Post/neo-colonial Challenges 06/04/09

Upcoming Events Quiz today Sunday (speaking on Friday) Goshit; Guest Speaker on military rule in the post colonial Nigeria July 18 th July 23 rd Quiz Canceled July 28 th Final Paper due (note change) July 30 th Take Home Final Distributed August 1 Turn in Take Home final, in class assessment, and last day of class 06/04/09

Quiz today

Sunday (speaking on Friday) Goshit; Guest Speaker on military rule in the post colonial Nigeria July 18 th

July 23 rd Quiz Canceled

July 28 th Final Paper due (note change)

July 30 th Take Home Final Distributed

August 1 Turn in Take Home final, in class assessment, and last day of class

A Legacy of Development or Underdevelopment? Development Infrastructure for extraction and settlers built and remained e.g.. S.A., Kenya Colonialism as modernization and path to development Western Medicine Western Education Western business practices, natural and social sciences Common languages across continent Diminished Slave Trade Christianity brings literacy in local languages New systems of governance and administration Underdevelopment Introduction of cash crops degrades Africa’s soil and environment Colonial limitations on extraction industries destroys local industry Indigenous Knowledge destroyed Societies divided across imposed boundaries Africans left with “foreign” institutions and separated from local ways Imposition of Racism on Africa (Rhodesia, South Africa) Extraction industries created dependency 06/04/09

Development

Infrastructure for extraction and settlers built and remained e.g.. S.A., Kenya

Colonialism as modernization and path to development

Western Medicine

Western Education

Western business practices, natural and social sciences

Common languages across continent

Diminished Slave Trade

Christianity brings literacy in local languages

New systems of governance and administration

Underdevelopment

Introduction of cash crops degrades Africa’s soil and environment

Colonial limitations on extraction industries destroys local industry

Indigenous Knowledge destroyed

Societies divided across imposed boundaries

Africans left with “foreign” institutions and separated from local ways

Imposition of Racism on Africa (Rhodesia, South Africa)

Extraction industries created dependency

Post/Neo-Colonial Challenges Independence movements Africa vs. Apartheid Post/neo-Colonial governance Sacred colonial borders Development and post-colonialism Contemporary Africa’s Post colonial assessment 06/04/09

Independence movements

Africa vs. Apartheid

Post/neo-Colonial governance

Sacred colonial borders

Development and post-colonialism

Contemporary Africa’s Post colonial assessment

Independence movements Origins. Independence through political protest Independence through cooperation and mutual expediency Independence through armed rebellion in settler colonies and settler states Independence through both International pressure and insurgency Independence of Portuguese colonies Succession from an independent African state 06/04/09

Origins.

Independence through political protest

Independence through cooperation and mutual expediency

Independence through armed rebellion in settler colonies and settler states

Independence through both International pressure and insurgency

Independence of Portuguese colonies

Succession from an independent African state

Origins Pan-Africansim Africans in U.S. and Europe connect with U.S. civil rights leaders and West Indian Nationalists Influenced by WEB Dubois and Marcus Garvey Push from mission educated intellectuals Organization of African Unity Independence also came from uncoordinated resistance in each colony after WWII Return of WWII veterans 06/04/09

Pan-Africansim

Africans in U.S. and Europe connect with U.S. civil rights leaders and West Indian Nationalists

Influenced by WEB Dubois and Marcus Garvey

Push from mission educated intellectuals

Organization of African Unity

Independence also came from uncoordinated resistance in each colony after WWII

Return of WWII veterans

Origins: Pan-Africanist Leaders Kwame Nkrumah- in Gold Coast (Ghana) Goal to create United States of Africa through OAU Several attempts to unite from Casabblanca group Monrovia group wanted to preserve order and not unite Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria) Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) Julius Nyerere (Tankanyika->Tanzania) OAU worked toward independence of all of Africa despite eventual failures and collapse 06/04/09

Kwame Nkrumah- in Gold Coast (Ghana)

Goal to create United States of Africa through OAU

Several attempts to unite from Casabblanca group

Monrovia group wanted to preserve order and not unite

Nnamdi Azikiwe (Nigeria)

Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)

Julius Nyerere (Tankanyika->Tanzania)

OAU worked toward independence of all of Africa despite eventual failures and collapse

Independence through political protest Gold Coast->Ghana Led by Kwame Nkrumah in 1947 after return from U.S. Organized UGCC (133) through non-violent passive resistance with goal of self govt Nkrumah imprisoned and formed CPP to orgnaize for self govt 1951 British grant Self Govt and full independence in 1957 Does Nigeria follow this model? 06/04/09

Gold Coast->Ghana

Led by Kwame Nkrumah in 1947 after return from U.S.

