table of contents (cont.) vii
SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract, v
Short Table of Contents, vii
Detailed Table of Contents, viii
Aknowledgements, iii
Conclusions, 395
1. Introduction, 1
2. Methodology, 4
3. Generalized Geology of the Greater Lufilian Arc, 21
4. Description of Rocks from the Different Domains, 23
Zambian domains, 24
Hook Granite Batholith, Zambia, 24
West Lusaka/Kafue Flats domain, 61
Kalengwa-Kasempa Area, Zambia, 70
Northwestern Zambia domain, 83
Kalene Hill area, 84
Introduction to the geology of the Domes Region, NW Zambia, 96
Kabompo Dome, 97
Mwombezhi Dome, 104
Solwezi Dome, 115
Conclusions on entire NW Zambia region, 118
Zambian Copperbelt, 121
Nchanga Granite, 127
Nchanga mine area, 137
Muliashi Porphyry, 140
Deep borehole, Konkola mine, 144
Chambishi granite, 148
Mufulira granite, 152
Samba deposit, 155
Conclusions, 158
Namibian Domains, 163
Kamanjab Batholith, 163
Khorixas Inlier, 211
Oas farm, 213
Lofdal farm, 237
Other Small Outcrops in Namibia and Bostwana, 252
Mesopotamie, 252
Summas Mountains, 260
Ugab River outcrops, 262
Okwa River Outcrops, Botswana, 264
Grootfontein Inlier, 265
Environs of Otjiwarongo, 266
Review of observations, 277
Witvlei, Namibia, 281
5. Thorium Content of Granitoids in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 303
6. Geochronology, 308
New radiometric ages, 308
Geochronological database and interpretation, 308
New Re-Os ages from copper mineralization, Zambian Copperbelt, 312
7. Some Aspects of Anorogenic Intrusive Rocks, 316
Comparison of batholithic granitoid bodies with anorogenic ring complex clusters, 317
Comparison of Lufilian small basic intrusions with examples from the literature, 334
8. Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Mineralization in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 337
Some notes on iron oxide-copper-gold deposits, 337
Iron oxide-copper-gold systems in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 346
Some known IOCG-like deposits and prospects, 362
Relationship between IOCG and sedimentary-hosted Cu mineralization, 391
Sedimentary-hosted Au mineralization in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 391
Peculiarities of Zambian and Namibian IOCG systems, 391
Conclusions, 392
9. Conclusions, 395
10. References, 405
Appendices

table of contents (cont.) viii
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT, v
SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS, vii
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS, viii
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS, iii
CONCLUSIONS, 395
1. INTRODUCTION, 1
1.1 The Lufilian Arc, 1
1.2 The Project, 1
1.3 Aims of the Project, 1
1.4 Study Areas, 1
1.5 Project Outline, 3
1.5.1 Phase 1, 3
1.5.2 Phase 2, 3
1.5.3 Phase 3, 3
1.5.4 Phase 4, 3
1.5.5 Current Status of Project, 3
2. METHODOLOGY, 4
2.1 Field Sampling, 4
2.1.1 Definition of Granitoid, 4
2.1.2 Sampling Procedure, 4
