Report on cloud computing by prashant gupta

Cloud Computing Technology
1
A Technical Seminar Report
on
“CLOUD COMPUTING”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
of
GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
SUBMITTED BY:
Prashant Gupta[1032031038]
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING.
INVERTIS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING&
MANAGEMENT,
BAREILLY- 243003.

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Invertis Institute of Engineering &
Management, Bareilly
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled ―Cloud Computing‖ has
been submitted by Prashant Guptaunder my guidance in partial
fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of Invertis Institute of Engineering and
Management, Bareilly during the academic year 2013-2014(Semester-
VI).
Date: 30/4/2013
Place: Bareilly
Mr. Avtar Singh Mr. Mukesh Soni
Seminar GuideHead Of The Department
Asst. Professor Department of EC

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The seminar report on “CLOUD COMPUTING” is
outcome of guidance,moral support and devotion
bestowed on me throughout my work.For this I
acknowledge and express my profound sense of
gratitude and thanks to everybody who have been a
source of inspiration during the seminar preparation.
First and foremost I offer our sincere phrases of thanks
with innate humility to Mr. Avtar Sir, lecturer of Invertis
Institute of Management,Bareilly and guide of my
seminar for providing help whenever needed.
If I can say in words I must at the outset tender our
intimacy for receipt of affectionate care to Invertis
Institute of Management for providing such a stimulating
atmosphere and wonderful work environment.
Prashant Gupta

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Table Of Contents
Abstract
1. Introduction………………………………………………. 6
2. Cloud computing – The Concept………………………… 8
3. History…………………………………………………... 12
4. Need For Cloud Computing…………………………….. 14
5. Key Characteristics………………………………….….. 16
6. Components…………………………………………….. 18
7. Architecture…………………………………………...... 21
8. Types…………………………………………………… 22
9. Roles……………………………………………………. 23
10. Advantages…………………………………………... 24
11. Disadvantages………………………………………... 27
12. Conclusion…………………………………………… 29

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Abstract
Computers have become an indispensable part of life. We needcomputers
everywhere, be it for work, research or in any such field. As the use of
computers in our day-to-day life increases, the computing resources that we
need also go up. For companies like Google and Microsoft, harnessing the
resources as and when they need it is not a problem. But when it comes to
smaller enterprises, affordability becomes a huge factor. With the huge
infrastructure come problems like machines failure, hard drive crashes, software
bugs, etc. This might be a big headache for such a community. Cloud
Computing offers a solution to this situation.
Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which computing is moved away from
personal computers and even the individual enterprise application server to a
‗cloud‘ of computers. A cloud is a virtualized server pool which can provide the
different computing resources of their clients. Users of this system need only be
concerned with the computing service being asked for. The underlying details of
how it is achieved are hidden from the user. The data and the services provided
reside in massively scalable data centers and can be ubiquitously accessed from
any connected device all over the world.
Cloud computing is the style of computing where massively scaled IT related
capabilities are provided as a service across the internet to multiple external
customers and are billed by consumption. Many cloud computing providers
have popped up and there is a considerable growth in the usage of this service.
Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, IBM and Amazon have started providing cloud
computing services. Amazon is the pioneer in this field. Smaller companies like
SmugMug, which is an online photo hosting site, has used cloud services for the
storing all the data and doing some of its services.
Cloud Computing is finding use in various areas like web hosting, parallel batch
processing, graphics rendering, financial modeling, web crawling, genomics
analysis, etc.

