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    • Welcome to this webinar about repowering and used wind turbines. My name is Walter Hulshorst. I’m working as consultant at Econ International located in the Netherlands. Econ International performs consultancy and projectmanagement on energy related topics.Before working at Econ International, I’ve worked as consultant at KEMA the Netherlands on Power Quality, availability, transformers and renewables.We have performed some work for:Consultancy companies like KEMA (electricity) and DHV (Water)Utilities like Nuon (Gas)Railway like ProRailBut also some consultancy activities for the leonardo-energy on renwables.This webinar shows you some results of a study performed by Econ International in the first months of 2008. The reason for this study was due to the high number of visitors on the Leonardo energy website, who were looking for information about used windturbines. Despite the fast growing of wind energy there was a very limited information about the results of repowering projects and used wind turbines.This study summerizes some results learned on projects on repowering.
    • Before we start with repowering and used wind turbines, we need to take a closer look on the wind market. Therefor we would like to start with some facts and figures about the market at the end of 2007.If we know the market it is easier to explain the reason why repowering has been started in some countries that started early with the development of wind energy.In some countries the repowering program is very attractive.Due to repowering programms a new market is growing fast at this moment: the market for used wind turbines.
    • Over the last deade the global annual installed capacity has grown very fast as can seen in this picture.Every year the installed capacity was larger than the year before. Over the last three years the growth was more than 30% per year.In 2007 the total installed capacity was 94,122 MW. So this year we will reach the 100,000 MW!
    • If we take a closer look at the regions where wind energy is installed it can be seen that windenergy in 2007 is located in the regions:Europe, North America and Asia. The largest capacity is within Europe, where severall countries started early with stimulating wind energy compared to other regions.The largest growth of wind energy over the last years is however in Asia and North America. Within the regions Latin America, Pacific and Africa & middle east there is hardly wind energy.If we take a closer look at the countries it is clear that Germany is the leading country having almost ¼ of the total installed capacity. US and Spain started later with large adaption of windenergy. I’ve heared that it is expected that the US will be number one in 2008. Fast growhing countries are also China and India.
    • If we take a closer look at the development of windturbines it can be seen that the increase of output within 20 years has grew a 100 fold and will increase with the utalisation of 5 MW turbines or even higher. It is obviously that a larger turbine will produce more energy.This picture also shows that the hub hight of the wind turbines have grown from 30 meter for a 30 kW turbine in 1980 up to 120 meter in 2005 for a 5 MW turbine.Not only the size have grown but also the performance of the wind turbines. The efficiency has also raised meaning that at lower wind speeds the turbine start with the production of energy and can perform also at higher speeds. The higher annual energy output is one of the reasons why replacing old wind turbines with newer ones can be efficient.
    • This picture shows the development of wind energy during some decades for some countries that install wind energy.It shows that the US started early in the 80’s with wind energy but during 1985 up to 2000 the investment in wind energy was smaller.It also shows in Europe Denmark en Germany started in 1985 or 1990 with production of wind energy.Recently India and Spain have started with wind energy. Based on this figure it is clear that US, Denmark and Germany will have some older windturbines, since they started earlier. Since in Denmark and Germany good wind locations are allready occupied and new locations are rare, those countries started an incentive program for repowering of wind turbines. This figure also shows that within a couple of years the other countries might also start with a repowering program. For this we will show some experience from projects in Germany and Denmark.
    • How did repowering started in Danmark?
