Challenges Facing African Development Watu Wengi: Demographic Changes, Human Displacement

Demographic Change Africa the fastest growing continent with 2.7% growth, yet AIDS deaths impact the continent’s demography Patterns across the continent Africa’s demographic transition Population pyramid in the context of AIDS “ Children are a Blessing”: culture and demographic changes Population and Development

Africa the fastest growing continent with 2.7% growth, yet AIDS deaths impact the continent’s demography

Patterns across the continent

Africa’s demographic transition

Population pyramid in the context of AIDS

“ Children are a Blessing”: culture and demographic changes

Population and Development

Population Growth Patterns Population distribution varies throughout the continent not in one state unit Sparsely populated in all bionomes yet distribution uneven Cultural factors, historical factors High population found in Lake Victoria Belt, coastal Nigeria, then pockets in places like Nairobi hinterland, and urban S.A. Yet growth remains the fastest in the world despite highest mortality rates (life expectancy) Effects of Migration?

Population distribution varies throughout the continent not in one state unit

Sparsely populated in all bionomes yet distribution uneven

Cultural factors, historical factors

High population found in Lake Victoria Belt, coastal Nigeria, then pockets in places like Nairobi hinterland, and urban S.A.

Yet growth remains the fastest in the world despite highest mortality rates (life expectancy)

Effects of Migration?

Africa’s demographic transition Sahel’s early transition Ghana/Sudan’s accelerated transition

Population pyramid in the context of AIDS Interrupted Transitions, Reversed transitions, and “re-stablized” transitions? What happens with population growth not accompanied by industrialization http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

Interrupted Transitions, Reversed transitions, and “re-stablized” transitions?

What happens with population growth not accompanied by industrialization

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

Population pyramid in the context of AIDS Typical African Stair case, or holes in the center What does this mean for the future? What happens when most productive generation diminishes while least productive remain? Will these patterns remain consistent within countries?

Typical African Stair case, or holes in the center

What does this mean for the future?

What happens when most productive generation diminishes while least productive remain?

Will these patterns remain consistent within countries?

“ Children are a Blessing”: culture and demographic changes Strong cultural push for children Practical concerns in Agriculture, high mortality, and extended family as social safety net Decline in natural birth control Cultural resistance Birth control programs seen as outside intrusion and often racist (particularly S.A) and an attempt to destroy fertility Cultural taboos against condoms Masculine virility New cultural determinants: Girls in school

Strong cultural push for children

Practical concerns in Agriculture, high mortality, and extended family as social safety net

Decline in natural birth control

Cultural resistance

Birth control programs seen as outside intrusion and often racist (particularly S.A) and an attempt to destroy fertility

Cultural taboos against condoms

Masculine virility

New cultural determinants: Girls in school

“ Children are a Blessing”: culture and demographic changes Indigenous Knowledge and reduction of fertility Avoidance of intercourse during breastfeeding But with destruction of indigenous culture and migration some traditions being lost Cultural Change toward fertility patterns? BC Infertility is a major problem in Africa as well (Inhorn, 2002) Outside cultural influences encouraging fertility Churches and others Economic influences on fertility

Indigenous Knowledge and reduction of fertility

Avoidance of intercourse during breastfeeding

But with destruction of indigenous culture and migration some traditions being lost

Cultural Change toward fertility patterns?

BC

Infertility is a major problem in Africa as well (Inhorn, 2002)

Outside cultural influences encouraging fertility

Churches and others

Economic influences on fertility

Population and Development: Is population control central to development Despite problems of development Africa’s population growth has the least environmental impact I=PAT Scarcity thinking “With more people few resources to share” (remember Yapa’s social construction) Neo-Malthus Hardin’s tragedy of commons and “life boat” ethics Ester Boserup More people means conservation innovation Does the Greenbelt movement apply?

Despite problems of development Africa’s population growth has the least environmental impact I=PAT

Scarcity thinking “With more people few resources to share” (remember Yapa’s social construction)

Neo-Malthus

Hardin’s tragedy of commons and “life boat” ethics

Ester Boserup

More people means conservation innovation

Does the Greenbelt movement apply?

Displacement Migration a constant in African and World History Labor Migration Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Official Defined Refugees, IDPs, and repatriates

Migration a constant in African and World History

Labor Migration

Brain Drain or Brain Circulation?

