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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




            Foundation of Ethics



 c Ethics is the philosophy of life


 c Ethics delves into the reasons and logic behind
   human action


 c Ethics investigates the meaning and purpose of
   life


 c According to Socrates “the unexamined life is not
   worth living”


 c Plato stated that “ethics is the supreme science”


 c Ethics is concerned in attaining the greatest good
   and goal – happiness




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




             Foundation of Ethics


 c All throughout history men have been asking the
   following questions:
         q    What sort of thing am I?
         q    Where do I come from?
         q    Where am I going?
         q    What is my future and destiny?
         q    What must I do to be happy?
         q    What is the cause and the remedy for to my present
              problems?


 c In elevating this questions we ask:
         q    “WHAT IS THE MEANING AND PURPOSE OF HUMAN
              LIFE?”




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




             Foundation of Ethics


 c Imagine a home-builder. What is the primary
   important factor to ensure that the house would
   stand?
         q    The foundation, the basis, the premises that it has.


 c Ethics has its own premises similar to other
   science.


 c Astronomy presupposes the existence of stars.
   They do not seek to prove their existence but
   accepts them.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




            Foundation of Ethics


 c Science is a structure of knowledge.
 c It is a collection of facts.
 c Science must rest on well founded facts as
   opposed to theories and hypotheses.
 c Science may contain theories but these are based
   on facts that would be verified in the future.
 c A science is not correctly called so if the majority
   of its basis is on hypotheses.
 c It is a body of knowledge.


 How does it apply to Ethics?




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




             Foundation of Ethics


 c Ethics has its postulates:
         q    Ethics accepts that there is a difference between
              right and wrong.
         q    Ethics knows that there are some actions that must
              be done and others that must not.
         q    Man is responsible for his actions.
         q    If a man does wrong, he deserves to be punished.


 c The existence of law is a proof of our statements
   earlier that there is a difference.


 c We have a government that exists to enforce,
   formulate, and interpret the law.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




            Foundation of Ethics


 c On the matter of opinion, there may be a
   difference on what is right from wrong but the fact
   remains that there is a DIFFERENCE.


 c Freedom, responsibility, morality are just some
   abstract concepts but that does not negate their
   existence and reality.


 c Can you think of other concepts that has
   consumed ethicists or philosophers?




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




             Foundation of Ethics


 c Ethics has its own set of principles.


 c There are schools of thought as well that are not
   in accord with ethics.


 c The school of moral skepticism doubts everything
   that come its way:
         q    Everything is to be doubted
         q    Nothing is held certain
         q    Moral standards are doubted in terms of existence
              and validity


 c The school of moral relativism has similar traits to
   skepticism in that it makes all truths variable.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




             Foundation of Ethics


 c Morality in relativism assumes that it is ever
   changing
         q    Morality is dependent on factors such as time, age,
              economic status etc.


 c Moral relativism permeates modern thought.


 c Relativist cites examples from religion as a basis
   of their stand (i.e. Muslims allowed to marry more
   than once while Jewish and Catholics are not).


 c It is important to note that there is always an
   objective value of moral good and evil which is in
   contradiction with relativism.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation



   Famous People Say About
           Ethics

 c “A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon
   this world” (Adams Camus, French Novelist)


 c “Ethics and equity and principles of justice do not
   change with the calendar” (D.H. Lawrence, British
   Poet)


 c “Let me give you a definition of ethics, it is good to
   maintain and further life it is bad to damage and
   destroy life” (Albert Scheweitzer)


 c “Action is indeed the sole medium of expression
   for Ethics” (Jane Addams, Nobel Prize Winner
   1931)




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




                        What is Ethics?


 c The study of human act or human behavior


 c The study of ethics is a focused study on the
   MORALITY of human actions


 c Basic Definitions of Ethics

         q    Practical science of morality of human actions

         q    Science of human acts with reference to right and
              wrong

         q    Science which lays down the principles of right and
              wrong

         q    Normative and practical sciences, based on reason,
              which studies human conduct and provides norm
              for its natural integrity and honesty




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




   Ethics and Other Sciences


 c Ethics and Logic
         q    Logic is the science of right thinking.
         q    Ethics is the science of right living.
         q    The interrelationship is evident as thinking leads to
              action.


 c Ethics and Psychology
         q    Psychology is the science that deals with the study
              of human behavior.
         q    Both ethics and psychology deal with the study of
              man and their behavior. They both also study
              human nature.
         q    The difference lies in the paradigm approaching
              humanity.
         q    Psychology studies how human behave and what
              are the reasons behind it while ethics study how
              humans ought to behave.
         q    The MORALITY issue is the difference.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