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1.Introduction
The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the surface of the Earth and
enshrined as constellations in the night sky. Something similar is happening
today in the world of computing. Data and programs are being swept up from
desktop PCs and corporate server rooms and installed in ―the compute cloud‖.
In general, there is a shift in the geography of computation.
What is cloud computing exactly? As a beginning here is a definition
―An emerging computer paradigm where data and services
reside in massively scalable data centers in the cloud and
can be accessed from any connected devices over the
internet‖
Like other definitions of topics like these, an understanding of the term cloud
computing requires an understanding of various other terms which are closely
related to this. While there is a lack of precise scientific definitions for many of
these terms, general definitions can be given.
Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm in the computer industry where the
computing is moved to a cloud of computers. It has become one of the buzz
words of the industry. The core concept of cloud computing is, quite simply,
that the vast computing resources that we need will reside somewhere out there
in the cloud of computers and we‘ll connect to them and use them as and when
needed.
Computing can be described as any activity of using and/or developing
computer hardware and software. It includes everything that sits in the bottom
layer, i.e. everything from raw compute power to storage capabilities. Cloud
computing ties together all these entities and delivers them as a single integrated
entity under its own sophisticated management.
Cloud is a term used as a metaphor for the wide area networks (like internet)

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or any such large networked environment. It came partly from the cloud-like
symbol used to represent the complexities of the networks in the schematic
diagrams. Itrepresents all the complexities of the network which may include
everything from cables, routers, servers, data centers and all such other devices.
Computing started off with the mainframe era. There were big mainframes and
everyone connected to them via ―dumb‖ terminals. This old model of business
computing was frustrating for the people sitting at the dumb terminals because
they could do only what they were ―authorized‖ to do. They were dependent on
the computer administrators to give them permission or to fix their problems.
They had no way of staying up to the latest innovations.
The personal computer was a rebellion against the tyranny of centralized
computing operations. There was a kind of freedom in the use of personal
computers. But this was later replaced by server architectures with enterprise
servers and others showing up in the industry. This made sure that the
computing was done and it did not eat up any of the resources that one had with
him. All the computing was performed at servers. Internet grew in the lap of
these servers. With cloud computing we have come a full circle. We come back
to the centralized computing infrastructure. But this time it is something which
can easily be accessed via the internet and something over which we have all
the control.

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2. Cloud computing- The Concept
Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer
technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in which dynamically
scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the
Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the
technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a
service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other
recent technology trends which have the common theme of reliance on the
Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. Examples of SaaS
vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide common
business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the
software and data are stored on the servers.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet
is depicted in computer network diagrams, and is an abstraction for the complex
infrastructure it conceals.

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2.1 Comparison:
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of distributed
computing whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of
networked, loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large
tasks"), utility computing (the "packaging of computing resources, such as
computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public
utility such as electricity") and autonomic computing ("computer systems
capable of self-management").
Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009 depend on grids, have
autonomic characteristics and bill like utilities — but cloud computing can be
seen as a natural next step from the grid-utility model. Some successful cloud
architectures have little or no centralized infrastructure or billing systems
whatsoever, including peer-to-peer networks like Bit Torrent and Skype and
volunteer computing like
2.2 Implementation:
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure as of 2009 consists of reliable
services delivered through data centers and built on servers with different levels
of virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere that has
access to networking infrastructure. The Cloud appears as a single point of
access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to
meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer service
level agreements. Open standards are critical to the growth of cloud computing
and open source software has provided the foundation for many cloud
computing implementations.
2.3 Characteristics:

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As customers generally do not own the infrastructure, they merely access or
rent, they can avoid capital expenditure and consume resources as a service,
paying instead for what they use. Many cloud-computing offerings have
adopted the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional
utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a subscription
basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple
tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not left idle, which can
reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application
development. A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity rises
dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has
been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to
receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.
2.4 Economics:
Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware,
software and services, rather paying a provider only for what they use.
Consumption is billed on a utility (e.g. resources consumed, like electricity) or
subscription (e.g. time based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront
cost. Other benefits of this time sharing style approach are low barriers to entry,
shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead and immediate
access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the
contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment risk and
uncertainty) and the services are often covered by service level agreements with
financial penalties.
According to Nicholas Carr the strategic importance of information technology
is diminishing as it becomes standardized and cheaper. He argues that the cloud
computing paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators
by electricity grids early in the 20th century.

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2.5 Companies:
Providers including Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Sun and Yahoo exemplify the
use of cloud computing. It is being adopted by individual users through large
enterprises including General Electric, L'Oréal, and Procter & Gamble.