    • How did the repowering prgoramms suceed?Denmark was the first country to actively support wind repowering, in part because wind turbine installation began in the early 1980s, so a large number of aging, small (< 75 kW) wind turbines exist throughout the country. Denmark recognized that these smaller, aging turbines were an obstacle to new project development, and that removing and repowering those turbines would require an overt and explicit incentive. Denmark’s first incentive programme for repowering wind turbines operated from April 2001 – December 2003. For turbines smaller than 100 kW, “repowering certificates” allowed owners to install three times the capacity removed, and receive an additional feed-in tariff price of 2,3 cents/kWh for the first 12.000 full load hours (about 5 years) of the enlarged wind project. For turbines in the 100 – 150 kW size range, owners could install twice the capacity removed, and receive the same treatment. As a result of this programme, 1480 turbines totalling 121,7 MW were replaced with 272 new turbines totalling 331,6 MW. Some owners of older wind projects also decided to decommission their projects and sell their repowering certificates to other wind developers Denmark has continued to encourage wind repowering through a policy enacted via the energy policy agreement of March 2004. This new programme intends to repower another 175 MW of aging wind turbines. Under the programme, an extra surcharge is paid for new, on-shore wind turbines on the condition that the owner has a repowering certificate for a 450 kW wind turbine or less, decommissioned between Dec 2004 and Dec 2009. The surcharge is paid for factory new wind turbines connected to the grid between Jan 2005 and Dec 2009. The surcharge amounts to 1,6 cents/kWh and is paid for electricity production corresponding to 12000 full load hours for up to twice the decommissioned wind turbine installed power. The surcharge is regulated in relation to the market price of electricity, and the total of the surcharge and market price must not exceed a specified level. Because of the current low price of wholesale electricity, wind industry stakeholders in Denmark are concerned about the adequacy of this incentive and are calling for a larger incentive.
    • Germany’s wind power boom started later than Denmark’s. Repowering is expected to constitute a major part of the wind market in the years ahead, especially as available new sites for wind development diminish. Stumbling blocks include local government restriction on hub height or total turbine height, and setback requirements between installations and residential areas. Despite these barriers, the wind repowering opportunity in Germany in enormous. Before 2004, German feed-in tariffs provided some encouragement for wind repowering, by offering new wind projects a higher payment than existing projects that had been operating for some time. Since 2004, the feed-in tariff has offered a longer and higher payment level to wind turbines that replace/modernise existing project built before Dec 1995 and that are at least three times the capacity of the repowered turbine. Despite this incentive, repowering has just begun and, given the regulations on siting and the barriers to repowering identified above, the wind industry argues that the feed-in tariff repowering incentive is insufficient.
    • In countries that started early with wind energy, old wind turbines were placed at locations where the wind is often very good. Since the best locations for wind in these countries are occupied by old wind turbines with lower energy output compared with new wind turbines, programmes were started to replace the old turbines with new ones. With repowering, the first-generation wind turbines can be replaced with modern multi-megawatt wind turbines. In general, many factors speak in favour of repowering programmes:more wind power from the same area of land: wind power generation is multiplied without the need for utilising additional land;fewer wind turbines: the number of turbines can be reduced while enhancing the natural landscape. The construction height can be raised;higher efficiency, lower costs: modern turbines make better use of available wind energy. The cost of production is significantly lowered;better appearance: modern turbines rotate at much lower speeds and are thus more visually pleasing than older, faster-rotating turbines;better power grid integration: modern turbines offer much better grid integration, since they use a connection method similar to conventional power plants and also achieve a higher utilization degree;wind speed and direction are known: at an existing wind turbine location wind speed and direction are already known, so it is easy to calculate the expected annual energy production for an existing location.Additionally, it is often easier to get licences to build a wind turbine (farm) on an existing location than on a new location.
    • For government and local authorities, the results of repowering can be positive:additional wind energy power will create a larger basis for wind energyalthough the wind turbines are higher after repowering, the quality of the landscape is often perceived as being improved, since the number of wind turbines is reducedreplacement can be used to achieve targets for renewable energy or for CO2 reduction.
    • An example of repowering in Germany where twenty 200 kW turbines were replaced with seven 2 MW turbines, indicates that the investment was tripled, but the annual energy production increased fourfold, while the installed capacity increased by a factor of 3,5 as shown in this figure. As can be seen, production increases more than proportionally with installed capacity. This is because the taller turbines access the increased wind speeds present at higher altitudes, and new wind turbines have better P-v curves.