2.1.3 Referencing Geological Stations, Recording Information and Sample Labeling, 4
2.1.4 Other Field Activities, 5
2.1.5 Field Equipment Used, 5
2.1.6 Bibliographical Research, 5
2.1.7 Office and Laboratory Work, 5
2.2 Petrologic Nomenclature, 7
2.2.1 Total Alkali Diagram, 7
2.2.2 R1/R2 Cationic Classification, 8
2.2.3 Granitoid Classification, 9
2.2.4 Debon & LeFort Cationic Classification Diagrams, 10
2.2.4.1 Q-P DiagraM, 10
2.2.4.2 A-B Diagram, 10
2.2.4.3 QBF Diagram, 10
2.2.4.4 K-B Diagram, 10
2.2.4.5 Mg*-B Diagram, 10
2.3 Geochemistry, 12
2.3.1 Major Oxide Chemistry, 12
2.3.2 Trace Element and Rare Earth Chemistry, 12
2.3.3 Presentation of Chemical Data, 12
2.3.4 Geochemical Threshold Values, 12
2.4 Tectonic Discrimination of Samples, 14
2.4.1 Granitoids, 14
2.4.1.1 Comprehensive method of Barbarin, 1999, 14
2.4.1.2 Major oxide method of Maniar & Piccoli, 1989, 14
2.4.1.3 Definition of anorogenic granitoids, method of Whalen et al, 1987, 15
2.4.1.4 Trace element method of Pearce et al, 1984, 17
2.4.1.5 Discrimination of granitoids from collisional environments, method of Harris at al, 1986, 17
2.4.1.6 Discussion, 17
2.4.1.7 A Novel Approach, 17
2.4.2 Mafic Rocks, 18
2.4.3 Conventions to Tabulate Rock Type and Methods to Evaluate Environment of Emplacement
for Samples Studied, 18

table of contents (cont.) ix
3 GENERALIZED GEOLOGY OF THE GREATER LUFILIAN ARC, 21
4 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS FROM THE DIFFERENT DOMAINS, 23
4.1 ZAMBIAN DOMAINS, 24
4.1.1 HOOK GRANITE BATHOLITH, ZAMBIA, 24
4.1.1.1 Introduction, 24
4.1.1.2 Geochemistry, 25
4.1.1.3 Geological Units, 36
4.1.1.4 Comparison of Hook Granitoids with Ring Complexes, 45
4.1.1.4.1 Airborne Geophysical Image and Definition of Ring Complexes, 45
4.1.1.4.2 Comparison of Hook Granitoids with rocks from Namibian Mesozoic Ring
Complexes, 49
4.1.1.5 E-W Transect Across the Kafue Park, Zambia, 55
4.1.1.6 Geochronology and Geological History, 57
4.1.1.7 Environment of Emplacement, 59
4.1.1.8 Conclusions, 59
4.1.1.9 Recommendations, 59
4.1.2 WEST LUSAKA/KAFUE FLATS DOMAIN, ZAMBIA, 61
4.1.2.1 Introduction, 61
4.1.2.2 Geochemistry, 61
4.1.2.3 Lusaka Granite, 66
4.1.2.4 Description of main rock types, 66
4.1.2.4.1 Four rock association, 66
4.1.2.4.2 Granitoids, 67
4.1.2.4.3 Gabbroids, 67
4.1.2.4.4 Iron oxide bodies, 68
4.1.2.5 Thorium content in Kafue Flats area, 68
4.1.2.6 Geochronology, 68
4.1.2.7 Conclusions, 68
4.1.3 KALENGWA-KASEMPA AREA, ZAMBIA, 70
4.1.3.1 Introduction, 70
4.1.3.2 Sampling, 71
4.1.3.3 Geochemistry, 71
4.1.3.4 Analysis of independent samples by elements, 79
4.1.3.5 Analysis by source area, 80
4.1.3.6 Kalengwa Area, 80
4.1.3.6.1 Samples, 80
4.1.3.6.2 Geochronology, 81
4.1.3.6.3 Environment of emplacement, 81
4.1.3.7 Kasempa Area, 81
4.1.3.7.1 Borehole MB-34, 81
4.1.3.7.2 Mufwashi and Chitampa Boreholes, 81
4.1.3.7.3 Geochronology, 82
4.1.4 NORTHWESTERN ZAMBIA DOMAIN, 83
4.1.4.1 Introduction, 83
4.1.4.2 Kalene Hill Area, 84
4.1.4.2.1 Geochemistry, 84
