14
ABSTRACT
Title: The study of Traffic Accidental Patients at Emergency Department, Bhumibol Adulyadej
st st
Hospital; 1 January-31 December 2006
Recently, traffic accidents are still a serious public health problem of
Thailand. In order to solve this problem, the epidemiological information of traffic accident is
necessary. However ,the traffic accident control is not currently successful due to lack of the
epidemiological information of traffic accident .Therefore ,this research we conducted a
retrospective study of traffic accident patients who were seen at the emergency room ,
st st
Bhumibol Adulyadej hospital from January 1 , 2006 to December31 ,2006.
There were 4,881 patients included .One thousand and four hundred and forty six
patients (29.62%) were seen between 8.00 am to 4.00 pm. From 4.00 pm to midnight and
midnight to 8.00 am, there were 2,106 patients (43.15%) and 1,329 patients (27.23%)
respectively. Motorcycle accident was the most common (3,907 cases; 80.04%). The second was
the car accident (361 cases; 7.39%). The most common type of injury was abrasion, laceration,
or contusion (3,548 cases; 72.69%). Ten patients died from the traffic accident.
25
Abstract
Competency Responding to Public Hazardous Events Perceived by Community Hospital
Nurses in Three Southern Border Provinces
1 2 3
Aim-on Khunpech RN, Sudsiri Hirunchunha RN, DNS Kanittha Naka, RN,DNS
1
Department of Trauma-Emergengy,Bunnnagsata Hospital ,Yala.
2
Department of Surgical Nursing,Facultyof Nursing,Prince of Songkla University,Thailand.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Surgical Nursing,Facultyof Nursing,Prince of Songkla
University,Thailand.
2
E-mail sudsiri.h@psu.ac.th
Backgroud: Violent unrest situation appears to continue in Thailand's deep south. These unrest
situations consequencely bring about huge numbers of traimatic patients. The traumatic injuries
of affected persons are mostly severe. Nursing competency in emergency and traumatic injury
management is important to provide a high quality of care under the limited resources.
Objective: The purpose was to identify level of nursing competency in responding to public
hazardous events perceived by community hospital nurses working in three southern border
provinces. Additionally, comparisons of the competency among nurses who were different in
working department, experience and public hazard training were conducted.
Method: This study was descriptive research.The sample comprised 245 nurses who were
working in community hospitals in three southern border provinces. A questionnaire was used
as the study tool to evaluate the perception of the community nurses towards their competency
concerning public hazardous events in three southern border provinces. while its reliability was
tested yielding a value of .97. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test
Result: The overall nursing competency in responding to public hazardous events perceived by
community hospital nurses in the three southern border provinces was at a moderate level
( Χ 3.45, S.D. = .91). Furthermore, the significant differences of the competency among
=
nurses who were different in working department, experience and public hazard training were
found (t = 3.65, t = -5.50 and t = -4.407 respectively, p < 0.01) However the different levels of
Yawi/Malayu
language proficiency among the nurses did not make differences in perceptions of their
competency in responding to public hazardous events
Conclusion:The results of this study could be employed as baseline information for future
development of nursing competency in responding to public hazardous events among community
hospital nurses working in the three southern border provinces.
Key words: competency response to public hazardous events, public hazardous events, nurses
in Three Southern Border Provinces
52
Hypomagnesemia ทำาใหูเกิดความผิดปกติ อาจมี muscle weakness มากจน respiratory
37
ของ neuromuscular system ท่ีพบไดูคือ weakness, compromise หรือ cardiac arrest ไดู
tetany, muscle spasms ไดูคลูายภาวะ
Hypocalcemia เอกสารอ้างอิง
ความผิดปกติของ cardiovascular system
ท่ีเกิดขึ้นไดูบ่อย และเป็ นท่ีรูจักกันดี คือ Long QT 1. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE.
interval ซ่งจะทำาใหูเกิด torsade de pointes
ึ Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med
2000;342:1581-9
32
การรักษา ภาวะ Hypomagnesemia 2. Hawkins RC. Age and gender as risk
ดังเช่นความผิดปกติของเกลือแร่ชนิ ดอ่ ืน ถูา factors for hyponatremia and
ผููป่วยมีอาการและอาการแสดงของภาวะ hypernatremia. Clin Chim Acta
Hypomagnesemia จะตูองรีบรักษาอย่างเร่งด่วน 2003;337:169-72.
