Architecture and Development of NFC Applications

ARCHITECTURE & DEVELOPMENT OF NFC APPLICATIONS MOBILE JAVA DEVELOPMENT, JAVA CARD, USIM AND TOUCH-BASED SERVICES Thomas de Lazzari Smart-University 2009

Presentation
Project Manager at the University of Nice with Serge Miranda
Ticket TAP
Campus Nova
NFC Container
NFC Forum competition (WIMA, Monaco)
R&D Team in Morocco (mobile money transfer)
Blog: http://tdelazzari.blogspot.com

Campus Nova
NFC trial with Credit Agricole and mobile payment at the student cafeteria in Sophia-Antipolis

Ticket TAP mobile is digital, targeted and personal Present Future Come & see us: Get 10% off ladies bags until tomorrow 50% reduction for girl students at the star light Dance Club ? VS.

Partners

Introduction to NFC, its Ecosystem
Radio Frequency Identification
Contactless cards
Standardization bodies
Roles and Actors
NFC tags
NFC on a SIM card
Smart Cards
NFC services
use cases
Pilots and business aspect
Available devices
Objectives

Objectives (2)
NFC for developers
Dev kits
Reading/Writing tags
APDU
JSR 257 & 177
Java Card
PC/SC readers JSR-268
Midlet
SCWS
Demo and Examples
Conclusion

Mobiquity
MOBI lit Y (Mobile)
Ubi QUIT ous (Internet)
One of the major added value for NFC is the security of third party applications provided by the SIM card.

Google Android

ATAWAD
Google is going from web to mobile. This means you can now create a contact or an entry in your calendar from your mobile and data is automatically replicated not on the SIM but on Google servers (trust and private life is another debate).
ATAWAD = Any Time, Any Where, Any Device
They start from the needs without necessarily innovate.
They did not create the search engine, they just improved it.
In 5 years we’ll probably say: "they didn’t create the mobile, they’ve just improved it."

Needs of NFC ?
NFC is not like GPS
The value chain and the different roles are complex.
NFC strenghts
Smart poster.
Configuration shortcut.
NFC in SIM card
Digital signature.
Secure payment.
Handset manufacturers Nokia, Apple, ... must agree with MNOs Orange, SFR, ...

PART 1 Introduction to NFC, its Ecosystem

RFID
RFID : Radio Frequency Identification
RFID Tags: Store and retrieve data (with a distant reader)
History : radar technology, cow identification (year 1970).
Use case examples: road taxes, trace books in libraires, access card, shops (Wall-Mart).
RFID tags types
Active
Passive (without battery)

RFID Frequencies
125-135KHz
Round corners
Through most things
No radiation problem
No reflection problem
Cheaper electronics
13.56MHz
1m max range
Doesn’t work through metal and fluids
UHF
Long range (up to 10m without battery)
GHz
Long range
High data rate
Smallest
Best compromise for most cards and tickets ANIMALS, BEER BERRELS, GAS CYLINDERS, SHOES OF MARATHON RUNNERS CONVEYANCES, VEHICLES, LIBRARY, LAUNDRY, ITEM LEVEL TAGGING, BANKNOTES, ERROR PREVENTION, SECURE ACCESS, AIRPORT BAGGAGE

From RFID to NFC
Can communicate with objects
Magnetic field induction
Contactless technology based on RFID 13,56MHz
NFC is standardized ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092
Backward compatibility with ISO14443 and SmartCard
Millions of readers
Easy to use

Contactless Cards
FELICA (sony) encryption key generated dynamicaly at each auth.
Topaz Tag Innovision
MIFARE Standard:
512bits UL (no security) used for tickets
Other formats : 1K (768 Bytes data), 4K
The 16bits random of MIFARE has been hacked
NXP announced MIFAREplus
MIFARE DESFire preprogrammed card Example: Oyster Card in London
Gemalto: Mifare 4 Mobile
Contactless Java Card
85%+ of the access control / Ticketing ISO14443 market is Mifare®

NFC
NFC allows a device to read and write a contactless card, act like a contactless card and even connects to another NFC device to exchange data.
3 modes :
Card reading (MIFARE …)
Peer to peer (initiator & target)
Card emulating
Distance : 0 - 20 centimeters
Bandwidth to 424 kbits/s
NFC Forum : NDEF specs
N-Mark: http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/N-Mark
NFC FORUM http://www.nfc-forum.org

Standardization bodies
ETSI / SCP (Smart Card Platform) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset.
EMVCo for the impacts on the EMV payment applications.
GSM Association
Mobey Forum for mobile financial services
AFSCM is French association for mobile contactless
Download specifications here: http://afscm.org
Global Platform to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element.
Etc.

