Lexicon. Characteristics of word formation in English. Prefixation, suffixation and compounding . Unit 10

1. Lexicon 1.1. Lexicography. 1.2.The Evolution of the modern dictionary.

Types of Lexicography Alphabetical lexicography Thematic Lexicography

Alphabetical lexicography

Thematic Lexicography

Products of lexicography If account for size 20-volume Oxford Dictionary The Concise Oxford Dictionary The Pocket Oxford Dictionary The Collins Gem If account for type Monolingual Bilingual Multilingual Phonetical Etymologies Synonyms and antonyms.etc.

If account for size

20-volume Oxford Dictionary

The Concise Oxford Dictionary

The Pocket Oxford Dictionary

The Collins Gem

If account for type

Monolingual

Bilingual

Multilingual

Phonetical

Etymologies

Synonyms and antonyms.etc.

The evolution of modern dictionaries. First English to English word list “ A Table Alphabeticall” by Robert Cawdrey 1603. It contained 2,500 words. By the 50´s of XVII Century “Etylomologies” were Included in dictionaries as well

In 1700, John Kersey dares to add frequent words in dictionaries. The gratest figure in English lexicography in the XVIII was Samuel Johnson. The gratest lexicographical effort ever made was The Oxford English Dictionary.

Dictionaries in America Noah Webster is the great pioneer in lexicography. His dictonary published in 1828 had the title “An American Dictionary of the English Language”

Noah Webster is the great pioneer in lexicography.

His dictonary published in 1828 had the title “An American Dictionary of the English Language”

English word formation Affixation. Compounding. Conversion. Other devices: reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms.

Affixation.

Compounding.

Conversion.

Other devices: reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms.

Prefixation Characteristics of prefixes Generally they do not alter the word class of the base. The are normally written together with the base as a single word. Main stress falls normally on the base. They can be grouped according to their meaning.

Characteristics of prefixes

Generally they do not alter the word class of the base.

The are normally written together with the base as a single word.

Main stress falls normally on the base.

They can be grouped according to their meaning.

Negative Prefixes “ un-” unfair, unadorned, unfortunately. “ non-” non-conformist, non-existent. “ in-” invisible, illogical, impossible, irresponsible. “ a(n)-” amoral, atheist. “ dis-” disloyal, disobey, disfavour

“ un-” unfair, unadorned, unfortunately.

“ non-” non-conformist, non-existent.

“ in-” invisible, illogical, impossible, irresponsible.

“ a(n)-” amoral, atheist.

“ dis-” disloyal, disobey, disfavour

Reversible Prefixes “ un-” undo, undress, unhorse. “ de-” defrost, depoliticize. “ dis-” discouraging, disheartened,desinterested.

“ un-” undo, undress, unhorse.

“ de-” defrost, depoliticize.

“ dis-” discouraging, disheartened,desinterested.

Pejorative Prefixes “ mis-” mishear, misconduct, misleading, misrepresentation. “ mal-” maltreat, malformed, malfunction. “ pseudo-” pseudo-scientific, pseudo- classicism.

“ mis-” mishear, misconduct, misleading, misrepresentation.

“ mal-” maltreat, malformed, malfunction.

“ pseudo-” pseudo-scientific,

pseudo- classicism.

Prefixes of degree and size “ arch-” archduke, archenemy. “ super-” supermarket, superman. “ out-” outlive, outdo, outrun. “ sur-” surcharge, “ sub-” subnormal, substandard. “ over-”/under-” overdo, undertook “ hyper-/ultra-” hypersensitive. “ mini-/macro-/micro-” microwave.

“ arch-” archduke, archenemy.

“ super-” supermarket, superman.

“ out-” outlive, outdo, outrun.

“ sur-” surcharge,

“ sub-” subnormal, substandard.

“ over-”/under-” overdo, undertook

“ hyper-/ultra-” hypersensitive.

“ mini-/macro-/micro-” microwave.

Prefixes of attitude “ co-” cooperative, cohabit, co-director, co-proprietor. “ counter-” counter-espionage, counter-attack. “ anti-/pro-” anti-nuclear, anti-democracy.

“ co-” cooperative, cohabit, co-director, co-proprietor.