ภาวะ Hypomagnesemia มักเกิดร่วมกับความผิด 3. Hillier TA, Abbott RD, Barrett EJ.
ปกติของเกลือแร่ชนิ ดอ่ ืน โดยเฉพาะ Hypokalemia Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction
และ Hypocalcemia ไดูบ่อย จึงตูองประเมินและ factor for hyperglycemia. Am J Med
รักษาความผิดปกติของเกลือแร่ 2 ชนิ ดนี้ควบคู่กัน 1999;106:399-403.
ไป 4. Martin RJ. Central pontine and
ถูาผููป่วยมีอาการชักหรือ arrhythmia ท่ีเกิด extrapontine myelinolysis: The osmotic
จากภาวะ Hypomagnesemia การรักษาโดยทันที demyelination syndromes J Neurol
กระทำาไดูโดย ใหู MgSO4 1-2 grams (8-16 mEq Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(Suppl
ของ elemental Mg) ในเวลา 5-10 นาที จนกระทัง
่ III):iii22–iii28
ไม่มอาการ แลูวต่อดูวย 6 grams (48 mEq ของ
ี 5. Ellison DH, Berl T. The syndrome of
36
Mg) drip ใน 24 ชัวโมง
่ เพ่ ือจะคงระดับ Mg ไวู inappropriate antidiuresis N Engl J Med
และ restore body total Mg storage 2007;356:2064-72.
ระวัง compatibility ของสารละลาย 6. Passamonte PM. Hypouricemia,
MgSO4 กับ สารละลาย Ca บางชนิ ดดูวย การใหู inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
Mg ควรระวังในผููป่วยไตวาย ควรลดขนาดของ hormone, and small cell carcinoma of
dosage ลงคร่ ึงหน่ง
ึ the lung. Arch Intern Med
ควรมีการเฝู าระวังระดับ Mg ในเลือดอย่าง 1984;144:1569-70.
นู อยวันละครัง ภาวะพิษจาก Hypermagnesemia จะ
้ 7. Beck LH. Hypouricemia in the
เกิดขึ้นเม่ อระดับมากกว่า 3-4 mEq/L ทำาใหูเกิด
ื syndrome of inappropriate secretion of
hypotension, flushing, nausea, lethargy และ antidiuretic hormone. N Engl J Med
decreased deep tendon reflexes ถูาระดับสูงมากๆ 1979;301: 528-30.
53
8. Schwartz WB, Bennett W, Curelop S, 15. Ortega-Carniecer J, Benezet J, Benezet-
Bartter FC. A syndrome of renal Mazuecos J. Hyperkalaemia causing
sodium loss and hyponatremia probably loss of atrial capture and extremely
resulting from inappropriate secretion of wide QRS complex during DDD
antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med pacing. Resuscitation 2004;62:119-20
1957;23:529-42. 16. Ettinger PO, Regan TS, Olderwurtel
9. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. HA. Hyperkalaemia, cardiac conduction,
Hypernatremia. N Engl J Med and the electrocardiogram: overview.
2000;342:1493-9 Am Heart J 1974;88:360-71
10. Morris-Jones PH, Houston IB, Evans 17. Quick G, Bastani B. Prolonged
RC. Prognosis of the neurological asystolic hyperkalaemic cardiac arrest
complications of acute hypernatraemia. with no neurological sequelae. Ann
Lancet 1967;2:1385-9 Emerg Med 1994;24:305-11
11. Guidelines 2005 for cardiopulmonary 18. Kamel SK, Wei C. Controversial issues
resuscitation and emergency in the treatment of hyperkalaemia.
cardiovascular care: International Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:2215-8
Consensus on Science. Part 10.1: Life- 19. Mahoney BA, Smith WAD, Lo DS.