4.1.4.2.2 Description of the various groups, 84
4.1.4.2.2.1 Group 1, 84
4.1.4.2.2.2 Group 2, 84
4.1.4.2.2.3 Group 3, 94
4.1.4.2.2.4 Group 4, 94
4.1.4.2.3 Analysis of independent samples by elements, 94
4.1.4.2.4 Geochronology, 94
4.1.4.2.5 Environment of emplacement, 95
4.1.4.2.6 Conclusions, 95

table of contents (cont.) x
4.1.4.3 Introduction to the geology of the Domes Region, NW Zambia, 96
4.1.4.4 Kabompo Dome, 97
4.1.4.4.1 Introduction, 97
4.1.4.4.2 Description of samples collected in the field, 97
4.1.4.4.2.1 Samples L-028 and L-029, 97
4.1.4.4.2.2 Sample L-030, 98
4.1.4.4.2.3 Samples L-047 and L-048, 100
4.1.4.4.3 Conclusions, 103
4.1.4.5 Mwombezhi Dome, 104
4.1.4.5.1 Introduction, 104
4.1.4.5.2 Lumwana copper mineralization, 104
4.1.4.5.3 Mafic volcanics from Shilenda, 106
4.1.4.5.4 Chitungulu sodalite syenite, 107
4.1.4.5.4.1 Introduction, 107
4.1.4.5.4.2 Sampling, 107
4.1.4.5.4.3 Description of the rocks, 107
4.1.4.5.4.4 Weathering, jointing and problematic structures for mining, 107
4.1.4.5.4.5 Geochemistry, 110
4.1.4.5.4.6 Environment of emplacement, 113
4.1.4.5.4.7 Geochronology, 114
4.1.4.5.4.8 Conclusions, 114
4.1.4.6 Solwezi Dome, 115
4.1.4.6.1 Introduction, 115
4.1.4.6.2 Sampling, 115
4.1.4.6.3 Samples from the Solwezi Dome, 115
4.1.4.6.4 Geochronology, 116
4.1.4.6.5 Samples from East of Solwezi, 118
4.1.4.6.6 Conclusions, 118
4.1.4.7 Conclusions on the entire NW Zambia Region, 118
4.1.5 ZAMBIAN COPPERBELT, 121
4.1.5.1 Introduction, 121
4.1.5.2 Nchanga Granite, 127
4.1.5.2.1 Introduction, 127
4.1.5.2.2 Sampling, 127
4.1.5.2.3 Main rock types, 128
4.1.5.2.4 Samples P-28 and P-29, 128
4.1.5.2.5 Samples from Chiwempala Hill, 130
4.1.5.2.6 Gray’s quarry, 131
4.1.5.2.7 Various dikes, 132
4.1.5.2.8 Geochemistry, 132
4.1.5.2.9 Anorogenic character of the Nchanga Granite, 135
4.1.5.2.10 Conclusions, 136
4.1.5.3 Nchanga mine area, 137
4.1.5.3.1 Introduction, 137
4.1.5.3.2 Comparison of gabbroid rocks,138
4.1.5.3.3 Nchanga lamprophyre dike, 138
4.1.5.3.4 Samples with special character, 139
4.1.5.3.5 Geochronology, 139
4.1.5.3.6 Conclusions, 139
4.1.5.4 Muliashi Porphyry, 140
4.1.5.4.1 Introduction, 140
4.1.5.4.2 Sampling and composition of samples, 140
4.1.5.4.3 Description of samples, 141
4.1.5.4.4 Geochronology, 141
4.1.5.4.5 Discussion on the Muliashi Porphyry and its correlatives, 141
4.1.5.5 Deep borehole, Konkola mine, 144
4.1.5.6 Chambishi Granite, 148
4.1.5.6.1 Introduction, 148
4.1.5.6.2 Geochemistry, 148
4.1.5.6.3 Chambishi gabbroid rocks, 150
4.1.5.6.4 Geochronology, 151
4.1.5.6.5 Environment of emplacement, 151
4.1.5.6.6 Conclusion, 151

table of contents (cont.) xi
4.1.5.7 Mufulira Granite, 152
4.1.5.7.1 Introduction, 152
4.1.5.7.2 Sample description and geochemistry, 152
4.1.5.7.3 Geochronology, 153
4.1.5.7.4 Discussion, 153
4.1.5.8 Samba Deposit, 155
4.1.5.8.1 Introduction, 155
4.1.5.8.2 Sampling and geochemistry, 155
4.1.5.8.3 Geochronology, 157
4.1.5.8.4 Discussion, 157
4.1.5.9 Conclusions on granitoids from the Zambian Copperbelt, 158