Organized UGCC (133) through non-violent passive resistance with goal of self govt

Nkrumah imprisoned and formed CPP to orgnaize for self govt

1951 British grant Self Govt and full independence in 1957

Does Nigeria follow this model?

Nigeria’s divided model of independence Independence pushed for by intellectuals from the Christian South while Islamic north indifferent partly due to indirect rule After independence northerners dominate govt despite their inactivity in independence Southerners benefited during colonialism from education and take most govt jobs and country divided after independence 06/04/09

Independence pushed for by intellectuals from the Christian South while Islamic north indifferent partly due to indirect rule

After independence northerners dominate govt despite their inactivity in independence

Southerners benefited during colonialism from education and take most govt jobs and country divided after independence

Independence through cooperation and mutual expediency After WWII European powers drained financially and could not afford colonization France and Belgium unload its colonies maintaining economic not political control Cote d’Ivoire Elite IC push for early independence to not be grouped with the poorer Shaelian regions of French West Africa France agrees to early independence but maintains economic interests 06/04/09

After WWII European powers drained financially and could not afford colonization

France and Belgium unload its colonies maintaining economic not political control

Cote d’Ivoire

Elite IC push for early independence to not be grouped with the poorer Shaelian regions of French West Africa

France agrees to early independence but maintains economic interests

Independence through armed rebellion in settler colonies and settler states Kenya Gikuyu after losing best land form political then militant forms of resistance Land and Freedom Army (Mau Mau) Insurrection fails, but British deem it too costly to maintain colony for settlers and Kenya granted independence afterwards Gikuyu loyalists not freedom fighters given land and govt power Role of Kenyatta’s reconciliation? Some settlers given key positions in govt and today in business Roots of current political crisis in Kenya Displaced never get land and buy land where they squated on white owned farms Rift Valley land clashes, later politics of tribal division and alliances, neo colonialism with who gained power 06/04/09

Kenya

Gikuyu after losing best land form political then militant forms of resistance

Land and Freedom Army (Mau Mau)

Insurrection fails, but British deem it too costly to maintain colony for settlers and Kenya granted independence afterwards

Gikuyu loyalists not freedom fighters given land and govt power

Role of Kenyatta’s reconciliation?

Some settlers given key positions in govt and today in business

Roots of current political crisis in Kenya

Displaced never get land and buy land where they squated on white owned farms

Rift Valley land clashes, later politics of tribal division and alliances, neo colonialism with who gained power

Independence through armed rebellion in settler colonies and settler states Rhodesia->Zimbabwe Mugabe’s ZANU PF defeat Smith’s white minority govt in 1980 Like Kenya land issues not addressed and at the root of current violence Like Kenya settler violence extreme, but lasted longer and backed by settlers and not the British Empire. 06/04/09

Rhodesia->Zimbabwe

Mugabe’s ZANU PF defeat Smith’s white minority govt in 1980

Like Kenya land issues not addressed and at the root of current violence

Like Kenya settler violence extreme, but lasted longer and backed by settlers and not the British Empire.

Independence through International pressure and insurgency After WW1 Namibia given “trust” territory status to S.A. 1949 S.A. annexed Namibia and implemented apartheid policies there 1966 SWAPO begins insurgency against S.A. occupation and UN declares occupation illegal In 1989 combination of international pressure and insurgency S.A. agreed to hold election in Namibia and allow for independence 06/04/09

After WW1 Namibia given “trust” territory status to S.A.

1949 S.A. annexed Namibia and implemented apartheid policies there

1966 SWAPO begins insurgency against S.A. occupation and UN declares occupation illegal

In 1989 combination of international pressure and insurgency S.A. agreed to hold election in Namibia and allow for independence

Independence of Portuguese colonies Portugal: the first to gain and last to give up colonies Portugal a poor European country propped up its colonial holdings through S.A. support Armed struggle in most cases and international embarrassment As in apa rtheid struggle, African Diaspora and OAU supported struggle In Cape Verde struggle supported and financed exclusively from new Diaspora in U.S. 06/04/09

Portugal: the first to gain and last to give up colonies

Portugal a poor European country propped up its colonial holdings through S.A. support

Armed struggle in most cases and international embarrassment

As in apa

rtheid struggle, African Diaspora and OAU supported struggle

In Cape Verde struggle supported and financed exclusively from new Diaspora in U.S.