“ counter-” counter-espionage, counter-attack.

“ anti-/pro-” anti-nuclear, anti-democracy.

Locative Prefixes “ super-” super-structure. “ sub-” subway, subconscious, subdivide. “ inter-” international, intermarry, interwave, interplay. “ trans-” transatlantic, transplant.

“ super-” super-structure.

“ sub-” subway, subconscious, subdivide.

“ inter-” international, intermarry, interwave, interplay.

“ trans-” transatlantic, transplant.

Prefixes of time and order “ fore-” foretell, foreman, forewarn. “ pre-/post-” pre-historial, pre-marital. “ ex-” ex-minister, ex-wife. “ re-” rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.

“ fore-” foretell, foreman, forewarn.

“ pre-/post-” pre-historial, pre-marital.

“ ex-” ex-minister, ex-wife.

“ re-” rebuild, relocation, re-elegible.

Number Prefixes “ uni-/mono-” monosyllable, unilateral. “ bi-/di-” dichotomy, bifocal. “ multi-/poly-/pluri” multiracial

“ uni-/mono-” monosyllable, unilateral.

“ bi-/di-” dichotomy, bifocal.

“ multi-/poly-/pluri” multiracial

Conversion prefixes “ be-” bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle, befriend ( a dog ). “ en-/em-” endanger, empower. “ a-” afloat.

“ be-” bewigged, bewitch, bedazzle, befriend ( a dog ).

“ en-/em-” endanger, empower.

“ a-” afloat.

To Summarize Negative Prefixes. Reversible Prefixes. Pejorative Prefixes. Prefixes of degree and size. Prefixes of attitude. Locative prefixes. Prefixes of time and order. Number Prefixes. Conversion Prefixes.

Negative Prefixes.

Reversible Prefixes.

Pejorative Prefixes.

Prefixes of degree and size.

Prefixes of attitude.

Locative prefixes.

Prefixes of time and order.

Number Prefixes.

Conversion Prefixes.

Suffixation Characteristics of suffixes. They normally alter the word type of the base. Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own. The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech. The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to.

Characteristics of suffixes.

They normally alter the word type of the base.

Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own.

The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech.

The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to.

Noun suffixes Occupational. “ -eer” engineer, auctitioneer. “ -ster” gangster, gamester, trickster. “ -er” Londoner, banker

Occupational.

“ -eer” engineer, auctitioneer.

“ -ster” gangster, gamester, trickster.

“ -er” Londoner, banker

Noun Suffixes Diminutive and femenine. “ -let” booklet, owlet, piglet. “ -ette” cigarrette, kitchenette. “ -ess” countess, hostess. “ -y” Johnny, daddy, pussy

Diminutive and femenine.

“ -let” booklet, owlet, piglet.

“ -ette” cigarrette, kitchenette.

“ -ess” countess, hostess.

“ -y” Johnny, daddy, pussy

Noun Suffixes ( Abstract ) Status, domain, etc. “ -hood” boyhood, brotherhood, flasehood, likelihood. “ -ship” friendship, companionship “ -dom”,”-ocracy”, “-ery/-ry”.

Status, domain, etc.

“ -hood” boyhood, brotherhood, flasehood, likelihood.

“ -ship” friendship, companionship

“ -dom”,”-ocracy”, “-ery/-ry”.

Noun Suffixes Quantity. “ -ful” handful, spoonful

Quantity.

“ -ful” handful, spoonful

Noun/adjective suffixes “ -ite” Israelite, Rafaelite. “ -(i)an” Shakespearian, Elizabethan. “ -ese” Japanese. “ -ist” novelist, violinist, typist. “ -ism” Cummunism, Imperialistm.

“ -ite” Israelite, Rafaelite.

“ -(i)an” Shakespearian, Elizabethan.

“ -ese” Japanese.

“ -ist” novelist, violinist, typist.

“ -ism” Cummunism, Imperialistm.

De-verbal suffixes “ -er” worker, onlooker, drinker. “ -ant” inhabitant, occupant. “ -ation” operation, exploration. “ -ment” arrangement, argument. “ -al” approval, refusal “ -ing” swimming, living, painting, building. “ -age” package, peerage, shortage. “ -ee” trainee, employee.