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3. History
The Cloud is a term with a long history in telephony, which has in the past
decade, been adopted as a metaphor for internet based services, with a common
depiction in network diagrams as a cloud outline.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that
"computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares
characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s. The term
cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large
ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud computing" had
started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a
service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and
his fellows. They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google
and Yahoo! to business applications. They also provided the concept of "On
demand" and "SaaS" with their real business and successful customers. The key
for SaaS is being customizable by customer alone or with a small amount of
help. Flexibility and speed for application development have been drastically
welcomed and accepted by business users.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing
Manifesto -- which described advanced automation techniques such as self-
monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the

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management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers,
applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that
can be virtualized across an enterprise.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by
modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that
the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency
improvements, providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web
Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis.
2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities
embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time
the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by
mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.
In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching
from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based
models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic
growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other
areas."

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4. Need for Cloud Computing
What could we do with 1000 times more data and CPU power? One simple
question. That‘s all it took the interviewers to bewilder the confident job
applicants at Google. This is a question of relevance because the amount of data
that an application handles is increasing day by day and so is the CPU power
that one can harness.
There are many answers to this question. With this much CPU power, we
could scale our businesses to 1000 times more users. Right now we are
gathering statistics about every user using an application. With such CPU power
at hand, we could monitor every single user click and every user interaction
such that we can gather all the statistics about the user. We could improve the
recommendation systems of users. We could model better price plan choices.
With this CPU power we couldsimulate the case where we have say 1,00,000
users in the system without any glitches.
There are lots of other things we could do with so much CPU power and data
capabilities. But what is keeping us back. One of the reasons is the large scale
architecture which comes with these are difficult to manage. There may be
many different problems with the architecture we have to support. The
machines may start failing, the hard drives may crash, the network may go
down and many other such hardware problems. The hardware has to be
designed such that the architecture is reliable and scalable. This large scale

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architecture has a very expensive upfront and has high maintenance costs. It
requires different resources like machines, power, cooling, etc. The system also
cannot scale as and when needed and so is not easily reconfigurable.
The resources are also constrained by the resources. As the applications
become large, they become I/O bound. The hard drive access speed becomes a
limiting factor. Though the raw CPU power available may not be a factor, the
amount of RAM available clearly becomes a factor. This is also limited in this
context. If at all the hardware problems are managed very well, there arises the
software problems. There may be bugs in the software using this much of data.
The workload also demands two important tasks for two completely different
people. The software has to be such that it is bug free and has good data
processing algorithms to manage all thedata.
The cloud computing works on the cloud - so there are large groups of often
low-cost servers with specialized connections to spread the data-processing
chores among them. Since there are a lot of low-cost servers connected together,
there are large pools of resources available. So these offer almost unlimited
computing resources. This makes the availability of resources a lesser issue.
The data of the application can also be stored in the cloud. Storage of data in
the cloud has many distinct advantages over other storages. One thing is that
data is spread evenly through the cloud in such a way that there are multiple
copies of the data and there are ways by which failure can be detected and the
data can be rebalanced on the fly. The I/O operations become simpler in the
cloud such that browsing and searching for something in 25GB or more of data
becomes simpler in the cloud, which is nearly impossible to do on a desktop.
The cloud computing applications also provide automatic reconfiguration of
the resources based on the service level agreements. When we are using
applications out of the cloud, to scale the application with respect to the load is
a mundane task because the resources have to be gathered and then provided to
the users. If the load on the application is such that it is present only for a small
amount of time as compared to the time its working out of the load, but occurs
frequently, then scaling of the resources becomes tedious. But when the
application is in the cloud, the load can be managed by spreading it to other
available nodes by making a copy of the application on to them. This can be

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reverted once the load goes down. It can be done as and when needed. All these
are done automatically such that the resources maintain and manage themselves.
5. Key Characteristics
 Cost is greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to
operational expenditure. This lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is
typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for
one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility
computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and minimal or
no IT skills are required for implementation.
 Device and location independence enable users to access systems
using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are
using, e.g., PC, mobile. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by
a third-party) and accessed via the Internet the users can connect from
anywhere.
 Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs among a large
pool of users, allowing for:
o Centralization of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (such as
real estate, electricity, etc.)