Indigenous Africa vs. Apartheid While much of Africa achieved independence in 1960s southern Africa under white rule including South Africa’s Apartheid and Smith’s Rhodesia Commitment of OAU, African Diaspora and govts like Tanzania to ANC’s fight against apartheid 1980 White ruled Rhodesia becomes Zimbabwe 1989 Namibia declared independent and Mandela released 1994 multiracial elections and successful reconciliation in S.A. Truth and Reconciliation commission End of Apartheid's legacy trickles democracy into neighboring states except Zimbabwe and crime 06/04/09

While much of Africa achieved independence in 1960s southern Africa under white rule including South Africa’s Apartheid and Smith’s Rhodesia

Commitment of OAU, African Diaspora and govts like Tanzania to ANC’s fight against apartheid

1980 White ruled Rhodesia becomes Zimbabwe

1989 Namibia declared independent and Mandela released

1994 multiracial elections and successful reconciliation in S.A.

Truth and Reconciliation commission

End of Apartheid's legacy trickles democracy into neighboring states except Zimbabwe and crime

Sacred colonial borders even in independence Borders largely intact from Colonialism yet unnatural in terms of ethnicity, politics, and physical Geography Leaders want to maintain power and fear letting part of a country go they lose their grip on power Agreement from leaders not to touch African borders, because if one goes they all go 06/04/09

Borders largely intact from Colonialism yet unnatural in terms of ethnicity, politics, and physical Geography

Leaders want to maintain power and fear letting part of a country go they lose their grip on power

Agreement from leaders not to touch African borders, because if one goes they all go

Succession Succession has occurred along colonial boundaries Eritrea broke from Ethiopia under Italy’s colonial boundary in 1991, 1993 Unofficial Succession of Somaliland and Puntland from Somalia along Italian/British border Succession failed without colonial borders Biafra from Nigeria Katanga from Zaire (DRC) Forced succession of S.A.’s Bantustans Will Southern Sudan achieve succession CPA promotes referendum vote on independence 2011 06/04/09

Succession has occurred along colonial boundaries

Eritrea broke from Ethiopia under Italy’s colonial boundary in 1991, 1993

Unofficial Succession of Somaliland and Puntland from Somalia along Italian/British border

Succession failed without colonial borders

Biafra from Nigeria

Katanga from Zaire (DRC)

Forced succession of S.A.’s Bantustans

Will Southern Sudan achieve succession

CPA promotes referendum vote on independence 2011

Unification Most Attempts at unification have failed Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau OAU Casablanca group Continental unity a contested concept of OAU and “born again OAU”: AU Tanganyika and Zanzibar did unite to form Tanzania Zanzibar given autonomy, vice President, and its language became the official state language of country Some problems remain in union with Zanzibar 06/04/09

Most Attempts at unification have failed

Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

OAU Casablanca group

Continental unity a contested concept of OAU and “born again OAU”: AU

Tanganyika and Zanzibar did unite to form Tanzania

Zanzibar given autonomy, vice President, and its language became the official state language of country

Some problems remain in union with Zanzibar

Unity and Division within the state Promote African unity within the state Tanzania Ujamaa Unifying language Taking away Chieftain powers Ghana States and Majimboism Nigeria: State Creation Kenya: attempted Majimboism 06/04/09

Promote African unity within the state

Tanzania

Ujamaa

Unifying language

Taking away Chieftain powers

Ghana

States and Majimboism

Nigeria: State Creation

Kenya: attempted Majimboism

Post/neo-Colonial governance Newly independent states inherited laws, and institutions of colonial power with all of its imperfections Western and Soviet backed neo-colonial rulers accumulate personal wealth at the expense of people Anti-colonial resistance used as the excuse to do the same Post-neo/colonial human rights challenges 06/04/09

Newly independent states inherited laws, and institutions of colonial power with all of its imperfections

Western and Soviet backed neo-colonial rulers accumulate personal wealth at the expense of people