“ -er” worker, onlooker, drinker.

“ -ant” inhabitant, occupant.

“ -ation” operation, exploration.

“ -ment” arrangement, argument.

“ -al” approval, refusal

“ -ing” swimming, living, painting, building.

“ -age” package, peerage, shortage.

“ -ee” trainee, employee.

De-adjectival suffixes “ -ness” goodness, happiness, selfishness. “ -ity”/”-able”/”-ible”/”-al” readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality.

“ -ness” goodness, happiness, selfishness.

“ -ity”/”-able”/”-ible”/”-al” readable, readability, sentimental, sentimentality.

Verb suffixes “ -ify” certify, identify. “ -ize” scandalize, organise. “ -en” blacken, sadden.

“ -ify” certify, identify.

“ -ize” scandalize, organise.

“ -en” blacken, sadden.

Adjective Suffixes “ -able” readable, drinkable. “ -al” chemical, criminal, special. “ -ful” beautiful, plentiful. “ -ed” blue-eyed, odd-shaped. “ -en” wooden, leaden. “ -ic” Germanic, specific. “ -ish” foolish, boyish, snobbish. “ -less” helpless, hopeless. “ -like” friendly, child-like

“ -able” readable, drinkable.

“ -al” chemical, criminal, special.

“ -ful” beautiful, plentiful.

“ -ed” blue-eyed, odd-shaped.

“ -en” wooden, leaden.

“ -ic” Germanic, specific.

“ -ish” foolish, boyish, snobbish.

“ -less” helpless, hopeless.

“ -like” friendly, child-like

Adverb suffixes “ -ly” happily, freely, instantly. “ -wards” onwards, eastwards. “ -wise” clockwise.

“ -ly” happily, freely, instantly.

“ -wards” onwards, eastwards.

“ -wise” clockwise.

To Summarize Suffixes Noun Suffixes. Noun/Adjective suffixes. De-verbal suffixes. De-adjectival suffixes. Verb suffixes. Adjective suffixes. Adverb suffixes.

Noun Suffixes.

Noun/Adjective suffixes.

De-verbal suffixes.

De-adjectival suffixes.

Verb suffixes.

Adjective suffixes.

Adverb suffixes.

Compounding. Oil paper Paperclip Paper aeroplane (to)wallpaper Wastepaper Wastepaper basket

Oil paper

Paperclip

Paper aeroplane

(to)wallpaper

Wastepaper

Wastepaper basket

Characteristics of compounds. The can be written together, (solid) separately or with a hyphen. Phonologically are identified as for having the main stress on the first element. blackbird ´_____,_____ a species of bird. blackbird _____ ´_____ a bird which is back They can consist of two or three words. sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.

The can be written together, (solid) separately or with a hyphen.

Phonologically are identified as for having the main stress on the first element.

blackbird ´_____,_____ a species of bird.

blackbird _____ ´_____ a bird which is back

They can consist of two or three words.

sister-in-law, baby-sitter, air-conditioner.

Other compound nouns come from... Verb + Noun. pickpoket. Verb + Verb. make-belive. Adjective + Noun. fast-food. Particle + Noun overkill. Adverb + Noun. new generation Verb + Particle press down Phrase compounds Whisky and soda

Verb + Noun.

pickpoket.

Verb + Verb.

make-belive.

Adjective + Noun.

fast-food.

Particle + Noun

overkill.

Adverb + Noun.

new generation

Verb + Particle

press down

Phrase compounds

Whisky and soda

Groups of compound nouns. Compound nouns can be countable, uncountable, singular or plural and grouped like that.

Compound nouns can be countable, uncountable, singular or plural and grouped like that.

Common countable compound nouns. Address book Air conditioner Air raid Baby-sitter Bank account Brother-in-law Bus-stop Can opener Heart attack High school Human being Letter-box Passer-by Pen-friend Polar bear Police station.

Address book

Air conditioner

Air raid

Baby-sitter

Bank account

Brother-in-law

Bus-stop

Can opener

Heart attack

High school

Human being

Letter-box

Passer-by

Pen-friend

Polar bear

Police station.

