Natural and cultural factors create differences within Tanzania. Natural factors like drought, soil erosion, and access to coastal regions impact rural areas more due to reliance on subsistence farming. Cultural factors such as colonial infrastructure investment in urban areas, political policies encouraging village settlements, and lack of rural employment and infrastructure exacerbate inequality. Differences also exist between gender due to traditional roles, education disparities, and limited female opportunities. The Maasai face distinct challenges from their nomadic traditions and low education. Tourist areas benefit economically from infrastructure investment and tertiary jobs related to natural attractions.

1. NATURAL AND CULTURAL
FACTORS
THAT CREATE DIFFERENCES
WITHIN TANZANIA

2. Factors
 FACTORS are things that MAKE the
DIFFERENCE.
 Eg – Better soil makes crops grow better
so they can be sold. Poor soil makes crops
fail so therefore money is lost. This means
one area has a low GDP and the other has
a higher GDP. Rural= $250 Urban= $1200
 The Soil is the factor that MAKES the
difference happen

3. RURAL AND URBAN
TANZANIA
Vs.
75% of the population 25% of the population
REMEMBER THE differences
BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN?

4. NATURAL FACTORS:
differences BETWEEN
RURAL AND URBAN
 Drought
 Soil erosion

5. DROUGHT
 Much of Tanzania is experiencing a drought right now!
 Average rainfall of just 250mm compared to the normal
750mm per annum in central regions such as Shinyanga
and Kigoma.
Central Tanzania – very barren, river beds
dry and little chance of rain soon. These newspaper
headlines show the
problems of drought.

6. Why does drought cause differences
between rural and urban areas?
IN RURAL AREAS
 No or little rain means crops fail…
(e.g. Shinyanga 90% of crops failed in 2012).
 95% rely on crops for income and food for the family
(subsistence farmers) – they can’t afford to buy imported
food stuffs.
 People become malnourished and have health problems.
IN URBAN AREAS THEY BUY IMPORTED FOOD STUFFS
AND THEIR LIVELIHOOD NOT AFFECTED.

7. SOIL EROSION
Source: bbc.co.uk
Source: bbc.co.uk
Wide scale erosion washes the
fertile top soil away into rivers
and lakes during the wet seasons
Soil erosion has increased 20 fold in the last 30 years.

8. Why does soil erosion cause differences
between rural and urban areas?
IN RURAL AREAS
 Cattle disturb the top soil (pugging), there are over
600,000 cattle in Shinyanga = increase in erosion.
 Deforestation means no root systems to hold the top soil
in place.
THIS LEADS TO..
 Little fertile land to get high yields from crops and they
can’t afford fertilisers.
 Poor crop production creating further poverty for rural
areas (malnutrition, low incomes etc).
URBAN AREAS ARE NOT RELIANT ON SOIL FERTILITY TO
PROVIDE THEM WITH AN ADEQUATE INCOME.

9. Summary of key ideas…
LOSS OF FOREST COVER– means no source of energy.
It also increases the rate of soil erosion and reduces
water in the atmosphere leading to drought.
DROUGHT –
means rural people
have no food or
income as crops
die.
SOIL EROSION –
means fertile top soil
is removed and decreases
productivity of crops.
All these features create differences between those in urban
centres and in rural regions. Rural populations are affected by
the conditions of the natural environment to a greater extent.

10. Climate
 Coastal Rainfall
 The Coast region
receives 2000mm
of rain per year
 This allows crops
to be grown and
Income to be
made
 Inland Drought
 Inland areas like
Kigoma and
Shinyaga are in
drought and
receive 250mm of
rain
 Crops die and thus
no income can be
made

11. Access to the Coast
 Dar es Salaam has
easy access to the
coast
 This allows import
and export of
goods
 This provides a
source of
employment
 Kigoma has no
access to the coast
 Goods are hard to
access and to get
to market
 No additional
employment can
be found

12. CULTURAL FACTORS:
differences BETWEEN
RURAL AND URBAN
 Colonisation
 Political policies
 Employment opportunities
 Infrastructure
 Access to health and education

13. COLONISATION…
TANZANIA WAS COLONISED BY
GERMANY (1891) AND BRITIAN (1919).
As a British Colony..
 Large urban areas had infrastructure
built in the capital (at the time Dar Es
Salaam). Paved roads, power, water,
ports etc - all provided for British
citizens and government officials.
 Factories were set up (e.g. brewery)
 Education and health services set up
in urban areas where British lived.
Evidence of British
rule can be seen in
the architecture in
Dar Es Salaam