4.1.5.9.1 General conclusions, 158
4.1.5.9.2 Tectonic environment of emplacement, 158
4.1.5.9.3 Mineralization, 158
4.1.5.9.4 Lithologic correlation, 159
4.1.5.9.5 Stratigraphic relations, 159
4.2 NAMIBIAN DOMAINS, 163
4.2.1 KAMANJAB BATHOLITH, 163
4.2.1.1 Introduction, 163
4.2.1.2 Geochemistry, 164
4.2.1.3 Main Rock Suites, 173
4.2.1.3.1 Examples of rock suites, 173
4.2.1.3.1.1 Suite B, 173
4.2.1.3.1.2 Suite E, 173
4.2.1.3.1.3 Suite G, 174
4.2.1.3.1.4 Suite H, 174
4.2.1.3.1.5 Suite J, 177
4.2.1.3.1.6 Suite K, 177
4.2.1.3.1.7 Suite M, 177
4.2.1.4 Sample grouping, 179
4.2.1.4.1 Quartzmonzonites, 179
4.2.1.4.2 Alkali granites, 181
4.2.1.4.3 Granites, 182
4.2.1.4.4 Syenites, 183
4.2.1.4.5 Gabbroid rocks, 183
4.2.1.4.6 Rocks that could not be classified into above groups, 184
4.2.1.5 Volcanic rocks, 184
4.2.1.6 Environment of emplacement, 200
4.2.1.7 Evidence of magma mixing-magma mingling, 200
4.2.1.8 Granitoids sampled by Tom Clifford, 201
4.2.1.9 Geochronology, 201
4.2.1.10 Some copper-mineralized systems in the Kamanjab Batholith, 206
4.2.1.11 Discussion, 208
4.2.1.12 Gelbingen farm, 209
4.2.2 KHORIXAS INLIER, 211
4.2.2.1 Introduction, 211
4.2.2.2 OAS FARM, 213
4.2.2.2.1 Introduction, 213
4.2.2.2.2 4-km long N-S transect across Oas Syenite, 213
4.2.2.2.3 Geochemistry, 219
4.2.2.2.4 Zinc enrichment, 229
4.2.2.2.5 Quartzite from Oas farm that might host mineralization,235
4.2.2.2.6 Geochronology, 235
4.2.2.2.7 Environment of emplacement, 236
4.2.2.2.8 Conclusions, 236

table of contents (cont.) xii
4.2.2.3 LOFDAL FARM, 237
4.2.2.3.1 Introduction, 237
4.2.2.3.2 Geochemistry, 237
4.2.2.3.3 Description of outcrops from the Lofdal farm, 238
4.2.2.3.3.1 Dissolution of silicates in granitoids, 238
4.2.2.3.3.2 Carbonatite dikes and iron oxide-copper-gold mineralization, 241
4.2.2.3.3.3 Cross section through series of ultramafic dikes, 244
4.2.2.3.3.4 Magnetite-cemented, polymictic hydrothermal breccia that makes diatreme,
245
4.2.2.3.3.5 Abandoned Lofdal mine, 247
4.2.2.3.3.6 Carbonatite dikes, 248
4.2.2.3.3.6.1 Introduction, 248
4.2.2.3.3.6.2 Geochemistry, 248
4.2.2.3.3.6.3 Economic mineralization in carbonatite dikes, 248
4.2.2.3.3.6.4 High-heat production properties in some of the dikes, 249
4.2.2.3.4 Environment of emplacement, 250
4.2.2.3.5 Geochronology, 251
4.2.2.3.6 Conclusions, 251
4.2.3 OTHER SMALL OUTCROPS IN NAMIBIA AND BOTSWANA, 252
4.2.3.1 Introduction, 252
4.2.3.2 Mesopotamie, 252
4.2.3.2.1 Introduction, 252
4.2.3.2.2 Sampling and geochemisty, 252
4.2.3.2.3 Environment of emplacement, 252
4.2.3.2.4 Geochronology, 259
4.2.3.2.5 Economic geology, 259
4.2.3.3 Summas Mountains, 260
4.2.3.3.1 Sampling and geochemistry, 260
4.2.3.3.2 Geochronology, 261
4.2.3.4 Ugab River outcrops, 262
4.2.3.4.1 Sampling and geochemistry, 262
4.2.3.4.2 Geochronology, 263
4.2.3.5 Okwa River Outcrops, Botswana, 264
4.2.3.6 Grootfontein Inlier, 265
4.2.3.6.1 Sampling and geochemistry, 265
4.2.3.6.2 Geochronology, 265