threatening electrolyte abnormalities. Emergency intervention for
Circulation 2005; 112: IV-121-IV-125 hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database
12. Alfonzo AV, Isles C, Geddes C, System Rev 2005;2(Issue). Art. No.:
Deighan C. Potassium disorder – CD003235.pub2.
clinical spectrum and emergency DOI:10.1002/14651858. CD003235.
management. Resuscitation 2006;70: 10- Pub2
25 20. Gruy-Kapral C, Emmett M, Santa Ana
13. Slovis C, Jenkins R. Conditions not CA, Porter JL, Fordtran JS, Fine K.
primarily affecting the heart. Br Med J Effect of single dose resin-cathartic
2002;324:1320—4 therapy on serum potassium
14. Aslam S, Freidman EA, Ifudu O. concentration in patients with end-stage
Electrocardiography is unreliable in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol
detecting potentially lethal 1998;10:1924-30
hyperkalaemia in haemodialysis 21. Charytan D, Goldfarb DS. Indications
patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant for hospitalization of patients with
2002;17:1639-42 hyperkalemia Arch Intern Med
2000;160: 1605-11
54
22. Carvalhana V, Burry L, Lapinsky SE. 31. Thakker RV. Parathyroid disorders and
Management of severe hyperkalemia diseases altering calcium metabolism.
without hemodialysis: Case report and In:WarrallD,Cox T,
literature review. J Crit Care 2006;21: FirthJ,BenzE,eds.Oxford textbook of
316-21 medicine. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford
23. Gennari FJ. Hypokalaemia. New Eng J University Press, 2003.
Med 1998;339:451-8 32. Tong GM, Rude RK. Magnesium
24. Body JJ, Bouilon R. Emergencies of deficiency in critical illness. J Intensive
calcium homeostasis. Rev Endocr Care Med 2005;20: 3-17
Metab Disord. 2003; 4: 167-75 33. Whang R, Flink EB, Dyckner T,
25. Moe SM. Disorders of calcium, Wester PO, Aikawa JK, Ryan MP.
phosphorus, and magnesium. Am J Magnesium depletion as a cause of
Kidney Dis 2005; 45:213–218 refractory potassium repletion. Arch
26. Wilkinson R. Treatment of Intern Med. 1985;145:1686-1689
hypercalcaemia associated with 34. Rude RK, Oldham SB, Sharp CF Jr,
malignancy. Br Med J 1984;288: 812-3 Singer FR. Parathyroid hormone
27. Walji N, Chan AK, Peake DR. secretion in magnesium deficiency. J
Common acute oncological Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;47:800-
emergencies: diagnosis, investigation 806
and management Postgrad Med J 35. Estep H, Shaw WA, Watlington C,
2008;84:418-427 Hobe R, Holland W, Tucker SG.
28. Bergeron R, Martin N, Moreau A. Hypocalcemia due to hypomagnesemia
Hypercalcemia in cancer patients. Who, and reversible parathyroid hormone
when and where to treat? Can Fam unresponsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol
Physician 1995;41:447-53 Metab. 1969;29:842-848
29. Cooper MS, Gittoes NJ. Diagnosis and 36. Ryzen E. Magnesium homeostasis in
management of hypocalcaemia. Br critically ill patients. Magnesium.
Med J 2008;336;1298-1302 1989;8:201-212
30. Urbano FL. Signs of hypocalcemia: 37. Mordes JP, Wacker WE. Excess
Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s.Hosp magnesium. Pharmacol Rev.
Physician 2000;36:43-5 1977;29:273-300.
55
Case report / รายงานผู้ป่วยน่าสนใจ
Spontaneous pneumopericardium in healthy woman
Worapratya P., Wuthisuthimethawee P., Vaskinanukorn P.
Emergency Department , Prince of Songkla University, Hadyai, Songkhla; Thailand
Introduction
Pneumopericardium is rare condition and
spontaneous pneumopericardium is extremely
rare. In reviewing the literature, we found
mention of physical exertion1, acute asthma2,
cocaine-induced3,episode of weight lifting4
,passenger on commercial flight5.