Anti-colonial resistance used as the excuse to do the same

Post-neo/colonial human rights challenges

Inherited laws, and institutions of colonial power with all of its imperfections African governments run on former colonial state with state model suited toward taking from the people instead of providing for the people In IC and Kenya settler businesses remain and some hold key positions in govt Zaire independence features foreigners in officer corps Former colonizers often run the economic affairs of new state with puppet African leaders in power 06/04/09

African governments run on former colonial state with state model suited toward taking from the people instead of providing for the people

In IC and Kenya settler businesses remain and some hold key positions in govt

Zaire independence features foreigners in officer corps

Former colonizers often run the economic affairs of new state with puppet African leaders in power

Neo-colonialism and Soviet imperialism Zaire (DRC)’s Mobutu and Kenya’s Moi propped up by former colonizer and USA during Cold War Ethiopia’s Dreg govt Mengestu supported by Soviet imperialism Cold War fought in Africa over Mozambique, Angola, and Namibia Present day neo-colonialism over economic control as well as war on terror British criticism over Kenya’s Anglo-Leasing Scandal Continued French intervention in its former colonies USA’s previous support for Ethiopia’s Meles 06/04/09

Zaire (DRC)’s Mobutu and Kenya’s Moi propped up by former colonizer and USA during Cold War

Ethiopia’s Dreg govt Mengestu supported by Soviet imperialism

Cold War fought in Africa over Mozambique, Angola, and Namibia

Present day neo-colonialism over economic control as well as war on terror

British criticism over Kenya’s Anglo-Leasing Scandal

Continued French intervention in its former colonies

USA’s previous support for Ethiopia’s Meles

What about the colonizers and China? Good or Bad HR consequences where government is not responsive Or autonomy and a chance for a fair shake?

Good or Bad

HR consequences where government is not responsive

Or autonomy and a chance for a fair shake?

Anti-imperialist resistance causing HR Woes Sudan’s cry against imperialism as justification for restrictions on peace keepers in Darfur Mugabe’s Zimbabwe as the anti-colonial state as it takes from the people Africa’s Asian population as scapegoats Expulsion of Asians from Uganda under Amin Riots against Indians, Lebanese, and Arabs throughout the continent 06/04/09

Sudan’s cry against imperialism as justification for restrictions on peace keepers in Darfur

Mugabe’s Zimbabwe as the anti-colonial state as it takes from the people

Africa’s Asian population as scapegoats

Expulsion of Asians from Uganda under Amin

Riots against Indians, Lebanese, and Arabs throughout the continent

Human Rights of “independent” Africa State designed to be served (extract wealth) rather than to serve Police often designed to maintain established order rather than fight crime Presence of military governments Sometimes provide stability but others chaos Violations of first generation rights violated in various states through disappearances, arbitrary arrest ext and consolidation of civil institutions in authoritarian govts Labor, Health, Indigenous peoples’ rights also at stake in post colonial Africa from state and economic forces AIDS as a HR issue More Democratization emerging after 1990s although economic democratization in reverse 06/04/09

State designed to be served (extract wealth) rather than to serve

Police often designed to maintain established order rather than fight crime

Presence of military governments

Sometimes provide stability but others chaos

Violations of first generation rights violated in various states through disappearances, arbitrary arrest ext and consolidation of civil institutions in authoritarian govts

Labor, Health, Indigenous peoples’ rights also at stake in post colonial Africa from state and economic forces

AIDS as a HR issue

More Democratization emerging after 1990s although economic democratization in reverse

Is Human Rights itself the appropriate term? Justice or Human rights? Duties African Court of Human Rights Human Rights coming from former colonizers perspective Why has the ICC only gone after Africans? 06/04/09

Justice or Human rights?

Duties

African Court of Human Rights

Human Rights coming from former colonizers perspective

Why has the ICC only gone after Africans?