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o Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest
possible load-levels)
o Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often
only 10-20% utilized.
 Reliability improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which
makes it suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.
Nonetheless, most major cloud computing services have suffered outages
and IT and business managers are able to do little when they are affected.
 Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a
fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to
engineer for peak loads. Performance is monitored and consistent and
loosely-coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the
system interface.
 Security typically improves due to centralization of data, increased
security-focused resources, etc., but raises concerns about loss of control
over certain sensitive data. Security is often as good as or better than
traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources
to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. Providers
typically log accesses, but accessing the audit logs themselves can be
difficult or impossible.
 Sustainability comes about through improved resource utilization,
more efficient systems, and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers
and associated infrastructure are major consumers of energy.

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6. Components
Cloud computing Components
Applications Facebook ·Google Apps ·SalesForce ·Microsoft Online
Client
Browser(Chrome) ·Firefox ·Cloud ·Mobile (Android ·iPhone) ·Netbook
(EeePC ·MSI Wind) ·Nettop (CherryPal ·Zonbu)
Infrastructure BitTorrent ·EC2 ·GoGrid ·Sun Grid ·3tera
Platforms App Engine ·Azure ·Mosso ·SalesForce
Services Alexa ·FPS ·MTurk ·SQS
Storage S3 ·SimpleDB ·SQL Services
Standards Ajax ·Atom ·HTML 5 ·REST

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6.1 Application
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often
eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's
own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance,
ongoing operation, and support. For example:
Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (Bittorrent, BOINC Projects, Skype)
Web application (Facebook)
Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Salesforce)
Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)
6.2Client
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which
relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or which is specifically
designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially
useless without it. For example:

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Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)
Thin client (CherryPal, Zonbu, gOS-based systems)
Thick client / Web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)
6.3 Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of
computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a
service. For example:
Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap)
Management (RightScale)
Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)
Platform (Force.com)
6.4 Platform
A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing
platform, and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of
applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the
underlying hardware and software layers. For example:
Web application frameworks
o Python Django (Google App Engine)
o Ruby on Rails (Heroku)
o .NET (Azure Services Platform)
Web hosting (Mosso)
Proprietary (Force.com)
6.5 Service
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and
consumed in real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services ("software
system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction
over a network") which may be accessed by other cloud computing components,
software, e.g., Software plus service, or end users directly. Specific examples
include:
Identity (OAuth, OpenID)
Integration (Amazon Simple Queue Service)

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Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout,
PayPal)
Mapping (Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps)
Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)
Others (Amazon Mechanical Turk)
6.6Storage
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including
database-like services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per
gigabyte per month. For example:
Database (Amazon SimpleDB, Google App Engine's BigTable datastore)
Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS)
Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe push
functions)
Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)
7. Architecture
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved
in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed
by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically
involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over
application programming interfaces, usually web services.
This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple programs doing
one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is
controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic
counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software
applications access cloud applications.

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Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are
centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each
independently delivering data to applications or user.
8. Types
8.1Public cloud
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional
mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-
grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services,
from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-
grained utility computing basis.
8.2Private cloud
Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have
recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private
networks. These products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing

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without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data security, corporate governance, and
reliability concerns.
While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the
future of corporate IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a reality even
within the same firm. Analysts also claim that within five years a "huge
percentage" of small and medium enterprises will get most of their computing
resources from external cloud computing providers as they "will not have
economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT business" or be able to
afford private clouds.
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for
example in reference to platform as service offerings, though such offerings
including Microsoft's Azure Services Platform are not available for on-premises
deployment.
8.3Hybrid cloud
A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external
providers"will be typical for most enterprises".
9. Roles
9.1Provider
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and
operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. The
barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and
billing and management creates some overhead. Nonetheless, significant
operational efficiency and agility advantages can be realized, even by small
organizations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already
well underway. Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernizing its data
centers which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its
capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. This allowed
small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went