NFC FORUM SPECS Applications LLCP (Logical Link Control Protocol) RTD (Record Type Definition) & NDEF (Data Exchange Format) Card Emulation (Smart Card Capability for Mobile Devices) RF Layer ISO 18092 + ISO 14443 Type A, Type B + FeliCa Peer to peer mode Read/Write mode Card emulation mode

Smart Poster
Location based services
List of proximity services depending on Points of Interest
Trailers
Tickets booking
Specifications
NFC Forum releases specification for NDEF .
NFC Data Exchange Format which is a way to « format » RFID tags to be compatible with NFC applications.
Works with MIME type.
From SMS push to Smart Poster « pull »

Smart Poster RTD MAY SHALL For example, the Smart Poster record defines a URI plus some added metadata about that URI. Action record values Value Action 0 Do the action (send the SMS, launch the browser, make the telephone call) 1 Save for later (store the SMS in INBOX, put the URI in a bookmark, save the telephone number in contacts) 3 Open for editing (open an SMS in the SMS editor, open the URI in an URI editor, open the telephone number for editing).

NFC Forum tag types http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/
Interoperability between tag providers and NFC device manufacturers
Type 1 , based on ISO14443A. Tags are read and re-write capable; users can configure the tag to become read-only. Memory availability is 96 bytes and expandable to 2 Kbytes. Communication speed is 106 Kbit/s.
Type 2 , same as Type 1 except that memory availability is 48 bytes and expandable to 2 Kbytes.
Type 3 is based on FeliCa. Tags are pre-configured at manufacture to be either read and re-writable, or read-only. Memory limit is 1Mbyte per service. Communication speed is 212 Kbit/s or 424 Kbit/s.
Type 4 , fully compatible with ISO14443A and B standards. Tags are pre-configured. Up to 32 Kbytes per service. Communication speed is up to 424 Kbit/s.

NFC Roles and actors Service provider Trusted Service Manager (MNO or TTP) Application owner SIM Card Manufacturer (Smart Card provider) Card Issuer MNO (SIM Card management system) Contactless service management platform OTA NFC Service Management POS SIM NFC Mobile station holder

NFC service provider Mobile domain Mobile operator NFC applications repository Webapp NFC service operator SIM management system SIM card Application Customers management database cardlets Service profile platform Profile data KS FS Final user Customers management database Life cycle management system for mobile NFC applications KS FS Application data GUI SDD management system KS SSD Card management system KS ISD Network access Customer service Subscribe a service Subscribe a service Subscribe a service Interfaces 3 1 Customer Operator information system Customers data 2

Use case: phone is lost Service provider TSM Mobile operator Customer
Ask for token (delegated management)
Ask applet installation via ISD (MNO centric model)
Tells phone has been lost
Tells customer has new SIM card
Service installation request after customer registration
Tells phone has been lost
Tells customer has new SIM card
Services management & referral for SP
Install NFC services

Global Platform - security domains By Gemalto Low TRUST High Mandated DAP (applications integrity at plaform level) DAP Verification (application integrity by SSD) Issuer Centric (only ISD management) Delegated Management (token management) Authorized Management (dual management) High CONTROL Low

NFC on a Mobile Phone one thing among all Contactless Screen with a user interface Security GPS Loudspeaker and Microphone Keyboard Camera Network TV etc.