Official Defined Refugees, IDPs, and repatriates

Migration a constant in African and World History Pre-colonial major group migrations Pastoralism Pilgrimages West Africans stuck in Sudan on the way to Mecca (Bascom, 1989) Ecological Migrants Rural to Urban migration (bright lights effect) Modern Africa Industrial West

Pre-colonial major group migrations

Pastoralism

Pilgrimages

West Africans stuck in Sudan on the way to Mecca (Bascom, 1989)

Ecological Migrants

Rural to Urban migration (bright lights effect)

Modern Africa

Industrial West

Labor Migration: Colonial Origins Colonial History of migration and labor reserves Northern Uganda->Buganda land, Western Kenya->central highlands, Sahel in French West Africa Forced labor migrations Slave trade Chief induced labor recruitment to white farms and mines Labor migration and South Africa Witwatersrand Swazi labor 1915 Apartheid intra and international migration Post Apartheid xenophobia toward migrants Beginning of labor migrancy Remember the hut tax

Colonial History of migration and labor reserves

Northern Uganda->Buganda land,

Western Kenya->central highlands,

Sahel in French West Africa

Forced labor migrations

Slave trade

Chief induced labor recruitment to white farms and mines

Labor migration and South Africa

Witwatersrand Swazi labor 1915

Apartheid intra and international migration

Post Apartheid xenophobia toward migrants

Beginning of labor migrancy

Remember the hut tax

Labor Migration: Post-colonial Africa Modern Labor Migration at a more global level, but local remains Niger and IC Africa and the Persian Gulf Connections between France and Mali Nigeria->Houston and Dublin (elite migration) Elite labor migration within Africa of educated migrants filling labor shortages Remember Home Town Associations

Modern Labor Migration at a more global level, but local remains

Niger and IC

Africa and the Persian Gulf

Connections between France and Mali

Nigeria->Houston and Dublin (elite migration)

Elite labor migration within Africa of educated migrants filling labor shortages

Remember Home Town Associations

Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Educated professionals leave Africa for better pay and lifestyle in west Some perform same jobs in other countries for higher pay Intra-African elite migration Kenyans taking higher skilled jobs in other EAC countries Nigerians are everywhere (Kenya airways flies to Lagos) South Africa and Botswana Because of discrimination in host countries many “waste” skills in low skill work in the West, but might earn more doing menial work “ Academic” Labor migrants and likelihood of return (Trice, Andrea; Yoo, Jin Eun, 2007)

Educated professionals leave Africa for better pay and lifestyle in west

Some perform same jobs in other countries for higher pay

Intra-African elite migration

Kenyans taking higher skilled jobs in other EAC countries

Nigerians are everywhere (Kenya airways flies to Lagos)

South Africa and Botswana

Because of discrimination in host countries many “waste” skills in low skill work in the West, but might earn more doing menial work

“ Academic” Labor migrants and likelihood of return (Trice, Andrea; Yoo, Jin Eun, 2007)

Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Or is it circulation? Kenya’s post Moi-economic success Role of Diaspora Story of Africa online and MIT Does circulation occur only in better off African countries? Remittances in not just money, but technology, and information Consequences to African Health Care 40% Saskatchewan doctors are African Yet all of African in profound medical human resource problem What will EU labor policies mean for African professionals working in Europe?

Or is it circulation?

Kenya’s post Moi-economic success

Role of Diaspora

Story of Africa online and MIT

Does circulation occur only in better off African countries?

Remittances in not just money, but technology, and information

Consequences to African Health Care

40% Saskatchewan doctors are African

Yet all of African in profound medical human resource problem

What will EU labor policies mean for African professionals working in Europe?

Official Defined Refugees, IDPs, and repatriates What is a refugee? Defined as someone crossing an internationally recognized border fearing persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion by 1951 Refugee Convention 1974 OAU: Broader definition to include suffering due to “external aggression”, “foreign domination”, or “events disturbing public order in part of country” Africa currently the largest source and host region of Refugees Internally Displaced Person (IDP) Internally Displaced People do not receive official assistance and make up large number of displaced people Remember the Kenyan Rift Valley IDPs IDPs might be larger than refugees e.g. Sudan and northern Uganda Refoulement obligations and repatriation

What is a refugee?