    • In general the benefits are:Energy: when old installed wind turbines are replaced by larger ones, the total installed wind turbine capacity will increase; Financial issues: in most cases, replacing an old wind turbine with a larger one is economically profitable; Environment: replacing already installed wind turbines has advantages for the quality of the landscape, including: unity of appearance of the wind turbine; decrease in the number of wind turbines with a high rpm; possible decrease in the number of wind turbines; possible decrease in concentration of visual intrusion and noise; possible concentration of hindrance by installing wind turbines at locations where they are accepted.The environmental impact of a repowering project is visualised in this figure. Although the wind turbines after repowering are higher, the quality of the landscape after repowering is often perceived as being improved compared with that prior to repowering.
    • A study of the effects of repowering projects in three regions in Germany is given in this Figure. This study clearly shows that the height increases by approximately a factor of 2, while the number of turbines was only half down to one fifth. The installed capacity increased by between 1,5 up to 3,5 while the annual energy produced increased by between 2,2 and 4,3.
    • Countries that started early with promoting wind power are now facing the problem that the land with good wind opportunities is occupied by older types of wind turbines. New locations for wind turbines may meet increasing resistance from local residents and local councils, as well as from environmental action groups. Assuming that all parties concerned accept new modern large wind turbines on existing turbine locations, repowering can contribute to the realisation of national targets. Since the new wind turbines have become larger and land with good wind opportunities are rare, the most efficient option could be to replace the old wind turbines with new wind turbines. In Europe, it can be expected that wind turbines older than 10-15 years, either on sites with good wind opportunities or in countries in which no new locations for wind turbines can be found, will be replaced with new types of wind turbines. It can be expected that the countries that first started with wind energy will also be the leading countries concerning repowering, if there are good incentives.It can also be expected that wind turbines will develop during the next 10 years. Knowing that the first off-shore wind farms are built or are planned to be built, it can be expected that these wind farms could also be repowered after 10 to15 years. Since Germany has the largest market for wind energy, it is reasonable to expect that Germany will be the major market for repowering. About 90% of the wind power capacity in Germany is located in suitable turbine areas. The German Wind Energy Association (BWE) calculated that, with a realistic approach, the on-shore repowering potential in Germany up to 2020 is about 15.000 MW. This Figure shows the potential for repowering (on and off-shore) for each year up to 2030.
    • For government and local authorities, the results of repowering can be positive:additional wind energy power will create a larger basis for wind energyalthough the wind turbines are higher after repowering, the quality of the landscape is often perceived as being improved, since the number of wind turbines is reducedreplacement can be used to achieve targets for renewable energy or for CO2 reduction.
    • Growing energy demand in developing countries stimulates the use of renewable energy sources, such as wind power, to provide a sustainable and environmentally-friendly power supply. For most of these countries, projects with new wind turbines have proven to be unaffordable: that is why using cheaper second-hand turbines may be an option. Utilising used wind turbines instead of new ones offers several benefits:lower capital expenditure saves the investor’s capital resources and reduces the efforts involved in collecting borrowed capital;shorter project duration reduces the investor’s financial risk, especially valuable in politically and economically unstable conditions;turbines from 150 to 600 kW can be transported and erected without major problems. However, larger turbines often require specialist equipment that is not available in many parts of the world, while smaller turbines may not be economical to place. Many manufacturers are no longer fabricating turbines of this size. Therefore, buying used turbines is the most common way of obtaining a wind turbine that can be shipped and installed easily;maintenance work on used turbines can be conducted easily, compared with the latest technology turbines that require both a sophisticated infrastructure and specialists to carry out routine work. Using used turbines means that it is not necessary to make high demands on qualified personnel; a substantial overhaul and adaptation to regional requirements can take place while the used turbine is being dismantled. This is cheaper than overhauling while the plant is in operation;for developing countries, it is an opportunity to contribute to sustainable development and the reduction of CO2 emissions;for European investors, it is an opportunity to make connections with a potential future wind power market, and to gain experience of the social and economic environments in developing countries.