NFC Architecture

PART 2 NFC in a SIM Card

Smart Card
Piece of plastic the size of a credit card hosting an electronic circuit that can store and process information.
The integrated circuit (chip) may contain a microprocessor capable of processing this information, or it can only contain non-volatile memory with a security component (memory card).
Smart cards are mainly used as means of personal identification (identity card, access badge to buildings, health insurance card, SIM card) or payment (credit card, electronic purse) or proof of subscription to prepaid services (calling card, ticket).
Contact or Contactless smart card readers are used as a communications medium between the smart card and a host (point of sale).

Smart Card used in France for healthcare refunds (Carte Vitale)

Smart Card history
The automated chip card was invented by German rocket scientist Helmut Gröttrup and his colleague Jürgen Dethloff .
French inventor Roland Moreno actually patented his first concept of the memory card.
Michel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first microprocessor smart card.
Bull patented the SPOM (Self Programmable One-chip Microcomputer) that defines the necessary architecture to auto-program the chip.
1968 1974 1977 1978

Smart Card until today
The first mass use of the cards was for payment in French pay phones (Bull CP8).
Smart Card is standardized ISO 7816.
The second use was with the integration of microchips into all French debit cards.
First Java Cards.
Axalto and Gemplus, at the time the world's no.2 and no.1 smart card manufacturers, merged and became Gemalto .
1983 1987 1992 1997 2006

Smart Card categories Microprocessor card Memory card Contact card Contactless card

The memory card
EEPROM read/write memory (4K max)
Ex: Mifare
Advantages
Simple
Cheap
Drawbacks
Security (easy to duplicate)

Microprocessor card
Microprocessor used by the application running on card to calculate operations.
Each card can be personalized and updated after manufacture (for banks with more than 500 000 customers).
Credentials can be updated while the card is inserted in a bank automat for example.
Very secure for a reasonable cost

Smart Card security
Information stored can be protected by a PIN code
Cryptographic operations
Circuit is shielded
Unique serial number
Software security
Access control to data
Data integrity
IN/OUT firewall

Smart Card anatomy
CPU: Control Processing Unit
SRAM: Static Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Static
Store the Operating System
EEPROM: Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory
Persistent
CRYPTO: Cryptographic processor
RNG: Random Number Generator
Used to generate keys

Smart Card connectors
A Smart Card has 8 connectors : (ISO7816-2)
C1 Vcc
C2 RST
C3 CLK
C4 RFU ( Reserved for future use)
C5 GND
C6 Vpp (old EEPROM)
C7 I/O (bi-directional, in half-duplex mode)
C8 RFU ( Reserved for future use)

Contactless Card
ISO 14443 defines the standard for Contactless Card.

Smart Card applications
Secure a computer
Store internet security certificate
Hard drives can be encrypted using and attached Smart Card
Used to authenticate a user on the computer (at login screen)

Smart card applications
Payment
Credit card, SIM card, TV Channel card, Access card
Transports
Electronic purse (coffee machine)
Identification
PKI
Digital signature
Can store biometric data
2009 in Spain and Belgium: eID card
2 certificates: one used to authenticate and one to apply the digital signature (real legal value)

Pyramid of Authentication Technologies Higher level of security offered for highly valued information User private key is kept in a device such as a smart card. Biometrics are also used to protect key. User’s private key is stored on a portable computer device such as a disk. User name and password authenticates User – PGP encrypts data. SSL encrypts data.

Part 3 NFC potential, services and devices

NFC on iPhone http://www.nearfield.org/ NFC already on iPhone: Stickers, 30-pin RFID readers, SIM add-on…

Exchange data, P2P
Configuration (bluetooth pairing)
Vending machines, service maintenance
Loyalty, couponing
NFC poster, get information
Ticketing
Medical, home care
Web applications
Payment solution
Access control
Mobile signature
Etc.
Added value services

NFC Use cases by Nokia

Mobile Ticketing
A customer books two tickets for a concert.
He pays and downloads his tickets on his mobile phone with a simple touch.
He meets with his girlfriend and transfers the ticket on her mobile.
They arrives and unlock security gates thanks to their NFC mobile phone.
14 millions RFID tickets were produced by ASK for Olympic Games in China - http://www.ask-rfid.com
Mo bile ticketing will become more popular over the next few years, with 2.6 billion tickets worth $87 billion, delivered by 2011
Juniper Research (April 2008)