4.2.3.7 Environs of Otjiwarongo, Namibia, 266
4.2.3.7.1 Introduction, 266
4.2.3.7.2 Field description of main outrcrops, 266
4.2.3.7.3 Pegmatitic rocks, 270
4.2.3.7.4 Geochemistry, 273
4.2.3.7.5 Otjiwarongo Batholith, 274
4.2.3.7.6 Environment of emplacement, 274
4.2.3.7.7 Geochronology, 274
4.2.3.7.8 Discussion, 274
4.2.3.8 Review of observations from Mesopotamie, Summas Mountains, Ugab River, Okwa
River, Grootfontein Inlier and Otjiwarongo outcrops, 277
4.2.4 WITVLEI, NAMIBIA, 281
4.2.4.1 Introduccion, 281
4.2.4.2 Field observations, 281
4.2.4.3 Description of the OP-1 borehole, Okatjepuiko Project, 284
4.2.4.4 Geochemistry, 284
4.2.4.5 Environment of emplacement, 291
4.2.4.6 Geochronology, 291
4.2.4.7 Other events of the same age in the region, 292
4.2.4.8 Evidence of iron oxide-copper-gold mineralization and definition of a mineralized belt, 292
4.2.4.9 Conclusions, 293

table of contents (cont.) xiii
5 THORIUM CONTENT OF GRANITOIDS IN THE GREATER LUFILIAN ARC, 303
5.1 Introduction, 303
5.2 High Thorium samples, 303
5.3 Values for high-heat generating granitoids, 305
6 GEOCHRONOLOGY, 308
6.1 Introduction, 308
6.2 New radiometric ages, 308
6.3 Geochronological Database and Interpretation, 308
6.3.1 Event diagrams, 309
6.3.2 Compilation of event diagrams, 309
6.4 New Re-Os Ages from Copper Mineralization, Zambian Copperbelt, 312
6.4.1 Basic data, 312
6.4.2 Discussion, 312
6.4.3 Conclusions, 314
7 SOME ASPECTS OF ANOROGENIC INTRUSIVE ROCKS, 316
7.1 Intoduction, 316
7.2 Comparison of batholithic granitoid bodies with anorogenic ring complex clusters, 317
7.2.1 Introduction, 317
7.2.2 Nuba Mountains, Sudan, 318
7.2.3 Central Nigeria ring complexes, 319
7.2.4 Kanye-Gaborone ring complexes, Botswana, 323
7.2.5 Comparison of the three ring complex clusters, 324
7.2.6 Model for the origin of batholithic-size granitoid bodies in anorogenic environments, 326
7.2.7 Ring complex clusters in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 329
7.2.8 Conclusions, 333
7.3 Comparison of Lufilian small basic intrusions with examples from the literature, 334
8 IRON OXIDE-COPPER-GOLD MINERALIZATION IN THE GREATER LUFILIAN ARC,
337
8.1 Introduction, 337
8.2 Some notes on iron oxide-copper-gold deposits, 337
8.3 Iron oxide-copper-gold systems in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 346
8.3.1 Relationship between granitoids and iron oxides, 346
8.3.2 Iron oxide bodies, 349
8.3.3 Breccias, 351
8.3.4 Structural control, 353
8.3.4.1 Rock fracturing to control IOCG mineralization, 353
8.3.4.2 E-W Structures, 354
8.3.4.3 Planar features of iron oxide bodies, 354
8.3.5 Particular hydrothermal alteration features, 357
8.3.5.1 Tourmaline alteration, 357
8.3.5.2 Quartz pods, 357
8.3.5.2.1 Description of QP, 357
8.3.5.2.2 Four rock association, 359
8.3.5.2.3 Particles enclosed in QP, 359
8.3.5.2.4 Studies that can be done on QP, 360
8.3.5.2.5 Practical applications of QP, 360
8.3.5.2.6 Hypothesis about the origin of QP, 360
8.4 Some known IOCG-like deposits and prospects, 362