    • But disadvantages will also arise:more efforts will be required to select suitable turbines for specific projects e.g. each used turbine has different characteristics, including such things as equipment and defects that have occurred. These characteristics should meet regional requirements in order to minimize the costs of adaptation. To determine the price of used plant, dynamic measurements can be conducted during operation;the life expectancy of overhauled used wind turbines cannot be satisfactorily predicted. For this reason, all results of economic analyses are based on assumptions;the procurement of spare parts may also become an obstacle, as most manufacturers’ technical support expires after 20 years. Centralised storage of spare parts may help to overcome this obstacle.In some cases, dependent on the site and on the plant used, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, and the utilisation of used wind turbines is advisable. Because of many of the benefits mentioned above, developing countries lend themselves to realising projects with used turbines
    • There is no general price of a used wind turbine. It is related to the actual new prices and depends mainly on capacity, age, make, etc. In this figure, quotations of used turbines in Germany were plotted in order to give a description of the rates, referring to slightly overhauled plant at the place of storage in Europe without transportation and installation.
    • To demonstrate the profitability of a wind farm project with used wind turbines, the profitability of a project using four 10 year old 500 kW turbines is compared with a project using three new 600 kW turbines. The different number of turbines was chosen to get an equivalent amount of generated power per year for both options. The economic analysis was carried out on the assumption of single payments and periodic expenditures displayed in this Figure. Furthermore the life expectancy after erection was assumed to be 15 years for the used wind turbines and 25 years for the new turbines. The cost of electricity generation was approximately 0,079 Euros for the used turbine and approximately 0,086 Euro for the new turbine, showing the used wind turbine to be more profitable. Of course, this result is not generally applicable for all projects, and an individual approach to the purchase of used or new turbines is necessary.
    • Successful utilisation of wind turbines is always dependent on sufficient wind energy potential. This is the basis for both new and used wind turbines.Electrical stability in weak grids with stochastic feeders, limits the permissible load of wind turbines. That is why only small generators in the 150 to 600 kW class are suitable for simple grid connections.Turbines of this size are no longer being manufactured and are only available on the second-hand market. This option allows lower initial expenditure costs, resulting in a shorter project duration, favourable for countries without long-term planning reliability in the initial implementation period Additionally, a certain technical infrastructure is required (cranes, roads, companies for basic maintenance) and access to the national grid should be supported by a sufficient buyback price
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    Repowering and Used Wind Turbined

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    1. Slide 1: Repowering & used turbines W. Hulshorst Oct. 2008 Business Connecting and Development
    2. Slide 2: Agenda • Global Wind market by the end of 2007 • Repowering (examples) • Used Turbines Business Connecting and Development
    3. Slide 3: Installed capacity Business Connecting and Development
    4. Slide 4: Per region or country Total installed capacity (MW) RoW. 13008 Portugal. 2150 UK. 2389 Germany. 22247 France. 2454 Italy. 2726 Denmark. 3125 China. 6050 US. 16818 India. 8000 Spain. 15145 Business Connecting and Development
    5. Slide 5: Development of wind turbines Business Connecting and Development
    6. Slide 6: History wind electricity German y US Denmark Experience from Germany and Danmark is interesting
    7. Slide 7: Danmark • Wind installation began in 1980s, so relatively large number of <75 kW turbines • Recognized that smaller, aging turbines were an obstacle to new project development • Removing and repowering those turbines would require an overt and explicit incentive • Result: Denmark’s repowering program led to the repowering of ~2/3rd of the oldest turbines Business Connecting and Development
    8. Slide 8: Danmarks repowering programm • First Program: 2001 – 2003 ● For turbines <100 kW, “repowering certificates” allowed owners to install three times the capacity removed ● For 100-150 kW turbines twice the capacity removed ● 1.480 turbines totaling 122 MW were replaced with 272 new turbines totaling 332 MW • Second Program: started 2004 ● Intends to repower another 175 MW of aging wind turbines ● For turbines <450 kW, “repowering certificates“ allow owners to decommission projects from 2004 –2009 and install factory new turbines from 2005 –2009 Business Connecting and Development