NFC in the World (2009) http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com
Japan with Sony FeliCa, NTT DoCoMo NTT Docomo reports 10 million mobile credit card customers
StoLPaN « Store Logistics and Payment with NFC » is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission’s Information Society Technologies program: http://www.stolpan.com
Akbank and Turkcell test NFC in Istanbul
Visa launches NFC trial in Brazil
Citi launches NFC trial in India
Telefónica launches O2 Money, says it is ready to deploy NFC
Nokia Money
41 NFC-related trials and launches in the Asia-Pacific region so far…
etc.

NFC in France (2009)
Disneyland Paris to test NFC and contactless cards from October 2009, with Crédit Mutuel and CIC banks .
Smart-Park with VINCI Park and Monext .
Paris Metro: Paris transport operators to launch NFC ticketing from the end of 2010. STIF will coordinate the Paris transport operators ( Optile , RATP and SNCF Transilien ) and the participating telecoms operators ( Orange , Bouygues Telecom and SFR ).
Pegasus workgroup: multi-operator (Orange, Bouygues Telecom, SFR), multi-bank (BNP Paribas, Groupe Crédit Mutuel-CIC, Crédit Agricole, Société Générale) with MasterCard, Visa Europe and Gemalto for mobile payment in two cities: Caen and Strasbourg
Nice NFC city http://www.afscm.org/entreprises/nice-ville-nfc

NFC gives sense to touch based services Object Tag + URL Mobile device Reader Display Wireless service provider Information on Objects Components of an object hyperlinking scheme
NFC is not a Bluetooth replacement. NFC is not made to transfer objects.
One of the key argument for NFC is to pair a Bluetooth device.
More than wireless.
Proximity and contact.
Secure payment.

NFC tomorrow
Hard beginning Three years ago, ABI Research predicted half of mobile phones in the world will be NFC ready in 2009.
Juniper research, september 2009 :
NFC Mobile Payments to Exceed $30bn by 2012, Supported by Revenues from Mobile Coupons and Smart Posters
June 2009: Top handset manufacturers begin sampling NXP’s PN544 NFC chip The PN544 NFC controller is the first fully industry standard NFC handset chip, offering compliance with the Single Wire Protocol and with Mifare .

In a recent presentation, Sony Ericsson says mobile NFC will take more than 5 years to become mass market. NFC tomorrow

NFC keys of success
Reach and availability
The availability of NFC phones and SIM card
Variety of use
Ease of use
See iphone
Security
Be able to lock payment card
Added value services
Advantage for customer ?
Infrastructure
NFC access points in shops
Complex value chain + Mobile OTA B2C battle

NFC Devices
NFC Phones using single wire Protocol and UICC (08/2008)
The Sagem my700X
The LG L600V
The Nokia 6131 SWP
The Motorola SLVR L7
All devices are more or less concept devices and come with an InsideContactless NFC Chip.
In order to develop applications with these devices a Dev Kit (like the Gemalto Developer Suite ) and a SWP UICC is required. All four devices are already capable of using SCWS .

NOKIA 6212
Java MIDP 2.0
Bluetooth 2.0
2 megapixel camera
3G connection
Share business cards, bookmarks, calendar notes, images, profiles, and more.
Contactless payment and ticketing capabilities.
Access to mobile services and information with a simple touch.
Uses Java specification requirement 257 (JSR 257) for third-party NFC applications.
http://europe.nokia.com/A4991363
Jeremy Belostock on the future of NFC http://fr.youtube.com/watch?v=BoOH7AtCT_E

Nokia 6216
First SIM-based NFC handset by Nokia
Capable of storing credit card, user account and other security details on the SIM card,
http://toptunniste.fi/topshop/product_catalog.php?c=72 normal availability appr. Q1/2010 See video, Jeremy Belostock, NFC, and operators http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53dhyDPXmH8