8.4.1 Namibian deposits and prospects, 362
8.4.1.1 Okatjepuiko Prospect, Witvlei, 362
8.4.1.2 Kombat mine, Otavi Mountains, 363
8.4.1.3 Otjikoto gold deposit, 366
8.4.1.4 Mesopotamie farm, 366
8.4.1.4.1 Copper Valley mineralization on the NW portion of Mesopotamie 504, 367
8.4.1.4.2 Kruger’s deposit on the NW portion of Mesopotamie 504, 368
8.4.1.4.3 Mineralization on the NE portion of Mesopotamie 504, 369
8.4.2 Zambian deposits and prospects, 370
8.4.2.1 Evidence of IOCG mineralization under the Copperbelt, 370

table of contents (cont.) xiv
8.4.2.2 Dunrobin gold mine, 370
8.4.2.3 Nampundwe pyrite mine, 374
8.4.2.4 Kasempa Region Prospects, 374
8.4.2.5 IOCG prospects and mines around the Hook Granite Batholith, 375
8.4.2.6 Kalengwa copper-silver mine, 377
8.4.3 Other Lufulian Arc IOCG prospects and deposits, 379
8.4.3.1 Quartzite-hosted deposits, Gelbingen farm, Namibia, 379
8.4.3.2 Deposits associated to alkaline rocks and carbonatites, 383
8.4.3.3 IOCG Mineralization in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 388
8.4.3.4 Active exploration in projects in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 390
8.5 Relationship between IOCG and sedimentary-hosted Cu mineralization, 391
8.6 Sedimentary-hosted Au mineralization in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 391
8.7 Peculiarities of Zambian and Namibian IOCG systems, 391
8.8 Conclusions, 392
9 CONCLUSIONS, 395
9.1 Main Granitoid Terranes in the Greater Lufilian Arc, 395
9.2 Polycyclic Geological History, 395
9.3 Rock Types, 395
9.3.1 Mafic, Ultramafic and Alkaline Rocks, 398
9.3.2 Rock Associations in Anorogenic Environments, 398
9.3.3 Quartz Pods, 399
9.3.4 Iron Oxide Bodies, 399
9.3.5 Round-Pebble Hydrothermal Breccias, 399
9.4 Ring Complex Clusters, 399
9.5 Tectonic Environment of Emplacement, 399
9.6 High Thorium, 400
9.7 Correlation of Granitoids, 400
9.8 Main Findings in Specific Domains, 400
9.8.1 Hook Granite Batholith, Zambia, 400
9.8.2 Nchanga Granite, Zambia, 400
9.8.3 Kamanjab Batholith, Namibia, 400
9.8.5 New Temporal Constrain to Katangan Sedimentation, 401
9.8.6 Khorixas Inlier-Kamanjab Batholith, 401
9.8.7 Long-Lived Fractures, 401
9.9 Metallogeny, 401
9.9.1 Metallogenic Epochs, 401
9.9.2 Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Mineralization, 404
9.9.3 Association of Sedimentary-Hosted Copper Mineralization with IOCG Mineralization,
404
10 REFERENCES, 404-428
10 APPENDICES (Paging in the Appendices volume is independent from the rest of the text)
A Sample Maps, 127
B TAS Diagram for Suites of the Kamanjab Batholith, Namibia, 165
C Geochemistry Database, 1
D Geographic Coordinates of Samples Collected and Geological Stations, 25
E Geochronology Database, 41
F Geochronological Event Diagrams, 67
G Tectonic Environent of Emplacement for Samples, 95
H Partial Transcription of Field Notes, 183
I Other Information, 222
J Raw Data for New Geochronology, 237
K Geochronological Correlation Diagrams, 257