Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 3 : Central Receiver and Parabolic Dish

Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Technnology Training Session 3 – Point Focus Technologies By Manuel A. Silva Pérez silva@esi.us.es April 14, 2010 http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-5-lessons

Session 3. Point Focus Technologies: Parabolic Dish and Central Receiver Systems Manuel A. Silva Pérez silva@esi.us.es http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Central Receiver Systems ‐ CRS http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Solar Thermal Power Plant. Basic configuration Beam irradiance Concentrator Concentrated irradiance Electricity Receiver Thermal energy Thermal Storage Power conversion system Fossil fuel Biomass Boiler http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Central Receiver System http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/power_towers.html

The heliostat • “an instrument consisting of a mirror mounted on an axis moved by clockwork by which a sunbeam is steadily reflected in one direction” • Basic components – Reflecting surface – Structure and tracking mechanism – Control system • Typology: – Glass ‐ metal – Stretched membrane • Size: 1 m2 to 150 m2 http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Heliostat Incident ray Reflected ray Back support structure Elevation drive Reflecting surface Azimuth drive http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Glass – metal heliostat http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Glass – metal heliostats http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Stretched membrane heliostats http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Heliostat field layout • Surrounding field • North (south) field • Secondary concentration • Secondary concentrator optics tower (SCOT) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

North field 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Surrounding field http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Geometrical performance of heliostats http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Cosine factor Yearly average cosine factor for a north heliostat field http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Reflectivity • Reflectivity of a new, clean mirror ≈ 0.90 ÷ 0.94

Shading and blocking http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Atmospheric attenuation http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Spillage http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

CRS – Receiver • Function: to receive concentrated solar radiation and transform it to thermal power (enthalpy increase of the working fluid) • Components – (Tower) – (Cavity) – Absorber – Supporting Structure – (Other auxiliary elements: Steam drum, recirculation pumps...) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Types of receivers for CRS plants External Cavity Working fluid Working fluid Volumetric (Fluidized bed) Absorber Solid particles Air intake http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Cavity http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Molten salt cavity receiver 4.5 MWt molten salt receiver tested under a cost shared program with US utilities and industry.

External, cylindrical http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

External, cylindrical receiver http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Receiver – working fluids • Water / Steam • Air • Molten salts • Sodium http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

CRS (PS10, sat. steam) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

PS10 and PS20 (Abengoa Solar, Spain)

CRS (Gema Solar, Molten salts) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Gema Solar (Torresol Energy, Spain) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Gema Solar Design Data Total Reflective Area 285.200 m2 Number of heliostats 2480 Total Area covered by Heliostat Field 142.31 Ha Thermal output of the Receiver 120 MWt Tower height 120 m Heat Storage Capacity (equivalent to turbine operation) 15 hours Steam Turbine power 17 MWe Natural Gas Thermal Power 16 MWt Projected Operative Figures Direct solar radiation over Heliostats 2062 kWh/m2 Annual Energy sales 96.400 MWhe Contribution of Natural Gas 15% Capacity utilization 65 % CO2 savings 23.000 – 85.000 t/y

CRS: Pros and cons. • Pros: – Ability to achieve high temperatures – Wide industrial base for most components – Many technological options – Technologically proven – Multiple thermal storage opptions – Great potential for improved efficiency and/or cost reduction • Cons.: – Complexity – Short commercial record – Still inmature? http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Sierra Solar (e‐Solar, USA) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Unit #1 (100 kW hybrid GT) (Aora Solar, Israel) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Parabolic dishes

Parabolic dish systems • Combine a paraboloidal concentrator (parabolic dish) with a Power Conversion Unit (PCU) directly attached to the concentrator MDAC ('83-'88) Boeing/SES • Types of PCU (‘98-’99) – Gas Turbines Advanco ('82-'85) – Direct Steam Generation – Stirling Engine SBP/Almeria ('88-'99) SBP/Solo Cummins ('89-'96) SAIC/STM

Solar Village (Arabia Saudí) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Parabolic dish ‐ Direct Steam Generation Dish collector field at Shenandoah, GA • Industrial process heat project. • 7 meters in diameter, • aluminized film reflector Heat from the field was used in a textile plant for air conditioning and process heat.

Parabolic dish – Stirling engine experiences (source: Mancini et al. JSEE 2003)

Parabolic dish – Stirling engine •High performance – High concentration ratio – High temperature – Modularity – No water consumption • Costes todavía por encima de la fotovoltaica • Reto en la reducción de O+M • Durabilidad del grupo receptor/motor 10-kW EuroDish SBP/Solo-PSA

Dish – Stirling systems. Main elements • Structure • Concentrator • Tracking system • PCU • Control http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Structural optical surface http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Space frame structures

Stretched membrane

Glass mirror‐faceted • Spherically curved mirrors • Individually alignable • Parabolic shaped structure http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Full surface paraboloid • The entire surface forms a paraboloid • Usually made of a number of ‘petals’ http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Stretched membrane. Single facet • Membrane – Preshaped (vacuum not enough) – Thin reflective plastic – Thin metal sheet + reflective surface

Stretched membrane ‐ multifaceted • Avoid the need for preshaping • Difficult alignment

Polar tracking http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Elevation ‐ azimuth tracking

Receiver • Absorbs concentrated solar energy and converts it to thermal energy that heats the working fluid (gas) inside the engine. – External (low temp.) – Cavity (high temp.) – Directly illuminated tubes – Reflux http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Directly illuminated tubes receiver http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Reflux receiver • Intermediate heat transfer fluid • Decouple receiver and engine – Pool boiler. The absorbed surface is always immersed in a liquid http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Reflux receiver • Heat pipe. A wick draws the liquid metal from a small sump http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Striling Engine • The Stirling cycle http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Stirling engines • Kinematic • Free piston http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

State of the art • Most efficient solar to electric technology. • Pre‐commercial experiences – Increase reliability – Reduce costs • Three main manufacturres / systems today – Tessera Suncatcher (SES) 25 kW – Cleanergy / SBP Eurodish 10 kW – Infinia Corp 3 kW http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Tessera Suncatcher http://www.tesserasolar.com/ http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Infinia http://www.infiniacorp.com/ • 3 kW Free piston engine http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Infinia http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Eurodish sbp.de • 10 kW kinematic Stirling engine (SOLO V161) • 8.5 m diameter concentrator http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

Tessera – SES Maricopa Solar Plant (AZ, USA) http://www.leonardo-energy.org/csp-training-course-lesson-3-point- focus-technologies-dish-stirling-and-central-receiver-systems

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Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 3 : Central Receiver and Parabolic Dish

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