Security and memory for RFID tags vs cost National ID card Aircraft part tag Passport label / page Secure access or credit card Transit card Transit ticket Library book label Item drug label Retail pallet / case label Specification typically ISO 14443 or 15693 (r ead distance to 50 cm) 7cents Chip cost 3dollars Security and/or memory size

NFC requirements

Part 4 NFC for developers

Developing on a Mobile Phone is Different operating systems, browsers, etc. What are the solutions to develop a 3rd party application on a mobile phone except on iPhone 

UICC SIM NFC antenna External env. Applications CPU OS J2ME NFC Chip OTA OS Apps NFC Phone Architecture
Single Wire Protocol (SWP) architecture: SIM & SE is same Java Card.
MIFARE is a storage which enables the phone to act like a MIFARE card.
F rom a developer's point of view it does not matter at all where the SE is located. You will still code against the GlobalPlatform specs. The only difference comes with the distribution/lifecycle model; and since in most cases, the operators control both the SIM card and the phone, the difference is largely academical anyway. Of course, business people may think differently, but that's their problem. Jalkanen, Nokia discussion boards

NFC and C (with Java Native Interface)
JNI allows to call C code and DLL in Java.
To use JNI, you must follow the following steps:
Create a Native method in Java
Once the Java class is compiled, you must generate a header file with the tool javah –h .
Compile the native code using the interface generated at step 2. Change the methods headers and params.
For example: a String becomes a Jstring .

NFC and Java
Java / NFC Java is the key. It allows technologies to work together : Bluetooth, Video, Music, GPRS, …
Problems of JSR not implemented on a mobile phone
Graphical user Interface are not always compatible : screen size, different JVM.
Solution: Mobile Distillery ? SVG ? Flash lite ? SIM Toolkit ? SCWS ? HTML5 ?
Native application : security problem, no API, manufacturer lock… Symbian development is heavy.

Java IDE such as Eclipse or Netbeans
SDK from manufacturers (Nokia)
Dev Kit from card issuers (Gemalto, Oberthur)
Dev Kit from MNO (Orange)
Development Kits

JCOP Tools
String uri = System.getProperty("internal.se.url");
ISO14443Connection iseConn = (ISO14443Connection) Connector.open(uri);
Applet extends javacard.framework.Applet
MIDlet
JCOP tools need
activation key: [email_address]
compatible PC/SC reader
Configure SE keyset to 42 ENC, MAC and KEY are all "404142434445464748494A4B4C4D4E4F”
public void process(APDU apdu){ byte[] buf = apdu.getBuffer(); // Ignore Select instruction. if (buf[ISO7816.OFFSET_CLA] == 0x00 && buf[ISO7816.OFFSET_INS] == (byte)0xA4) { return; }

Gemalto Developer suite

Nokia 6212 SDK Compatible with Netbeans and Eclipse http://www.forum.nokia.com/main/resources/tools_and_sdks/nokia_6212_nfc_sdk/

JSR-257 Contactless communication API
For NFC and Infrared
Optional package for J2ME
DiscoveryManager Target listener (no matter the type)
Connection NDEF & ISO14443

MIFARE
Card is composed of 16 sectors with 4 blocks of 16 bytes each.
In each sector a block is reserved to define access bits . Ex : block 7.
A key is initialized to read and write data blocks.
Security in a MIFARE 1K CARD

MIFARE Anti-collision
An anti-collision system allows to operate with many cards in the same magnetic field.
The algorithm selects each card one by one and ensures that the transaction takes place on the selected card without data corruption.
MAD (MIFARE Application Directory) is a table written in first sector and used to identify which sector is dedicated to a specific application.
Request Anti-collision Read/Write Authentication Select card Card id ? Transaction time GSMA tech guide: NFC mobile device and reader shall be less than or equal to 250ms to meet Service Provider requirements.

Receive read-only data from NDEF tag NDEF push The MIDlet can see that it was launched by touching a tag, by reading the DiscoveryManager property LaunchType.