   Ethics and Other Sciences


 c Ethics and Sociology
         q    Sociology studies society as a whole.
         q    Psychology studies the individual more.
         q    Ethics and sociology are closely linked since
              implications to society are also implications to
              ethics.


 c Ethics and Economics
         q    Economics is the study of allocation of scarce
              resources.
         q    Man is an economic being.
         q    Man requires fundamental needs that should be
              met in order to survive.
         q    Economics deals with issues of wages, labor,
              production and distribution of wealth.
         q    Business Ethics and Professional Ethics are of
              particular interest in this area.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




   Ethics and Human Activity


 c Life is a unity of many facets: sociology,
   economics, politics, religion, etc.


 c Ethics permeates behavior in all these areas.


 c Therefore, ethics can be seen in phases of human
   life.


 c We pay particular attention to Education, Morality
   and Law, Art, Politics and Religion.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




           Ethics and Education


 c Education develops the whole man.


 c The development of mental faculties is the
   primary goal of education.


 c But the development of moral character is also
   crucial to education.


 c The constitution states that “all schools should
   develop good moral character, personal discipline,
   civic consciousness, etc.”


 c Ethics’ place in education is evident. We are
   taught what are the proper ways of doing things.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




             Morality and the Law


 c Morality and Law are closely linked.


 c The emphasis of what is right and wrong is stated
   clearly in the law. Are the laws out of mere
   opinion?


 c The laws of the land are concretization of anterior
   moral laws.


 c There is however a difference between law and
   morality:
         q    Laws are only placed to address external acts of
              man.
         q    Morality deals with the intrinsic aspects particularly
              the voluntariness and intent.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




            Morality and the Law


 When is one liable legally and morally?


 c Murder is an act punishable by law but the person
   is not liable unless the act is committed or
   initiated.


 c The person however is morally liable.


 c This reinforces the internal concern of morality.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




                 Ethics and the Art


 c Ethics stands for the moral goodness.


 c Art stands for beauty.


 c The main question is whether a piece of art could
   be considered unethical.


 c When art arouses and inspires the noble emotions
   of man then art has fulfilled its purpose.




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




              Religion and Ethics


 c Religion and ethics are said to be two phases of
   human life that are closest in relations.


 c The question on God and the source of morality is
   still in debate.


 Could morality and ethics stand without religion?


 c Some argue that since God is the source of
   morality separating it is impossible.


 c Do you agree?




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Professional Ethics with Values Formation




            Importance of Ethics


 c Ethics mean right living and good moral character.


 c The attainment of ethical behavior would result in
   a better place to live.


 c Better understanding between cultures and
   people.


 What is the importance of ethics to you?