We report the unique case of the patient
with idiopathic pneumopericardium at rest,
which has never been reported before. Our
patient recovered without treatment and had no
recurrence of pneumopericardium during follow
up.
Case report
A 24-year-old, previously healthy
woman presented to the emergency department
in March 2008 due to Left-sided chest pain
radiated to the neck for a week. She denied Fig 1: Spontaneous pneumopericardium was
history of cough, lifting heavy objects or flight show as a radiolucency band at Left heart
at the onset of symptoms. boarder (arrows)
A week before presentation, she went to
Hadyai Hospital and was diagnosed “Myalgia”,
after she received diclofenac orally, the clinical
condition did not improved.
At the day of presentation, she complaint
only left side chest pain while took deep breath,
no dyspnea, no cough, no fever.
On examination she was look well. Her
pulse rate was 92 beats/min, blood pressure was
100/67 mmHg, respiratory rate was 20
breaths/min, and oxygen saturation was 99 % on
room air. Chest examination was normal, no
subcutaneous emphysema and normal heart
sound. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed
normal sinus rhythm. Chest X-ray demonstrated
Fig 2: Computed tomography reveals minimal
a pneumopericardium (Fig. 1) which was
amount of pneumopericardium (arrows).
confirmed by computed tomography (Fig 2). The
routing laboratory tests were also unremarkable.
There was no evidence of other abnormalities.
Gastrografin swallow show no leak or any other
abnormality (Fig. 3)
56
pericardiocenteisis7. In pre term infants during
treatment of idiopathic respiratory distress
syndrome, the use of positive-pressure
ventilation is an important cause8. (2) Trauma,
either penetrating chest trauma9-13 or blunt chest
trauma14-19. (3) Pericarditis and production of gas
caused by gas-forming organisms such as
Clostridium perfringens and Klebsiella have
been described20,21. It can also occur by direct
extension of an inflammatory process such as
lung, liver or subphrenic abscess.(4) Fistula
formation between the pericardium and air
containing structures such as gastrointestinal
tract, the pleural cavity and the bronchial tree24-
27
.
Symptoms of pneumopericardium
include chest pain, dyspnea, cyanosis,
hypotension, bradycardia or tachycardia and
pulsus paradoxus, but are not always present and
depend on the extent of pneumopericardium and
Fig 3: Gastrografin swallow reveals no abnormal the underlying disease30. Clinical signs such as
extravasation of contrast media. distant heart sounds, shifting precordial
Without special supportive treatment tympany, and a splashing with metallic tinkling
such as sedation, analgesic or antibiotics and no (referred to as the mill wheel murmur, or “bruit
interventions such as pericardiocentesis were de Moulin”) in hydropneumopericardium which
necessary. Repeated chest films in 2 days later, was first describe by Bricketeau in 188431. An
show progressive resolved of the air in the ECG findings such as low voltage, ST segment
pericardial sac and the patient was discharged. changes, and T wave inversion are non-specific
There was no recurrence of pneumopericardium and unreliable27,32,33.
during follow up. Radiographic findings of
pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum
Discussion can be similar, such as continuous diaphragmatic
Pneumopericardium is rare, defined as a sign30. Some radiographic signs may help
collection of air or gas in the pericardial space differentiate pneumopericardium from
and was first described by Bricketeau in 188431. pneumomediastinum, although for
The amount of air required to produce pathophysiological reasons, both can coincide.
hemodynamic changes depends on the volume Air outlining the aortic arch, the superior
and rate of introduction : venacava above the azygos vein, or the distal
• Haemodynamic changes may occur with left pulmonary artery are outside the
as little as 60 ml of air if it is introduced pericardium34. Gas surrounding the heart may be
rapidly confused with pneumomediastinum27. Therefore
• Up to 500 ml may accumulate into a left side down decubitus are helpful to
pericardium without marked effect if distinguish, since air in pericardial sac will show
introduced slowly in the pericardial rapid shift while air in mediastinum will not
space7. move in the short interval between films35. The
Etiology can be devided in to four broad transverse band of air sign (air in the transverse
categories. (1)Most common cause is iatrogenic, sinus of the pericardium32,35) and the triangle of
include following a thoraccentesis, air sign (a hyperlucency behind the sternum,
esophagoenterostomy, post-sternal bone marrow anterior to the cardiac base and the aortic
aspiration, cardiothoracic surgery or root32,35) are useful in distinguish
57
pneumopericardium form pneumomediastinum.
