unequal
Reversed Plessy v Ferguson
Thurgood Marshall argues the case

Emmett Till
Killed in 1955
Brings the problem to the attention of the nation

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956
Rosa Parks “mother of the civil rights movement” refused to leave seat for a white man
Arrested for violating the city’s segregation law
Year long boycott of the bus company
Calls by pastors of church to lead resistance
City agreed to change the law to allow black to sit anywhere
Event produced a leader, an organization, technique
Martin Luther King Jr.
SCLC
Non- violent civil disobedience

Integration at Little Rock 1957
Orval Faubus, gov. of Arkansas, mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine African-Americans students from attending
Direct challenge to federal authority
Eisenhower sent in army (paratroopers) to restore order and protect the “Little Rock Nine”

Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina
Greensboro four
Feb. 1 st Bought items at Woolworth than sat down to order coffee
Not served
Result
July desegregated lunch counters
Over 70,000 people participated in sit-in through out the South
Press they received

Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)
Grew out of SCLC
For students
Leaders was Robert Moses
was organized to advance the "sit-in" movement

Freedom Rides
Spring of 1961
SNCC members joined with activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New York-based civil rights organization to encourage the Freedom Rides
Placed white and black students on interstate busses to test the new court decision to desegregate waiting rooms and dining facilities at bus stops
In deep South response was violent
Attorney General Robert Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect riders

Integration of “Ole Miss”
29 yr old veteran James Meredith
Arrival touched off riots
Mostly KKK members NOT students
Gov Ross Barnett refused to allow to register
Announced state laws were superior to federal laws
Pres. Kennedy federalized Miss. National Guard
Took 400 Marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him
Meredith remained and graduated in 1963
Cost 200 lives and 4 million in taxpayer’s $

University of Alabama
Vivian Malone
Gov George Wallace stood in doorway
National Guard was federalized
Wallace walked away

Birmingham, Alabama
Rev. Shuttlesworth asked MLK to come to city
Most segregated big city in America
Test nonviolence
It was a planned non-violent campaign
Police Commissioner “Bull” Connor decided to crush the protest
Police used fire hoses, police dogs and clubs
TV carried scene to the nation

MLK arrested
Leaders felt MLK was pushing too hard/too fast
Response “Letters from Birmingham”
Kids march, 1000 arrested
Result
End to segregation in Birmingham
HUGE victory
Kennedy on TV asked Congress to pass a Civil Rights Bill
Nation saw racism in the South at its worst

March on Washington (Aug 1963)
To support and pressure Kennedy
250,00 African Americans marched on nation’s capital
“ I have a Dream”

Civil Rights Act
Three months later Kennedy was assassinated
Bill wasn’t close to passing
Southern Congressmen had a filibuster going
Johnson addressed Congress
“… couldn’t more eloquently honor Pres. Kennedy’s memory”
Passed in June 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964
Elections:
Prohibited election officials from applying different standards to blacks and whites voting
Public Accommodations:
Forbade discrimination in public places
Forbade discrimination in government owned or operated facilities
Federally Assisted Programs
Allowed the government to withhold aid from states involving discrimination
Employment
Prohibited discriminatory practices by employers, agencies, and labor union
No discriminatory hiring on basis of race, sex , religion or nationality

24 th Amendment
Passed in 1964
Prohibited the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in a federal election

Voting Act of 1965
A result of Selma, Alabama incident
State troops assaulted demonstrators as they marched to the state capital
President Johnson “We shall over come”
Outlawed literacy test
Federal examiners in to register voters where irregularities existed
Signed 100 years after the Civil War ended

Results of Civil Rights
Right to vote
South would never be the same again
Served in politics at all level
Segregation became illegal
Ended an Era
Civil Rights campaigns in the South led by peaceful moderates
Lets go North!

"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction. The chain reaction of evil………must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation."
Martin Luther King Jr.

Chapter 21 powerpt

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