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PREFINAL HANDOUT#1

  • 1. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c Ethics is the philosophy of life c Ethics delves into the reasons and logic behind human action c Ethics investigates the meaning and purpose of life c According to Socrates “the unexamined life is not worth living” c Plato stated that “ethics is the supreme science” c Ethics is concerned in attaining the greatest good and goal – happiness Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 1 of 19
  • 2. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c All throughout history men have been asking the following questions: q What sort of thing am I? q Where do I come from? q Where am I going? q What is my future and destiny? q What must I do to be happy? q What is the cause and the remedy for to my present problems? c In elevating this questions we ask: q “WHAT IS THE MEANING AND PURPOSE OF HUMAN LIFE?” Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 2 of 19
  • 3. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c Imagine a home-builder. What is the primary important factor to ensure that the house would stand? q The foundation, the basis, the premises that it has. c Ethics has its own premises similar to other science. c Astronomy presupposes the existence of stars. They do not seek to prove their existence but accepts them. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 3 of 19
  • 4. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c Science is a structure of knowledge. c It is a collection of facts. c Science must rest on well founded facts as opposed to theories and hypotheses. c Science may contain theories but these are based on facts that would be verified in the future. c A science is not correctly called so if the majority of its basis is on hypotheses. c It is a body of knowledge. How does it apply to Ethics? Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 4 of 19
  • 5. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c Ethics has its postulates: q Ethics accepts that there is a difference between right and wrong. q Ethics knows that there are some actions that must be done and others that must not. q Man is responsible for his actions. q If a man does wrong, he deserves to be punished. c The existence of law is a proof of our statements earlier that there is a difference. c We have a government that exists to enforce, formulate, and interpret the law. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 5 of 19
  • 6. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c On the matter of opinion, there may be a difference on what is right from wrong but the fact remains that there is a DIFFERENCE. c Freedom, responsibility, morality are just some abstract concepts but that does not negate their existence and reality. c Can you think of other concepts that has consumed ethicists or philosophers? Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 6 of 19
  • 7. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c Ethics has its own set of principles. c There are schools of thought as well that are not in accord with ethics. c The school of moral skepticism doubts everything that come its way: q Everything is to be doubted q Nothing is held certain q Moral standards are doubted in terms of existence and validity c The school of moral relativism has similar traits to skepticism in that it makes all truths variable. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 7 of 19
  • 8. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Foundation of Ethics c Morality in relativism assumes that it is ever changing q Morality is dependent on factors such as time, age, economic status etc. c Moral relativism permeates modern thought. c Relativist cites examples from religion as a basis of their stand (i.e. Muslims allowed to marry more than once while Jewish and Catholics are not). c It is important to note that there is always an objective value of moral good and evil which is in contradiction with relativism. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 8 of 19
  • 9. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Famous People Say About Ethics c “A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world” (Adams Camus, French Novelist) c “Ethics and equity and principles of justice do not change with the calendar” (D.H. Lawrence, British Poet) c “Let me give you a definition of ethics, it is good to maintain and further life it is bad to damage and destroy life” (Albert Scheweitzer) c “Action is indeed the sole medium of expression for Ethics” (Jane Addams, Nobel Prize Winner 1931) Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 9 of 19
  • 10. Professional Ethics with Values Formation What is Ethics? c The study of human act or human behavior c The study of ethics is a focused study on the MORALITY of human actions c Basic Definitions of Ethics q Practical science of morality of human actions q Science of human acts with reference to right and wrong q Science which lays down the principles of right and wrong q Normative and practical sciences, based on reason, which studies human conduct and provides norm for its natural integrity and honesty Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 10 of 19
  • 11. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Ethics and Other Sciences c Ethics and Logic q Logic is the science of right thinking. q Ethics is the science of right living. q The interrelationship is evident as thinking leads to action. c Ethics and Psychology q Psychology is the science that deals with the study of human behavior. q Both ethics and psychology deal with the study of man and their behavior. They both also study human nature. q The difference lies in the paradigm approaching humanity. q Psychology studies how human behave and what are the reasons behind it while ethics study how humans ought to behave. q The MORALITY issue is the difference. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 11 of 19
  • 12. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Ethics and Other Sciences c Ethics and Sociology q Sociology studies society as a whole. q Psychology studies the individual more. q Ethics and sociology are closely linked since implications to society are also implications to ethics. c Ethics and Economics q Economics is the study of allocation of scarce resources. q Man is an economic being. q Man requires fundamental needs that should be met in order to survive. q Economics deals with issues of wages, labor, production and distribution of wealth. q Business Ethics and Professional Ethics are of particular interest in this area. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 12 of 19
  • 13. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Ethics and Human Activity c Life is a unity of many facets: sociology, economics, politics, religion, etc. c Ethics permeates behavior in all these areas. c Therefore, ethics can be seen in phases of human life. c We pay particular attention to Education, Morality and Law, Art, Politics and Religion. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 13 of 19
  • 14. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Ethics and Education c Education develops the whole man. c The development of mental faculties is the primary goal of education. c But the development of moral character is also crucial to education. c The constitution states that “all schools should develop good moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness, etc.” c Ethics’ place in education is evident. We are taught what are the proper ways of doing things. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 14 of 19
  • 15. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Morality and the Law c Morality and Law are closely linked. c The emphasis of what is right and wrong is stated clearly in the law. Are the laws out of mere opinion? c The laws of the land are concretization of anterior moral laws. c There is however a difference between law and morality: q Laws are only placed to address external acts of man. q Morality deals with the intrinsic aspects particularly the voluntariness and intent. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 15 of 19
  • 16. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Morality and the Law When is one liable legally and morally? c Murder is an act punishable by law but the person is not liable unless the act is committed or initiated. c The person however is morally liable. c This reinforces the internal concern of morality. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 16 of 19
  • 17. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Ethics and the Art c Ethics stands for the moral goodness. c Art stands for beauty. c The main question is whether a piece of art could be considered unethical. c When art arouses and inspires the noble emotions of man then art has fulfilled its purpose. Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 17 of 19
  • 18. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Religion and Ethics c Religion and ethics are said to be two phases of human life that are closest in relations. c The question on God and the source of morality is still in debate. Could morality and ethics stand without religion? c Some argue that since God is the source of morality separating it is impossible. c Do you agree? Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 18 of 19
  • 19. Professional Ethics with Values Formation Importance of Ethics c Ethics mean right living and good moral character. c The attainment of ethical behavior would result in a better place to live. c Better understanding between cultures and people. What is the importance of ethics to you? Foundations of Ethics * Property of STI Page 19 of 19