It has been suggested that shearing force References
rupturing the marginal alveolar bases, dissecting 1. Gerald W. Westermann and Barbara
the peribronchial and perivascular sheaths with Suwelack. Spontaneous
resulting escape of air towards either the pleural pneumopericardium due to
space, the hilum or both, are involved in the exertion. South Med J 2003;
pathogenesis of pneumothorax and 96:50-52
pneumomediastinum. Air spreading peripherally 2. Toledo TM, Moore WL Jr, Nash
along the pulmonary arteries and veins DA, et al. Spontaneous
dissecting through the pericardium along these pneumopericardium in acute
vessels can result in pneumopericardium2. asthma: case report and review of
The recognition of pneumopericardium literature. Chest 1972; 62:118-
and pneumomediastinum are the presence of a 120
history consistent with pericarditis and pain on 3. Carlos A. Albrecht, Abbas Jafri,
deep breathing. In the absence of any obvious Lisa Linville and H. Vernon
underlying cause, a history of recent exertion, Anderson. Cocaine-induced
especially that involving a Valsalva maneuver, pneumopericardium. Circulation
should be sought. Mistaking this presentation 2000; 102:2792-2794
for pericarditis would lead to an error in 4. Baum RS, Welch TG, Bryson AL:
therapy, since such cases of spontaneous or Spontaneous pneumopericardium.
idiopathic pneumopericardium are usually West J Med 1976;125:154-156
associated with small amount of air and have and 5. Nicol E, Davies G, Jayakumar P,
excellent prognosis with conservative treatment4. Green NDC. Pneumopericardium
Clinical differential diagnoses include and pneumomediastinum in a
angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, aortic passenger on a commercial flight.
dissection, pericarditis, pneumonitis, Aviat Space Environ Med 2007;
pneumothorax, and pulmonary embolism37. A 78:435-439
life-treatening tension pneumopericardium can 6. Stacey S et al. A case of spontaneous
be complication that can be caused by a valve tension pneumopericardium. Br J
mechanism that allows the air to enter the Cardiol 2004; 11:14-32
pericardial sac but not to exit it38. Cardiac 7. Maki DD, Sehgal M, Kricun ME,
temponade then results in decreased cardiac Gefter WB. Spontaneous tension
27,29
output and circulatory failure . pneumopericardium complicating
Pneumopericardium can accompanied by staphylococcal pneumonia. J
subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, Thorac Imag 1999; 14:215-217
pneumothorax, and pneumoperitoneum27,28,37. 8. Maximo H. Trujillo. Cardiac
Treatment of tension and symptomatic Tamponade due to
pneumopericardium is true emergency condition, pneumopericardium. Cardio
immediate needle aspiration and insertion of 2006; 105:34-36
tube for continuous pericardial drainage is 9. Demetriades D, Charalambides D,
required27,32. Surgical intervention such as Pantanowitz D, Lakhoo M.