14. POLITICAL POLICIES…
 In 1962 after independence everyone was ‘encouraged’ to move
into rural villages with two different programmes:
- Village Settlement Scheme.
- Ujamaa Rural Development Strategy.
 WHY? The president wanted all Tanzanians to have access to equal
services and resources – Socialism.
This meant…
 A society totally reliant on agriculture – Those that still remain in
rural areas today (75%) find:
- Only small plots of land available.
- Birth rate higher (6 per women) as need for labour on
the land – can’t afford to provide health care and education for all of them.
- If this policy had not existed, less people growing crops
would mean the price of product would be greater (supply
and demand rule).

15. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Rural areas only provide people with primary employment
opportunities (91% of workforce). This causes differences
because:
 Involves small areas of land
being farmed which = small
incomes.
 Unreliable incomes due to
world market changes –
e.g. coffee prices are at a 30
year low means only rural affected.
 Earnings from crops generally decreasing over time while inflation in
Tanzania is high (8%).
IN URBAN AREAS THERE IS A WIDE RANGE OF JOBS.
SALARY AND WAGES MORE RELIABLE AND INCREASE WITH
INFLATION.
Source: www.ifad.org

16. INFRASTRUCTURE
 In urban areas the government repairs
and invests in the infrastructure. E.g.
the government has built over 2,000
apartment blocks in Dar Es Salaam, all
have power & plumbing.
 In rural area villagers must repair their
own roads (with no funding offered)
and due to isolation government can
not provide people with electricity or
plumbing.
 In rural areas poor infrastructure
means crops perish on the way to
market – urban roads are sealed.
Govt invests in electricity
in urban areas where use is
high and concentrated.
Transporting goods
in rural areas is
difficult at the best
of times

17. ACCESS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION
How can isolation from hospitals and higher
education facilities create differences?
Key ideas is…
 Government can not afford to provide
these services for rural communities as
75% of pop is rural and birth rate is so
high (twice that of urban areas).

18. MALE AND FEMALE
differences in Development
Young girls in Arusha market Young boys in Arusha Market
REMEMBER THE differences
BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES?

19. CULTURAL FACTORS:
differences BETWEEN
MALE AND FEMALE
 Tradition
 Religion
 Employment opportunities

20. TRADITION
All tribes in Tanzania
still follow many of the
traditional ways of their
ancestors.
 The Chagga tribe still believe a
girls first useful task is to farm.
This leads to 60% of food
production done by women.
 It makes education for girls
seem pointless – therefore low
literacy rates - 57%!
Newspaper article explains that boys are
valued more than girls
Painting by
Charles
Ndege
shows the
traditions
of
Tanzania.

21. Education differences between girls
and boys are a focus for Govt and
NGO‘s
Newspaper articles showing
the focus on girls in education

22. TRADITIONAL ROLES
WITHIN THE FAMILY
 Male roles: Seen as the
head of the family. They make
decisions, control money, etc.
 Female roles: Seen as a
child bearer, completes all
house work, grows the food,
etc.
E.g. the husband decides
to use fertilisers, but it is the
wife who applies it.
Men control the money
and therefore they use
the machinery.
Women must look
after the family and
grow the food.

23. TRADITION vs. LAW
Even though the laws
have changed:
 Women are rarely allowed to
inherit land. This means that
85% of land users still don’t
own the land they work on.
 Female circumcision still practised.
 Marriage laws do not stop
bride prices being paid.
 It is legal for a husband to punish
his wife for not bearing children – by having many children
women lose opportunities.
These young girls may have more
opportunities as tradition slowly
changes.

24. RELIGION
 Over 50% of Tanzania is
Muslim. This contributes to
the male dominance in the
country.
 Islamic laws exist and do
not favour women's rights.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNTIES
 Women lack an education, they do not have
opportunities that men have in finding paid work. 90%
of women's work is unpaid – their contribution to the
economy is not recognised.
 Some young girls now being forced into prostitution (for
extra family income).
Local mosque in Dar Es Salaam.