    9. Slide 9: Germany • Germany’s wind additions came later, but repowering expected to accelerate as available new wind sites diminish • To encourage repowering... ● Before 2004, feed-in tariff provided some encouragement by offering new projects a higher payment than existing projects ● After 2004, feed-in tariff has offered a longer/higher payment to turbines that replace/modernize existing projects built before December 1995 and are at least three times the capacity • Given siting and permitting barriers, the wind industry argues that the present incentive is insufficient Business Connecting and Development
    10. Slide 10: Why repowering? • more wind power from the same area of land • fewer wind turbines • higher efficiency, lower costs • better appearance • wind speed and direction are known. Business Connecting and Development
    11. Slide 11: Why encourage repowering? For government and local authorities, the results of repowering can be positive: • additional wind energy power will create a larger basis for wind energy • although the wind turbines are higher after repowering, the quality of the landscape is often perceived as being improved, since the number of wind turbines is reduced • replacement can be used to achieve targets for renewable energy or for CO2 reduction. Business Connecting and Development
    12. Slide 12: Example repowering? 16 MW se cr ea in fold 3 40 Million kWh Investment 6 million Euro incr ease 4 fold Yield 10 million kWh Installed capacity 4 MW 3,5 fold increase 14 MW No of turbines 20 turbines Reduction 70% 7 turbines Business Connecting and Development
    13. Slide 13: Impression repowering Before Windfarm Bassens Lower Saxony After Business Connecting and Development
    14. Slide 14: Effects of repowering? Effects of repowering 4 3 Factor 2 Decrease Increase Factor 2 3 4 Example Energy Schleswig Holstein Height Power Number of turbines Example Energy Niedersachsen Height Power Number of turbines Example Energy Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Height Power Number of turbines Business Connecting and Development
    15. Slide 15: Expectations Germany 6000 onshore onshore repowering offshore offshore repowering 5000 4000 Installed MW per year 3000 2000 1000 0 90 96 02 16 22 28 00 06 12 18 2 8 4 0 4 0 94 08 14 20 26 9 9 0 1 2 3 19 19 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Business Connecting and Development
    16. Slide 16: What to do with the older turbines? Business Connecting and Development
    17. Slide 17: Transport to…? Business Connecting and Development
    18. Slide 18: Storage for spare parts? Business Connecting and Development
    19. Slide 19: Or find new markets? Business Connecting and Development
    20. Slide 20: Or find new markets? Business Connecting and Development
    21. Slide 21: Or find new markets? Business Connecting and Development
    22. Slide 22: The used turbine market! Business Connecting and Development
    23. Slide 23: Used Wind turbines • Many wind turbines are designed to achieve a service of 20 years or longer. • Politicians in many countries have focused their attention on up-scaling wind turbines at existing locations. • As a result of repowering, interest in used wind turbines with a remaining service life of several years is growing across the world. Business Connecting and Development
    24. Slide 24: Why Used turbines? • lower investment capital • shorter project duration • Many manufacturers are no longer fabricating turbines of small sizes. • maintenance work is easier • Overhaul during replacement • Contribute to sustainable development • Entering new power markets Business Connecting and Development
    25. Slide 25: Disadvantage used turbines • more efforts will be required to select suitable turbines for specific projects • the life expectancy of overhauled used wind turbines cannot be satisfactorily predicted. • the procurement of spare parts may also become an obstacle, as most manufacturers’ technical support expires after 20 years. Business Connecting and Development
    26. Slide 26: Price of used WT 70% Price of the used turbine compared 60% to the price when new 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Age [years] Business Connecting and Development
    27. Slide 27: Example of used WT € 2.500.000 other annual costs € 2.000.000 Annual maintenance Reserves € 1.500.000 Mains Connection Foundation € 1.000.000 Transport € 500.000 Overhaul Converter €0 Starting annual Starting annual capital costs capital costs 3 new turbines 4 used turbines Business Connecting and Development
    28. Slide 28: No problems? • Successful utilisation of wind turbines is always dependent on sufficient wind energy potential • Electrical stability in weak grids with stochastic feeders, limits the permissible load of wind turbines. That is why only small generators in the 150 to 600 kW class are suitable for simple grid connections. • Turbines of this size are no longer being manufactured and are only available on the second-hand market. Business Connecting and Development
    29. Slide 29: Thanks for your attention Walter Hulshorst Econ International B.V. Florijnweg 14 a 6883 JP Velp The Netherlands T: + 31 (0)61 047 45 77 F: + 31 (0)26 381 64 82 E: walter@econ-international.nl W: www.econ-international.nl Business Connecting and Development
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