Common uncoutable compound nouns Birth control Central heating Common sense Dry-cleaning Family planning Fancy dress Fast-food Income tax Lost property Mail order Make up Old age Remote control Social security First aid Water-skiing

Birth control

Central heating

Common sense

Dry-cleaning

Family planning

Fancy dress

Fast-food

Income tax

Lost property

Mail order

Make up

Old age

Remote control

Social security

First aid

Water-skiing

Common singular compound nouns Cost of living Fire brigade Generation gap Human race Mother-tongue Public sector Solar system Welfare state.

Cost of living

Fire brigade

Generation gap

Human race

Mother-tongue

Public sector

Solar system

Welfare state.

Common plural compound nouns. Armed forces Civil rights High heels Human rights Luxury goods Road works Social services Winter sports Yellow pages

Armed forces

Civil rights

High heels

Human rights

Luxury goods

Road works

Social services

Winter sports

Yellow pages

Compound adjectives. They are made up of two or more words, usually written with hyphens between them. They may be qualitative classifying or colour adjectives.

They are made up of two or more words, usually written with hyphens between them. They may be qualitative classifying or colour adjectives.

Common patterns to make compound adjectives. Adjective or number + noun + “-ed” red-haired Adjective or adverb + past participle low-paid Adjective, adverb or noun +present participle good-looking

Adjective or number + noun + “-ed” red-haired

Adjective or adverb + past participle low-paid

Adjective, adverb or noun +present participle

good-looking

Rule for compound adjectives A few compound adjectives are made up of more than two words and they are often written with hyphens when they are used in front of nouns, and without hyphens when they are used as the complement of a link verb. It was a free-and-easy relatioship. That book is out of date.

A few compound adjectives are made up of more than two words and they are often written with hyphens when they are used in front of nouns, and without hyphens when they are used as the complement of a link verb.

It was a free-and-easy relatioship.

That book is out of date.

Groups of Compound adjectives. Compound qualitative adjectives Absent minded. Easy-going. Low-paid Nice looking Old fashioned Open-minded Second-class Starry-eyed Tender-hearted Well-behaved Well-dressed Well-known.

Compound qualitative adjectives

Absent minded.

Easy-going.

Low-paid

Nice looking

Old fashioned

Open-minded

Second-class

Starry-eyed

Tender-hearted

Well-behaved

Well-dressed

Well-known.

Groups of Compound adjectives. Compound classifying adjectives Audio-visual Brand-new Built-up Deep-sea Duty-free Long-distance Made-up North-east One-way Second-hand Tax-free Top-secret

Compound classifying adjectives

Audio-visual

Brand-new

Built-up

Deep-sea

Duty-free

Long-distance

Made-up

North-east

One-way

Second-hand

Tax-free

Top-secret

Groups of Compound adjectives. Compound colour adjectives Blood-red Bottle-green Nut-brown Royal-blue Sky-blue Snow-white.

Compound colour adjectives

Blood-red

Bottle-green

Nut-brown

Royal-blue

Sky-blue

Snow-white.

Compound Verbs. They are usually written with an hyphen. Pattern formation: noun + verb “sky-dive” verb + noun “shun-pike” verb + verb “freeze-dry” adjective + verb “double-book” particle + verb “overbook”

They are usually written with an hyphen.

Pattern formation:

noun + verb “sky-dive”

verb + noun “shun-pike”

verb + verb “freeze-dry”

adjective + verb “double-book”

particle + verb “overbook”

Groups of compound verbs Intransitive compound verbs: Baby-sit hitch-hike Ice-skate roller-skate Water-ski window-shop Transitive compound verbs: Back-comb ill-treat Dry-clean tape record Compound verbs used in transitive or intransitive clauses: Bottle-feed sight-read Mass-produce spring-clean Shrt-circuit tie-dye

Intransitive compound verbs:

Baby-sit hitch-hike

Ice-skate roller-skate

Water-ski window-shop

Transitive compound verbs:

Back-comb ill-treat

Dry-clean tape record

Compound verbs used in transitive or intransitive

clauses:

Bottle-feed sight-read

Mass-produce spring-clean

Shrt-circuit tie-dye