25. THE MAASAI
Maasai Village near
Ngorongoro Crater
REMEMBER THE differences
BETWEEN MAASAI & OTHER TRIBES?

26. CULTURAL FACTORS:
differences BETWEEN
MAASAI AND OTHER TRIBES
 Tradition
 Lack of education

27. TRADITIONS - NOMADIC
 Semi – nomadic: Move around both Tanzania and
Kenya (don’t need passport). Historically moving
cattle to new pasture.
 Leads to little investment in village, as not
permanent. Easier to transport basic items.
 Kraals (cow dung houses)
need to be easy to
construct and will not
always be a permanent
home.
 Therefore no infrastructure.
 Basic housing materials.
 No permanent crops. Maasai man with his goats.
Source:wwww.bbc.co.uk

28. LACK OF EDUCATION
 Due to semi-nomadic
culture and focus on
cattle, education is
considered a ‘worthless’
task.
 No or few schools
available for Maasai
children – language is
slightly different. Few
teachers (such low
literacy rates).
Recently changes are occurring –
now focus of government and see
English as important
when dealing with tourists.
Source:www.safaritours.co.tz

29. Maasai - reject western values
 Maasai resist western technology and attachment to
material goods.
 Want money – but only to buy more cattle.
 This means they still live traditionally
 Their health and education are therefore lower than
average (remember literacy rates of 20%)
These Maasai
near a major
national park
see tourists
everyday.

30. TOURIST AND NON TOURIST
AREAS
REMEMBER THE differences BETWEEN
TOURISTS AND NON-TOURIST AREAS?

31. NATURAL FACTORS:
differences BETWEEN TOURIST AND
NON–TOURIST AREAS
 Natural attractions
- Tropical beaches
- Landscapes
- Wildlife

32. Tourists travel to Zanzibar Island and coastal
Dar Es Salaam because of this attraction…
Areas with white tropical
sandy beaches attract tourists
– this means tertiary jobs and
money invested into the region
Palm tree
laden
beaches
provide a
tropical
paradise
atmosphere
Local honeymooners enjoy the
warm water.

33. The natural feature of Mt Kilimanjaro
(near Arusha) means people benefit…
 Guides are hired to carry gear
($20 US per day)
 Park fees earn region money
($100US per day) which is
invested into services for local
people.
 Tourists buy climbing gear, food
and transport to the mountain –
helping businesses.
Mt Kilimanjaro provides climbers
with the opportunity to
climb Africa’s highest mountain.
Money invested into the region.
View of Mt Kilimanjaro from
Mamula Lodge.

34. Tourists travel to Serengeti National Park in
northern Tanzania…
 Attracts 350,000
visitors into the region
each year.
 US$50 per day park
fees.
 Tourist’s pay for safari
(up to US$100 per
day).
 The Big Five – Lion,
Leopard, Elephant,
Buffalo, Rhino.
Areas near National Parks
Benefit from the tourist
dollars spent in this region –
looking for the ‘big five’.
View of
Lions
feeding
in the
park.

35. The key idea is…
 Areas with natural attractions mean a better
standard of living for those involved in the
industry.
SO
 Without the natural attractions those benefits
would not exist.

36. CULTURAL FACTORS:
differences BETWEEN
TOURIST AND NON–TOURIST AREAS
 Investment of infrastructure
 Tertiary employment
opportunities

37. INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCUTURE
 Government invests in
roads, power, piped
water etc to ensure
tourists enjoy visit.
Local people can
benefit from these.
 For e.g. in 1999 Govt.
spent US$600,000 to
improve roads in the
Arusha region.
Roads are being upgraded for
tourist buses.
Notice the power line next to the Arusha National Park sign –
even these more isolated areas have access to electricity.

38. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Jobs that pay a higher wage and are more reliable than
rural farming include:
 Tour guides.
 Tour operator business
(there are over 60 in Arusha).
 Hotel industry.
 Restaurant industry.
 Transport industry.
 Souvenir business.
A popular
westernised
restaurant
for budget
travellers
These 4x4’s all have tourist guides and a
cook to take visitors on a 3 – 10 day safari.
Can you think of specific
examples in these industries?

39.  As you can see, there are many reasons for these
differences, both natural and cultural.
 differences within Tanzania are not unique to just
this country.
 As time goes on new differences will emerge. Rural
people will move into the cities and slums may
appear.
 At present the rural urban migration rate is low…
but as more seek the better life of urban areas,
more will struggle to make a new life for
themselves in the cities….. We’ll just have to wait
and see!

40. Further Tanzania Resources
https://goo.gl/H3PC5J