Lit 180, Professor Zimmerman, Delgado

1. Say W
hom?Say W
hat?
Elements of the Short Story: Narration and POV
Group 2:
Patricia Peterson
Emily Smith
Jessica Stever
Tahlia Delgado

2. What is Narration?
Whom is the Blabbermouth?
A narrator is who tells the reader the story, which is
just as important as the story itself and what happens
throughout.
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Some narrators may be a character within a story
whom tells us what they think, where others may
just give the reader a more critical view of the
characters in the story.
The elements that determine who is telling the story,
whom it is about, and what information the reader
has access to depend on the type of narration.

3. Types of Narration
Where is it Coming From?
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First-Person: This is a singular narration, where the narrator
will use I or We. The reader will only experience what the
narrator does because he/she is a character within the story.
This narration can sometimes be unreliable because a reader
may judge what he/she may say due to the fact that readers
do not hear what other characters think.
Second-Person: This narrator speaks to You, making the
reader feel like they are a character within the story.
Third-Person: The narrator tells what happened and uses He,
She, or They. The narrator is not a part of the story.

4. Third Person Narration
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Omniscient: This narration knows EVERYTHING
from charaters' thoughts, perceptions, and
experiences.
Objective: This narration does not give charaters'
thoughts, but may give clues through their words
and how they act.
Subjective: This narration is told from a distinct
POV, he/she knows all charaters' thoughts and
experiences. This will usually be a single charater
also known as the central consciousness.

5. The Cask of Amontillado

6. Narration of:
The Cask of Amontillado
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This story is told in First Person Narration
because it is told only from Montresor's side.
There is no information given to have a great
understanding of this story.
Montresor, the narrator is unreliable because
he lies throughout the story to his servants, to
Fortunato, about being a mason, and possibly
even having the cask of wine.
He is also unreliable because the reader is not
told why he hates Fortunato.

7. Fool's Garb
Is it Holloween There?

8. The story foreshadows darkness because
Montresor claims he will get revenge
from the beginning.
● Montresor uses reverse psychology in
order to fool Fortunato into continuing
into the crypt by stating he can get
Luchresi, a fellow connoisseur to critic
the amontillado.
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9. A Rose for Emily

10. Narration of:
A Rose for Emily
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This story is told in First Person Narration because
he/she uses We. The narrator is probably a
townsman because he/she knows a lot about Emily,
but the reader knows nothing about the narrator.
The reader does not get to know any characters.
The narrator is not close to Emily because there is
little detail, only main points are given.
There is foreshadowing throughout this story by the
smell of the house and the use of lime to rid it,
Emily buys arsenic and it is purposly labled for rats,
and Emily is in denial of the death of her father.

11. Arsenic from:
A Rose for Emily

12. What is Point of View?
What Were They Thinking?
The angle from which the characters and events are
viewed.
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Verbal is known as voice, and visual is known as
focus.
The style and tone of the narrator's voice can also
give the character's or narrator's perspective.
When limited information is given, this creates the
irony or excitement of the story.

13. We Can See and Feel the Darkness:
The Cask of Amontillado
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It does keep the readers' attention because it creates
irony when the reader wants to know what will
happen in the crypt.
The story foreshadows darkness because Montresor
claims he will get revenge from the beginning.
Fortunato does not know of Montresor's hatred of
him. Is it the wine?
Fortunato wears a fool's garb while Montresor wears
dark clothes.

14. Fortunato and Montresor

15. Limited POV:
A Rose for Emily
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This point of view is limited because it is told from a
distance, the reader is not given any details, so it relies on
the setting and characterization.
The narrator does not know Emily or her family personally.
The his Historical context, prior to the Civil War, which
influences Emily's character and her personality. she is
know through her father and is to carry out the pride and
nobility. She was a tradition, a product of her time.
No one in the town believed a Grierson would waste their
precious time on someone beneath them like Homer Barron,
a common laborer.

16. Who Knew?
A Rose for Emily

17. Plot
There is NO Putting it Down.
Questions a reader may have in order to know how
the story is shaped through events. This is the
sequence of events.
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What happened?
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Why did this happen?
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How are character's affected?
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What will happen next?
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How will it turn out?

18. Parts of Plot
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Exposition or Introduction: This is where the characters and
the setting are presented.
Rising Action: This is where events become complicated
and opens conflict.
Climax or Turning Point: This is the highest point of
interest, what keeps a reader interested and wanting more!
This is also when the plot outcome and fate of characters are
revealed.
Falling Action: This is a point of relief, getting the reader
prepared for a resolution.
Resolution: Final conclusion of the story.

19. Conflict
What's all the Excitement About?
Struggle with a final resolution.
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External: The conflict is between the characters and
an outside influence, which can be a person or
something else.
Internal: The character struggles between two
choices within himself. For example; your head and
heart telling you different things.

20. The Cask of Amontillado

21. The Cask of Amontillado:
Plot and Conflict
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Introduction: They meet and decide to test the
Amontillado to make sure it is not sherry.
Montresor has already planned to trick Fortunato.
Rising Action: Montresor pretends he has concern
for Fortunato's health, but really he is using reverse
psychology. He gives Fortunato more wine.
Climax: Montresor begin burying Fortunato after
seeing other skeletons.
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Falling Action: Fortunato believes it is all a joke.
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Resolution: Fortunato is left for 50 years.

22. A Rose for Emily

23. A Rose for Emily:
Plot and Conflict
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Introduction: The reader learns of Emily's statues in the town
and the importance of her father. She is relieved of her taxes
owed because of him.
Rising Action: This begins with the death of her father and the
smell around her house.
Climax: Emily meets Homer Barron and buys arsenic, but never
tells the druggist what it is for.
Falling Action: Emily dies and everyone is curious to go in her
house.
Resolution: Everyone went to her funeral. They opened the door
to the room that had not been seen in 40 years, and Homer
Barron's corpse was in the bed with a grey hair on the pillow
next to him.

24. The Thing in the Forest

25. Narration of:
The Thing in the Forest
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This Story is told in third person omniscient
narrative because he/she uses They.
The narrator is not a part of the work, but knows
EVERYTHING.
This is like a children's story or farie tale about two
girls in a magical forest that see a big monster and
are affected by it to go on and tell the tale.

26. POV of:
The Thing in the Forest
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This story relies on perspective because each
person that reads it will view it differently. For
example: Some may believe the girls did see
the “Loathly Worm,” while others might
believe they made it up.
This story tells a scary tale about a monster,
but it also reflects the reality of the affects
from the war.

27. The Thing in the Forest:
Plot and Conflict
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Introduction: The two girls meet as evacuees and became
close friends out of fear of being alone.
Rising Action: They decide to go into the forest, but know
they need to be careful and not go too far.
Climax: They could hear and smell, and then they finally
saw the monster.
Falling Action: They run into eachother at the house that
had been turned into a museum, both curious if what they
had seen was real.
Resolution: They both wanted to go back to the magical
forest, but did not go together. They both were a witness to
eachother of the “Loathly Worm.”

28. Works Cited
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Byatt, A.S. The Thing in the Forest. The Norton
Introduction to Literature. NY: W.W. Norton,
2013. Print.
Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. The Norton
Introduction to Literature. NY: W.W. Norton,
2013. Print.
Poe, Edgar Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. The
Norton Introduction to Literature. NY: W.W.
Norton, 2013. Print.