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on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility
computing basis.
9.2User
A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud
computing has become of increasing concern. The rights of users are also an
issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights.
9.3Vendor
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and
use of cloud computing.For example:
Computer hardware (Dell, HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems)
o Storage (Sun Microsystems, EMC, IBM)
o Infrastructure (Cisco Systems)
Computer software (3tera, Hadoop, IBM, RightScale)
o Operating systems (Solaris, AIX, Linux including Red Hat)
o Platform virtualization (Citrix, Microsoft, VMware, Sun xVM,
IBM)
10. Advantages
• Lower computer costs:
– You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run
cloud computing's web-based applications.
– Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your
desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk space
demanded by traditional desktop software.
– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less
expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient
processor...
– In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD
drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and no document
files need to be saved.

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• Improved performance:
– With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you
will see better performance from your PC.
– Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster
because they have fewer programs and processes loaded into
memory.
• Reduced software costs:
– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get
most of what you need for free-ish!
• most cloud computing applications today, such as the
Google Docs suite.
– better than paying for similar commercial software
• which alone may be justification for switching to cloud
applications.
• Instant software updates:
– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer
faced with choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade
costs.
– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
• available the next time you log into the cloud.
– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest
version
• without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.
• Improved document format compatibility:
– You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your
machine being compatible with other users' applications or OSes
– There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is
sharing documents and applications in the cloud.
• Unlimited storage capacity:
– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
– Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small compared to
the hundreds of Pbytes available in the cloud.

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• Increased data reliability:
– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and
destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud
should not affect the storage of your data.
• if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out
there in the cloud, still accessible
– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their
data on a regular basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing
platform!
• Universal document access:
– That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not
take your documents with you.
– Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever
you have a computer and an Internet connection
– Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
• Latest version availability:
– When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you
see when you access the document at work.
– The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents
• Easier group collaboration:
– Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
– Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud
computing
• multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and
projects
• Device independence:
– You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
– Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you
through the cloud.
– Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents
are still available.

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11. Disadvantages
• Requires a constant Internet connection:
– Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the
Internet.
– Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and
documents, if you do not have an Internet connection you cannot
access anything, even your own documents.
– A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where
Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be
a deal-breaker.
• Does not work well with low-speed connections:
– Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with
dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often
impossible.

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– Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as
do large documents.
• Features might be limited:
– This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based
applications simply are not as full-featured as their desktop-based
applications.
• Can be slow:
– Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on
your desktop PC.
– Everything about the program, from the interface to the current
document, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the
computers in the cloud.
– If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if
the Internet is having a slow day, you would not get the
instantaneous access you might expect from desktop applications.
• Stored data might not be secure:
– With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
• The questions is How secure is the cloud?
– Can unauthorised users gain access to your confidential data?
• Stored data can be lost:
– Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across
multiple machines.
– But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no
physical or local backup.

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12. Conclusion
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level
introduction to it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to
do justice to these technologies. What is in store for this technology in the near
future? Well, Cloud Computing is leading the industry‘s endeavor to bank on
this revolutionary technology.
Cloud Computing Brings Possibilities……..
Increases business responsiveness
Accelerates creation of new services via rapid prototyping capabilities
Reduces acquisition complexity via service oriented approach
Uses IT resources efficiently via sharing and higher system utilization
Reduces energy consumption
Handles new and emerging workloads
Scales to extreme workloads quickly and easily
Simplifies IT management
Platform for collaboration and innovation
Cultivates skills for next generation workforce

30
Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud
computing might be more accurately described as "sky computing," with many
isolated clouds of services which IT customers must plug into individually. On
the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate the enterprise, the idea of
loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable infrastructure should
eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. It's a long-running trend
with a far-out horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the
hardest one to argue with in the long term.
Cloud Computing is a technology which took the software and business world
by storm. The much deserved hype over it will continue for years to come.

Report on cloud computing by prashant gupta

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