emergency thoracotomy and pericardiotomy are Pneumopericardium following
needed in some cases27. Oxygen therapy at high penetrating chest injuries. Arch
concentration can support the absorption of the Surg 1990; 125:1187-1189
air36. 10. Knottenbelt JD, Divaris S. Tension
A small pneumopericardium without pneumopericardium following
symptoms can be conservative treat by bed rest, stab wounds to the chest: a report
observation, sedation, analgesics, antibiotics, of two cases. Injury 1989; 20:46-
because the air will be absorbed spontaneously 48
1-5,29
within a day to week, as in our case . 11. Demetriades D, Levy R,
58
Hatzitheofilou C, Chun R. Cardiol 1996; 54:69-72
Tension pneumopericardium 22. Kemal Arda, MD, Olcay Eldem,
following penetrating chest MD. Spontaneous
injury. J Trauma-Injury Crit pneumopericardium and
Care 1990; 30:238-239 pneumomediastinum. Asian
12. Spontnitz AJ, Kaufman JL. Tension Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2000;
pneumopericardium following 8:59-61
penetrating chest injury. J 23. A A Gossage, P W Robertson and S
Trauma-injury Crit Care 1987; F Stephenson. Spontaneous
27:806-808 pneumopericardium. Thorax
13. Robinson MD, Markovchick VJ. 1976; 31:460-465
Traumatic tension 24. Dickson DSP, Girling-Butcher M.
pneumopericardium: a case report Spontaneous pneumopericardium.
and literature review. J Emerg NZ Med J 1960; 59:250
Med 1985; 2:409-413 25. Katzir D,Klinovsky E, Kent V,
14. Gould JC, Schurr MA. Tension Shucri A, Gilboa Y. Spontaneous
pneumopericardium after blunt pneumopericardium: case report
chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg and review of literature.
2001; 72:1730-1738 Cardiology 1989;76:305-308
15. McDougal CB, Mulder GA, 26. Hsin-Hui Huang, Si-Wa Chan, Yeu-
Hoffman JR. Tension Sheng Tyan. Pneumopericardium
pneumopericardium following caused by perforation of
blunt chest trauma. Ann Emerg gastrictube after esophageal
Med 1985; 14:167-170 reconstruction: case report. Chin
16. Hudgens S, McGraw J, Craun M. J Radiol 2006; 31:183-188
Two case of tension 27. T M Grandhi, D Rawlings, C G
pneumopericardium following Morran. Gastropericardial fistula:
blunt chest injury. J Trauma- a case report and review of
Injury Crit Care 1991; 31:1408- literature. Emerg Med J 2004;
1410 21:644-645
17. Capizzi PJ, Martin M, Bannon MP. 28. Ahmed JM, Salame MY, Oakley
Tension pneumopericardium GD. Chest pain in a youngirk,
following blunt injury. J Trauma- Post-grad Med J 1998; 74:115-
Injury Crit Care 1985; 39:775- 116
780 29. Toledo TM, Moore WL Jr, Nash
18. V.V Chitre, M.S.,F.R.C.S.,P.R. DA, et al. Spontaneous
Prinsley, F.R.C.S,S.M.H. pneumopericardium in acute
Hashmi. Pneumopericardium: An asthma: case report and review of
unusuaul manifestation of blunt literature. Chest 1972; 62:118-
tracheal trauma. J of Laryng & 120
Oto 1997; 111:387-388 30. L Brander, D Ramsay, D Dreier, M
19. Thierry C. Roth and Ralph A. Peter, R Graeni. Continuous left
Schmid. J Thorac Cardiovas hemidiaphragm sign revisited: a
Surg 2002; 124:630-631 case of spontaneous
20. Ivey,MJ, Gross BH. Back pain and pneumopericardium and literature
fever in the elderly patient. Chest review. Heart 2002; 88:e5
1993; 103:1851-1853 31. Bricketeau M. Observation d̒
21. Tsi WC, Lin LJ, Chen JH, Wu MH. hydropneumop ѐ ricarde
A febrile spontaneous accompagn ѐ ď un bruit de
pneumopericardium. Int J fluctuation perceptible a ĺ Oreille.