Java Card
Java Card MIFARE ProX & SmartMX are cards with microprocessor and OS (for example JCOP).
An Applet is a JAVA CARD application stored inside the Secure Element.
APDU COMMANDS is a way to communicate with Applet
ISO14443Connection and 7816-4 APDUS
Security : Crypto Processor

Java Card description
At the beginning, applications on Smart Card were all developed proprietary and native .
There was a need to find a generic way to develop an application that could run on 2 Smart Cards issued by different companies.
The Java Card technology allows developers to gather around one way of programming using Java. And it openned the path to third party applications.
This technology can also be used to develop on a SIM card. A SIM card has more memory than other types of Smart Cards like Credit Card.
Java Card includes:
An API (application programming interface) to define Java libraries that can be used
A virtual machine
Runtime (JCRE) : memory and security management
Java Card 2.1.1 SDK provides an environment to test applets, a tool to upload applets into the Java Card, and code examples.

Smart Card protocols
PTS : Protocol Type Sélection
ATR : Answer To Reset
T=0 Byte-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3 T=1 Block-level transmission protocol, defined in ISO/IEC 7816-3 APDU transmission via contactless interface, defined in ISO/IEC 14443-4

ISO 7816-4: APDU
APDU Command ( C-APDU ), sent by reader to the card
Header, 4 Bytes
Class instruction ( CLA )
Code instruction ( INS )
Parameters : P1 et P2
Optional body (random size)
Lc = length of body (data) in Bytes
Le = length of response to the command (Bytes)
The data field contains data to be sent to the card, to process instructions specified in header.

APDU command types
4 APDUs commands are possible depending on whether it expects a response back or if it contains data.
No data, no required answer
CLA INS P1 P2
Data, no required answer
CLA INS P1 P2 Lc Data
No data, required answer
CLA INS P1 P2 Le
Data, required answer
CLA INS P1 P2 Lc Data Le

AID
AID = unique identifier for an application or a certain type of files
First 5 bytes are RID (resource identifier)
Following bytes are PIX (proprietary identifier extension)

Java Card
Select

Java Card: CAP A smart card is inserted into a Card Acceptance Device (CAD) to power on the integrated circuit.

Java Card features
Threads
CPU on JavaCard does not support multiple tasks and you can’t use « synchronized » or « volatile ».
Garbage collector
Finalize() not supported
Non-supported types: Long, Char, Float, Double
Supported types:

Java Card features
Java Card support atomic transaction
System.beginTransaction()
System.commitTransaction()
System.abortTransaction()

Java Card security
« Sandbox »: In Java, code and application data (resources) are protected by a sandbox and can’t interfere with other applications.

Java Card applet
Let’s take the example of a Wallet to see how to code an applet.
This applet allows the SIM card to act as a real eletronic purse.
Use cases
The applet can add and substract money to a balance
Shows the actual balance of the purse
It includes a mechanism to ask for a PIN code for security purposes
See articles on Sun website http://developers.sun.com/mobility/javacard/articles/intro/index.html

Wallet.java

Java Card applet Wallet
Package declaration
Java naming convention
Java Card framework
package com.sun.javacard.samples.wallet; import javacard.framework.*;

Java Card: applet Wallet
The Java class must extend Applet. It defines all the methods to communicate with JCRE.
public class Wallet extends Applet

Java Card 2 modes
An applet is unactive until it receives an APDU command
Card Emulation
Reader Emulation

Applet PIN code
In the Wallet source code, the VERIFY method checks the PIN code. The APDU command contains the parameter PIN (stored inside the data field).
If PIN code is the same than the one defined during the installation process, the method returns true.
PIN_TRY_LIMIT = 3

CLA and INS
We choose the hexadecimal value 0xB0 to identify our Wallet.
This value identifies all APDU commands that are processed by the applet.
It means that the APDU commands debit and credit all start with the byte CLA 0xB0.
Wallet_CLA =(byte)0xB0;

INS
The 2 nd byte of an APDU command identifies the instruction
final static byte VERIFY = (byte) 0x20; final static byte CREDIT = (byte) 0x30; final static byte DEBIT = (byte) 0x40; final static byte GET_BALANCE = (byte) 0x50