Defined as someone crossing an internationally recognized border fearing persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion by 1951 Refugee Convention

1974 OAU: Broader definition to include suffering due to “external aggression”, “foreign domination”, or “events disturbing public order in part of country”

Africa currently the largest source and host region of Refugees

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Internally Displaced People do not receive official assistance and make up large number of displaced people

Remember the Kenyan Rift Valley IDPs

IDPs might be larger than refugees e.g. Sudan and northern Uganda

Refoulement obligations and repatriation

Refoulement obligations and repatriation Refoulement: under international law a country cannot return a refugee where they might face persecution Repatriation of refugees is common across Africa and poses problems of infrastructure in the country of origin and sometimes where children have acculturated in the host country’s culture Issues of right to work, aid, intermarriage and support in law, but not indeed

Refoulement: under international law a country cannot return a refugee where they might face persecution

Repatriation of refugees is common across Africa and poses problems of infrastructure in the country of origin and sometimes where children have acculturated in the host country’s culture

Issues of right to work, aid, intermarriage and support in law, but not indeed

Locations of Africa’s refugees Source Countries East/Central Africa: Sudan, DRC, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ioire Destination Countries East/Central Africa (map 188): Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Some countries are both destination and source countries Sudan (Bascom, 1998) Resettlement also occurs in some richer countries Asylum seekers and Asylees in the West

Source Countries

East/Central Africa: Sudan, DRC, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad

West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ioire

Destination Countries

East/Central Africa (map 188): Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda

Some countries are both destination and source countries

Sudan (Bascom, 1998)

Resettlement also occurs in some richer countries

Asylum seekers and Asylees in the West

Burden on host country Often poorest countries host largest number of refugees Strains on health, education, food security What factors go into making a camp location? Kakuma, Dadaab Malkki’s Purity and Exile Concerns of insecurity, disease, and basic cultural intrusion 2007 shutting down of the Somali border

Often poorest countries host largest number of refugees

Strains on health, education, food security

What factors go into making a camp location?

Kakuma, Dadaab

Malkki’s Purity and Exile

Concerns of insecurity, disease, and basic cultural intrusion

2007 shutting down of the Somali border

Vulnerability to “refugees” Challenges of both self settled and camp refugees Hunger Refugees as scapegoats for national problems Articles on Kenya and Tanzania Refoulement common Coerced repatriation “ At risk refugees” Camp insecurity Forced enlistment by armies (SPLA) Police shakedowns Rape or “Food for sex” Asylum seekers frequently tortured

Challenges of both self settled and camp refugees

Hunger

Refugees as scapegoats for national problems

Articles on Kenya and Tanzania

Refoulement common

Coerced repatriation

“ At risk refugees”

Camp insecurity

Forced enlistment by armies (SPLA)

Police shakedowns

Rape or “Food for sex”

Asylum seekers frequently tortured

Development and Refugees Refugee Populations and rural transformations in East Africa (Bascom, 1998) Eritrean refugees coming to eastern Sudan provide the surplus labor needed for the development of commercial agriculture in eastern Sudan Purity and Exile (Malkiki, 1995) Political foundations of Burundi laid during Hutu exile in Tanzania Refugee resettlement and rural development in central Tz

Refugee Populations and rural transformations in East Africa (Bascom, 1998)

Eritrean refugees coming to eastern Sudan provide the surplus labor needed for the development of commercial agriculture in eastern Sudan

Purity and Exile (Malkiki, 1995)

Political foundations of Burundi laid during Hutu exile in Tanzania

Refugee resettlement and rural development in central Tz

Development and Refugees Challenges and opportunities of return Skills neglected in exile experience Infrastructure often destroyed through war and neglect But in some cases returnees bring additional skills and experiences from abroad to rebuild home country (e.g. Liberia, Ellen Sirleaf) Challenges and opportunities of local integration Could take away jobs in already tight economy (Kenya, S.A. problems) Arguments made that refugees contribute to economic growth in host society (Garrissa Lodge)

Challenges and opportunities of return

Skills neglected in exile experience

Infrastructure often destroyed through war and neglect

But in some cases returnees bring additional skills and experiences from abroad to rebuild home country (e.g. Liberia, Ellen Sirleaf)

Challenges and opportunities of local integration

Could take away jobs in already tight economy (Kenya, S.A. problems)

Arguments made that refugees contribute to economic growth in host society (Garrissa Lodge)

Development and Migration Review Development Sending area gets remittances HTAs and Rural Homes Host society receives new skills, needed labor, and innovation Exchange of ideas and knowledge in sending and receiving areas Underdevelopment Gender inequality exacerbated Rural depopulation and loss of agricultural productivity Rootlessness, loss of IK, and local talent “ Reserve” labor lowers wages for workers

Development

Sending area gets remittances

HTAs and Rural Homes

Host society receives new skills, needed labor, and innovation

Exchange of ideas and knowledge in sending and receiving areas

Underdevelopment

Gender inequality exacerbated

Rural depopulation and loss of agricultural productivity

Rootlessness, loss of IK, and local talent

“ Reserve” labor lowers wages for workers