59
Arch Gen Med 1844; 4:334 1993; 66:794-796
32. Capizzi PJ, Martin M, Bannon MP. 36. Pomerance JJ, Weller MH,
Tension pneumopericardium Richardson CJ, Soule JA, Cato A.
following blunt injury. J Trauma Pneumopericardium complicating
1995; 39:775-780 respiratory distress syndrome:
33. Leitman BS, Greengart A, Wasser Role of conservative treatment. J
HJ. Pneumomediastinum and Pediatr 1974; 84:883-886
pneumopericardium after cocaine 37. Luby BJ, Georgiev M, Warren SG,
abuse. AJR AM J Roentgenol Capito R. Postpartum
1988; 151;614 pneumopericardium. Obstet
34. Bejvan SM, Godwin DJ. Gynecol 1983; 62(3 Suppl):46s-
Pneumomediastinum: old signs 50s
and new signs. Am J Roentgenol Costa IV, Soto B, Diethelm L,
1996; 166:1041-1048
35. Van Gelderen WF. Stab wounds of Zarco P. Air pericardial
the heart: Two new signs of temponade. Am J Cardiol
pneumopericardium. Br J Radiol
1987;60:1421-1422
75
วัตถุประสงค์ วิธีการวิจัย ผลการศึกษา และการสรุปผลการศึกษา มีคำาสำาคัญ (keyword) และ
มีช่ือผููแต่งทังภาษาไทยและภาษาอังกฤษ องค์กรหรือหน่ วยงาน พรูอมดูวย E-mail address ท่ี
้
ผููอานจะสามารถติดต่อไป
่
2.2 บทนำ า ซ่ ึงประกอบดูวยความสำาคัญของปั ญหาและวัตถุประสงค์การวิจัย
2.3 ประชากรวิธีการศึกษาและวิธีการวิจัย
2.4 ผลการศึกษา และอภิปรายผล
2.5 ขูอเสนอแนะ
2.6 กิตติกรรมประกาศ
2.7 เอกสารอูางอิง
3. ในการเขียนเอกสารอูางอิงจะใชูระบบ Vancouver โดยอูางไวูในเน้ือหาตามลำาดับ เป็ นตัวเลขใน
วงเล็บตัวยกสูง จะสามารถดูคำาแนะนำ าไดูจาก Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
Submitted to Biomedical Journals(JAMA 1997; 277:927-34) โดยมีตัวอย่างดังนี้
อูางอิงบทความในวารสารทางการแพทย์
1.Vajjajiva A, Foster JB, Miller H. ABO blood groups in motor neuron disease. Lancet
1965; 1:87-8
2.Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Friedl HP, Ivanov E, et al. Childhood
leukemia in Europe after Chernobyl 1; 5 year follow-up. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:1006-12.
3.The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical exercise stress testing.
Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164:282-4.
อูางอิงบทคัดย่อในวารสารทางการแพทย์
4.Onney RK, Aminoff MJ, Diagnostic sensitivity of different electrophysiologic
techniques in Guillan- Barre syndrome ( abstract). Neurology 1989; 39(Suppl):354.
อูางอิงเอกสารท่ีเป็ นจดหมาย
5. McCrank E. PSP risk factors( letter). Neurology 1990; 40:1673.
อูางอิงเอกสารท่ีเป็ นตำารา
th
6. Lance JW. Mechanism and management of headache. 5 ed. Oxford: Butterworts;
1993:53.
อูางอิงบทในเอกสารท่ีเป็ นตำารา
7.Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In:Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors.
nd
Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. 2 ed. New York: Raven
76
Press;1995: 465-78.
อูางอิงบทความในการประชุม
8.Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology.
th
Proceedings of the 10 international Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology;
1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto,Japan. Amsterdam:Elsevier; 1996.
อูางอิงบทความท่ียงไม่ไดูตีพิมพ์
ั
9.Leshner Al. Molecular mechanisms of cocaine addiction. N Engl J Med. In press 1996.
อูางอิงบทความในวารสารทางอิเลคทรอนิ ก
10.Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [ Serial
online] 1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1996 Jun 5]; 1 (1):[24 screens] Available from: URL:http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm
11. CDI. Clinical dermatology illustratyed [ monograph on CD ROM] Reeves JRT,
nd
Maibach H. Cmea Multimedia Group, Producers. 2 ed. Version 2.0. San Diego:
CMEA;1995.
12.Hemodynamics III: the ups and downs of hemodynamic [computer program] Version
2.2 Orlando ( FL) : Computerized Educational Systems; 1993.
0 comments
Post a comment