Other values
Other fixed values of our electronic purse
The variables
// maximum balance final static short MAX_BALANCE = 0x7FFF; // maximum transaction amount final static byte MAX_TRANSACTION_AMOUNT = 127; // maximum number of incorrect tries before the // PIN is blocked final static byte PIN_TRY_LIMIT =(byte)0x03; // maximum size PIN final static byte MAX_PIN_SIZE =(byte)0x08; OwnerPIN pin; short balance;

Applet structure
Constructor
Install
Select
Process
Header analysis (CLA and INS)
public void process(APDU apdu) {

Send and receive APDUs
setIncomingAndReceive();
setOutgoingAndSend()
Transfer mode
Expected length for the answer
Send bytes in response
byte[] apduBuffer = apdu.getBuffer(); apduBuffer[0] = byte1; apduBuffer[1] = byte2; apduBuffer[2] = byte3; //0-offset, 3-number of bytes to send apdu.setOutgoingAndSend(0, 3); byte[] buffer = apdu.getBuffer(); short bytes_left = (short) buffer[ISO.OFFSET_LC]; short readCount = apdu.setIncomingAndReceive(); while (bytes_left > 0) { //{process received data in buffer} … bytes_left -= readCount; //get more data readCount = apdu.receiveBytes (ISO.OFFSET_CDDATA); }

Get Balance
Retrieve current balance of the electronic purse
CLA: 0xB0
INS: 0x50: GET BALANCE
P1: 0x00: Normal mode
P2: 0x00
Data:
in: none.
out: 2 bytes of balance.

Credit
Mutual authentication
To send the APDU command, you must first initialize a secure transaction with the applet (MAC):
CLA: 0xB0
INS: 0x30: CREDIT
P1: 0x00: Normal mode
P2: 0x00
Data: - in: 2 bytes of value to credit.
- out: 2 bytes of updated balance.
- exception: ISOException with reason SW_SECURITY_STATUS_NOT_SATISFIED (0x6982) if authentication failed.

JSR-177 SATSA
JSR-177: Security and Trust Services API for J2ME
Used to communicate with SIM card
Used to encrypt/decrypt/sign data
Example with symmetric algorithm here: http://wiki.forum.nokia.com/index.php/Encryption_of_data_using_JSR-177

Gemalto examples
APDU commands of GPPurse applet are stored in the file APDU_Commands.atf that comes with the project. You can open this file with the Jcard Manager and execute each command at a time.
Or manually thanks to the option Send APDU in the menu bar.

Gemalto developer suite: Instance AID

Nokia 6131 Secure Element
Secure Element consists of Java Smart Card area and Mifare 4K area
A specific API provided for Applets to access Mifare memory
All access is password protected
Password is one-way hashed from Mifare KeyA and KeyB
JCSystem : atomic transaction management
The Secure Element IS NOT a play ground
Protected by Issuer specific secret keys Protected by transport keys

PC/SC readers
SCM reader uses PC/SC driver (Windows)
Other readers: Philips Pegoda, Omnikey Cardman, etc.
The most commonly used smart-card interface is PC/SC, a middleware layer backed by Microsoft, and part of the Windows operating system.
JPCSC is a Java-wrapper around the native PC/SC API . JCOP Tools includes JPCSC and uses it on Linux and MacOS X. On Windows, JCOP Tools uses the native PC/SC API directly.
JCOP Tools also includes the JCOP offcard API, which is a comprehensive smart card API with special support for Java Card and GlobalPlatform. That sits on top of native PC/SC, JPCSC, and some other proprietary card middleware.
OpenCard Framework (OCF) , s ee http://www.opencard.org (consortium split up).

javax.smartcardio Java 6 introduces Smart Card I/O API defined by JSR 268 .

Dev tools and architecture
Devices used - Mobile phone NOKIA 6131 - Tags MIFARE 1K - Pegoda Reader / Philips - SCM Contactless Reader
For developers: Netbeans, Eclipse, Visual Studio, etc.
NFC software layers
Graphical User Interface (GUI), implemented in J2ME (or other).
Controller / Application logic (as much as possible), implemented on the Java Card / Secure Element.
Memory of the Mifare element used for storing data.

