Reducing your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Chapter Nine Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular
Pertaining to the heart ( cardio ) and the blood vessels ( vasculara )
Estimated Prevalence of Major Cardiovascular Diseases
Hypertension 72,000,000
Coronary heart disease 15,800,000
Stroke 5,700,000
Congestive heart failure 5,200,000
Congenital heart disease 1,300,000

The Vascular System
Refers to the blood vessels
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles are smaller-diameter extensions of arteries
Veins carry blood back into the heart
Venules are smaller-diameter extensions of veins
Capillaries
Smallest extensions of the vascular system
Site of exchange of oxygen, food, and waste

Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease

The Heart
Four-chambered pump
Size of a fist
Function:
Creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body
Location:
Left center of the thorax (between lungs)
Signal sends impulses from brain to the heart
Electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) measures the cardiac electrical functioning

Circulation through the Heart

Blood
Functions of the circulatory system
Transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products
Regulation of water content of cells
Regulation of body temperature
Buffering of ph level
Prevention of blood loss
Protection against toxins and microorganisms by circulating antibodies within the bloodstream
Average person has 5 quarts of blood

Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed
Increasing age
Most people who die from heart disease are age 65 and older
Male gender
Before age 55, men have a greater risk of heart disease than women do
After menopause, women’s rates of heart disease increase
Heredity
Family history
Race/ethnicity

Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
Major Risk Factors: The “Big Six”
Tobacco smoke
Physical inactivity
Abnormal blood cholesterol levels
High blood pressure
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity and overweight
Contributing Risk Factor
Individual responses to stress

Tobacco smoke
Increases risk of heart attack, sudden cardiac death
Affects nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke
Quitting leads to a reduced risk of heart disease
Physical inactivity
Exercise strengthens the heart muscle, maintains healthy blood vessels
Lowers cholesterol levels
Encourages weight loss and retention of lean muscle mass
Moderates stress

Abnormal Blood Cholesterol Levels
Classification of Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, and HDL
≥ 60 40-59 < 40 HDL cholesterol High (Desirable) Normal Low ≥ 160 130-159 < 130 LDL cholesterol ≥ 200 150-199 < 150 Triglycerides ≥ 240 200-239 < 200 Total cholesterol High Borderline-High Normal or Desirable

High blood pressure
Damages heart and blood vessels
Diabetes mellitus
Increases risk of heart and blood vessel disease
Linked to abnormal levels of cholesterol and other blood fats
Obesity and overweight
Abdominal obesity is especially risky

Metabolic Syndrome
Risk factors often appear in a group
Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome
Elevated waist circumference
Men: ≥ 40 inches
Women: ≥ 35 inches
Elevated triglycerides
≥ 150 mg/dL
Reduced HDL cholesterol
Men: < 40 mg/dL
Women: < 50 mg/dL
Elevated blood pressure
≥ 130/85 mmHg
Elevated fasting glucose
≥ 100 mg/dL

Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
Stroke
Congenital heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease
Congestive heart failure
Diseases of the arteries
Arrhythmias

Coronary Heart Disease
Damage to vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle
Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque on the inner walls of arteries
Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Death of part of the heart muscle
Biomarkers
Homocysteine
High sensitivity C-reactive protein

Progression of Atherosclerosis

Cholesterol and Lipoproteins
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
“Bad” cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
“Good” cholesterol
To improve cholesterol levels:
Reduce saturated fat intake
Reduce cholesterol intake
Reduce caloric intake to control weight

Angina pectoris: Chest pain with stress or exertion
Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, back or jaw pain
Emergency treatment: CPR and AEDs
Diagnosis
Blood tests
Vital signs
Electrocardiogram, echocardiogram
Coronary arteriography
PET, EBCT, and MRI
Nuclear medicine

Surgical treatments
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Provides alternative routes for blood to take around points of blockage
Percutaneous coronary intervention
A slender balloon-tipped tube is used to flatten plaque and widen an artery
Heart transplant
Nonsurgical treatments
Medications, including aspirin

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Hypertension
Symptoms: “Silent killer” (no symptoms)
Screening: Regular checks of resting blood pressure
Effects: Heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, eye damage
Classification
90 or higher 80-89 Less than 80 Diastolic (bottom number) 140 or higher 120-139 Less than 120 Systolic (top number) Hypertension Prehypertension Normal Blood pressure (mm Hg)

Hypertension
Prevention and treatment
Weight reduction
Physical activity
Moderation in alcohol use
DASH eating plans
Salt restriction
Stress reduction
Medication

Stroke
Blockage of vessel to the brain
Types of stroke
Cerebrovascular occlusions
Cerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral aneurysm
Warning sign: Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Diagnosis
Computerized axial tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
Treatment
Clot dissolving drugs
Cell-rebuilding drugs

Causes of Stroke

Congenital Heart Disease
Abnormalities present at birth
Caused by environmental factors or illness
Types
Valve damage
Holes in the walls of the septum
Blood vessel transportation
Underdevelopment of left side of the heart
Treatment
Surgery may be performed to repair malformations

Rheumatic Heart Disease
Chronic damage to the heart (especially the valves)
Result of streptococcal infection in the heart
Complication of rheumatic fever
Damage tends to occur in valves of the heart
Diagnosis: X-rays, echocardiogram
Treatment: Surgery

Congestive Heart Failure
Inability of the heart to pump out all the blood that returns to it
Fluid accumulates in veins, lungs, and kidneys
Caused by heart damage from other causes
Treatment
Rest
Proper diet
Modified daily activities
Use of appropriate drugs

Diseases of the Arteries
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Blood vessel disease involving changes to the arteries and arterioles in the extremities
Causes
Cigarette smoking
Obesity
High-fat diet
Sedentary occupations
Treatment
Blood vessel surgery
Medication
Modified lifestyle

CVD Prevention
Avoid tobacco
Choose a healthy diet
Be physically active
Control body weight
Manage stress
Get regular screenings

Chapter Nine: Enhancing Your Cardiovascular Health

Reducing your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

by tbrame

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Reducing your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Presentation Transcript