Development and post-colonialism Independence occurs in post Marshal Plan and Rostow optimism and the height of the Cold War Capitalist Development Paths Popular Socialist paths Afro-Marxist paths But SAPs of 1990s reordered development plans, lack of control over commodity prices, and inconsistent infrastructure limit post-colonial development 06/04/09

Independence occurs in post Marshal Plan and Rostow optimism and the height of the Cold War

Capitalist Development Paths

Popular Socialist paths

Afro-Marxist paths

But SAPs of 1990s reordered development plans, lack of control over commodity prices, and inconsistent infrastructure limit post-colonial development

Post-Colonial optimism Optimism from both East, West, and South East (Warsaw pact) saw independent Africa as part of the master plan for Communism West particularly USA excited because of new markets to be opened and spread its way of life Educational airlifts Micro-Peace Corps and macro-support from model based economic consultation South (continent) to taste the fruits of Africa’s wealth Paid students Educated elite guaranteed a job weather you work or not In some cases Life is great for a while 06/04/09

Optimism from both East, West, and South

East (Warsaw pact) saw independent Africa as part of the master plan for Communism

West particularly USA excited because of new markets to be opened and spread its way of life

Educational airlifts

Micro-Peace Corps and macro-support from model based economic consultation

South (continent) to taste the fruits of Africa’s wealth

Paid students

Educated elite guaranteed a job weather you work or not In some cases

Life is great for a while

Capitalist Development Paths Economic mode prior to independence Most sectors controlled by Europeans although Indians, Arabs and some Africans allowed to participate in small capitalist ventures Commonly referred to as “liberal/free market” After Independence pattern continued with foreign and domestic investment as development strategy in some countries Kenya Cote’d’Ivoire In some cases capitalist ventures become part of state and other cases regulation inhibits business 06/04/09

Economic mode prior to independence

Most sectors controlled by Europeans although Indians, Arabs and some Africans allowed to participate in small capitalist ventures

Commonly referred to as “liberal/free market”

After Independence pattern continued with foreign and domestic investment as development strategy in some countries

Kenya

Cote’d’Ivoire

In some cases capitalist ventures become part of state and other cases regulation inhibits business

Popular Socialist paths Several countries believed that capitalism was incompatible with Africa’s communal lifestyle Popular (African) socialism as alternative by Ghana’s Pan Africanist socialism Tanzania’s Ujamaa Emphasis on rural development and eliminating disparities between classes Ended due to coups, SAPS, and inability to finance itself 06/04/09

Several countries believed that capitalism was incompatible with Africa’s communal lifestyle

Popular (African) socialism as alternative by

Ghana’s Pan Africanist socialism

Tanzania’s Ujamaa

Emphasis on rural development and eliminating disparities between classes

Ended due to coups, SAPS, and inability to finance itself

Afro-Marxist paths With Support of Warsaw Pact massive state driven Marxist projects from a command and control economy State Farms and Factories modeled on Soviet system Ethiopia’s Mengistu Dreg govt Angola Propped up by Soviets and Warsaw pact When Soviet Union collapsed, economic liberalization made a condition of aid and loans 06/04/09

With Support of Warsaw Pact massive state driven Marxist projects from a command and control economy

State Farms and Factories modeled on Soviet system

Ethiopia’s Mengistu Dreg govt

Angola

Propped up by Soviets and Warsaw pact

When Soviet Union collapsed, economic liberalization made a condition of aid and loans

Limits to Africa’s post colonial development Vampire states failed economies in some cases Investment misguided SAPS had many negative effects infrastructure not present or declined Mismanagement of Swiss bank accounts enriches Europe not Africa Inconsistent support from West and East No control of commodity prices Unpredicted civil wars 06/04/09

Vampire states failed economies in some cases

Investment misguided

SAPS had many negative effects

infrastructure not present or declined

Mismanagement of Swiss bank accounts enriches Europe not Africa

Inconsistent support from West and East

No control of commodity prices

Unpredicted civil wars

Assessment of post/neo-development era Advances Increasing democratization and first gen. HR in Africa since 1990s End of Apartheid and formal Colonialism Success of individual Africans primarily in new Diaspora Success of African enterprises Health advances (Polio) Models conflict transformation Rediscovery of IK Strength of People’s creative survival strategies Declines Increase in civil wars (sl, Liberia, Somalia, Rwanda) Infrastructure Education and human capital HIV/AIDS Collapse of alternative development strategies Increase indebtedness means a loss of economic independence 06/04/09

Advances

Increasing democratization and first gen. HR in Africa since 1990s

End of Apartheid and formal Colonialism

Success of individual Africans primarily in new Diaspora

Success of African enterprises

Health advances (Polio)

Models conflict transformation

Rediscovery of IK

Strength of People’s creative survival strategies

Declines

Increase in civil wars (sl, Liberia, Somalia, Rwanda)

Infrastructure

Education and human capital

HIV/AIDS

Collapse of alternative development strategies

Increase indebtedness means a loss of economic independence