MIDlet proxy Phone OTA Server Secure Element Mifare Applet MIDlet OTA provisioning can be done through HTTP / HTTPS or BIP/TCP. BIP is a new generation protocol allowing remote SIM management over the air (remote file management, remote application management).

Physical layer
Steps for a standard NFC communication
Open
Poll
Connect
Exchange
Disconnect
Close

J2ME Java Midlet
Java Platform Micro Edition Software Development Kit 3.0
Lightweight UI Toolkit (LWUIT) integration
http://java.sun.com/products/sjwtoolkit/
ProGuard (obfuscator)
Limited storage
A mobile phone application is divided into 2 packages, a descriptor JAD file and a JAR file containing Java classes.
Thanks to the JAD file, the JAR file is installed on the mobile phone. Developer can set JAD attributes to manage permissions, push registry, etc.
Use a Controller to listen and launch threaded events:
Call to NFC chip
Print new screen
Save data in Record Store

J2ME Signature and certificate
Security exception
MIDP permissions
javax.microedition.io.file.FileConnection
javax.microedition.io.Connector

SmartCard Web Server
SIM Toolkit successor.
SCWS technology can be installed on new generation SIM card and allows GUI management thanks to mobile web browser.
The SIM card is the authorization module for secure electronic transactions but it’s the mobile phone that controls and generates graphical interfaces. With SCWS, a developer can implement the full application in one package and deploy it directly on the SIM card. MMI and Applets are on the same media. Deployment and administration of applications are simplified. For example: if the user changes his mobile phone.
Moreover, generated interfaces are compatible with most phones but the rendering and user interaction is not necessarily better.

SCWS Demo

Example of applications NFC Applications – My Keys Office Home Car Edit Delete Parking P5 New key received. Open application ? Yes No Writing key 75% Installing key… Key added Exit Yes Access granted. Add a shortcut ? Lock A PAMS Zone 1 PAMS Zone 2 Credential for PAMS Zone 2 can unlock A and B Lock B

See Mobile PKI (ETSI).
The MSSP platform is a solution to manage digital signatures for a MNO.
Two processes:
Registration : to obtain a certificate and a private key
Signature : to sign data (with private key)
Mobile Signature Service Provider MSSP Operator Service Provider Certification authority

Ex: eBanking authentication
Customer accesses his bank website thanks to his login/password.
Bank sends a request for authentication to Operator (WPKI). This request includes the mobile number (IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
Customer enters PIN code
eBanking service is authorized
Enter PIN code Back Ok The application needs to verify your identity Back Ok Secure Application Ok You are now authenticated

HelloKiosk

Conclusion
NFC in handsets without knowing it really soon
Industry is now convinced
SDK standardization
Easy to use ! Remember iPhone

Conclusion
Use J2ME 3.0
Use JSR 257 or SCWS
Optimize your code
Store your data online
Never trust a MIDlet
Sign your application
Use J2ME Polish or LWUIT to adapt your application to your target platforms (screen size)
Use web app for cross-platform development
Use AFSCM specifications for OTA
NFC is not an exchange protocol but identification
For developers

Resources
http://discussion.forum.nokia.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=144
http://wiki.forum.nokia.com/index.php/NFC
http://forum.java.sun.com/forum.jspa?forumID=23
http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com
http://www.talknfc.com
http://www.blognfc.com
http://www.nfcnews.com
Writing a Java Card Applet http://developers.sun.com/mobility/javacard/articles/intro/index.html

Resources
Contactless Smart Cards and NFC Peter Harrop, Ning Xiao & Raghu Das
http://www.nxp.com , thanks for pictures
http://www.nearfield.org
http://www.nfc-forum.org
http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/
http://www.rfidjournal.com RFID Information
http://mobilepayment.typepad.com Mobile payment blog
http://0x9000.blogspot.com Great blog on Java Card development
Special thanks to Nicolas Pastorelly w ho helped me on some slides

Contact me
Master MBDS , University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis
[email_address]
http://www.mbds-fr.org
http://tdelazzari.blogspot.com
http://twitter.com/tdelazzari

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Architecture and Development of NFC Applications

by Thomas de Lazzari

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