1. INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
DAVV INDORE
PROJECT ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH
REFERENCE TO
AFL PRIVATE LIMITED
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mr. H.S.Shyam GROUP VI
Lecturer, SCM MBA MM –
II
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it.
Though some feelings are best expressed when left unsaid, words been superfluous,
yet I make my bets efforts to acknowledge our esteemed personalities who have
contributed in a significant measure towards the completion of this project. I look back
to see how it could have been possible without them.
The day, marked the beginning of our project, bears a special status to all of us, we
begin with the proceedings and blessings of our parents and good wishes of our friends
on the project work.
We wish to acknowledge and express our sincere gratitude to our Project Guide Mr. H.
S. Shyam, Professor, Supply Chain Management, IMS DAVV, whose excellence,
inspiration and constant guidance helped us in steering the present work through its
completion.
We also express our sincerest gratitude to Mr. Kallol Roy, Sr. Executive, AFL Pvt.
Ltd. For his valuable guidance and supervision. His knowledge and the resources has
helped us a lot in gaining Practical Knowledge about Logistics Industry.
We are highly obliged to all the staff personnel of AFL Pvt. Ltd. for their immense
support during our visit at your works.
Last but not the least, we pay sincere thanks to Almighty GOD for enabling us to
complete the work with His Grace.
Thanking you all,
Saumya Shrivastav roll no. 50 Saumya Tripathi roll no. 51
Sharon Caleb roll no. 52 Shilpa Kureel roll no. 53
Shreya Patel roll no. 54 Shubhra Singh roll no. 55
Snehal Paradkar roll no. 56 Souyma Mishra roll no. 57
Sumit Deshmukh roll no. 58 Sunil Malvia roll no. 59
Sushant Agarwal roll no. 60 Swati Khandelwal roll no. 61
Urvashi Balchandani roll no. 62 Virendra Jaiswal roll no. 63
5. INTRODUCTION
A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the
functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into
intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to
customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations,
although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and
firm to firm.
Below is an example of a very simple supply chain for a single product, where raw
material is procured from vendors, transformed into finished goods in a single step,
and then transported to distribution centers, and ultimately, customers. Realistic supply
chains have multiple end products with shared components, facilities and capacities.
The flow of materials is not always along an arbores cent network, various modes of
transportation may be considered, and the bill of materials for the end items may be
both deep and large.
Traditionally, marketing, distribution, planning, manufacturing, and the purchasing
organizations along the supply chain operated independently. These organizations have
their own objectives and these are often conflicting. Marketing's objective of high
customer service and maximum sales dollars conflict with manufacturing and
distribution goals. Many manufacturing operations are designed to maximize
throughput and lower costs with little consideration for the impact on inventory levels
and distribution capabilities. Purchasing contracts are often negotiated with very little
information beyond historical buying patterns. The result of these factors is that there
is not a single, integrated plan for the organization---there were as many plans as
businesses. Clearly, there is a need for a mechanism through which these different
functions can be integrated together. Supply chain management is a strategy through
which such integration can be achieved.
Supply chain management is typically viewed to lie between fully vertically integrated
firms, where the entire material flow is owned by a single firm and those where each
channel member operates independently. Therefore coordination between the various
players in the chain is key in its effective management. Cooper and Ellram [1993]
compare supply chain management to a well-balanced and well-practiced relay team.
Such a team is more competitive when each player knows how to be positioned for the
hand-off. The relationships are the strongest between players who directly pass the
baton, but the entire team needs to make a coordinated effort to win the race.
6. CONCEPT
Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and
controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer
requirements as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management spans all movement
and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from
point-of-origin to point-of-consumption. The term supply chain management was
coined by consultant Keith Oliver, of strategy consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton in
1982.
The definition one America professional association put forward is that Supply Chain
Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in
sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management activities. Importantly, it
also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be
suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence,
Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and
across companies..
Some experts distinguish supply chain management and logistics, while others
consider the terms to be interchangeable.Supply chain management is also a category
of software products.
THE OBJECTIVE OF SUPPLY CHAIN.
The objective of supply chain can be summarized into following heads: -
- Maximize the overall value
- Maximize the supply chain Profitability
- Customer Satisfaction (the sole source of revenue)
- Effective Management of product, funds and Information
7. CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES IN SUPPLY CHAIN
1. PURCHASING
- flexible delivery time
- little variation in mix
2. MANUFACTURING
- Long run production
- Low production cost
- High Quality
3. WAREHOUSING
- Low Inventory
- Reduced Transportation Cost
4. CUSTOMER
- Short Order Lead Time
- High in Stock
- Low Prices
8. TACTICAL OBJECTIVES: STARTEGIC OBJECTIVES:
1. SOURCING AND 1. NETWORK
PURCHASING OPTIMIZATION
2. INVENTORY 2. STRATEGIC
MANAGEMENT PARTNERSHIP
3. TRANSPORTATION 3. INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
SCM
Objectiv
es
OPERATIONAL OBEJCTIVES:
1. DISTRIBUTION
OPTIMIZATION
2. INBOUND OPERATIONS
3. OUTBOUND
OPERATIONS
4. CUSTOMER
5. PRODUCTION
OPERATIONS
9. IMPORTANCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN.
Why is SCM Important?
• Strategic Advantage – It Can Drive Strategy
- Manufacturing is becoming more efficient
- CM offers opportunity for differentiation (Dell) or Cost Reduction (Wal-
Mart or Big Bazaar)
• Globalization – It Covers The World
- Requires greater coordination of production and distribution
- Increased risk of supply chain interruption
- Increases need for robust and flexible supply chains.
• At the company level, supply chain management impacts
- COST
- SERVICE
There is a close connection between the design and management of supply chain flows
(product, information and flows) and the success of supply chain. All the big retailing
companies such as Wal-Mart, Dell computer, big bazaar etc…, have built their success
on superior design, planning and operation of their supply chain.
It is important because all the companies are leader in using supply chain design,
planning, and operation to achieve success. From its beginning, the companies
invested heavily in tranportation and information infrastuctureto facilitate the effective
information and collabarating with suppliers to bring down costs and improve product
availability.
Some companies bypass distributors and retailers and sell directly to customers. Close
contacts with customers and their nedds makes them to develop better forecasts.
Talking about other aspects of any companies supply chain success is that it is
facilitated by sophisticated information exchange. It provides real time data to
suppliers on the current state of demand. Suppliers are able to access their
components’ inventory levels at the factories along with daily production
requirements. They create customised Web pages for its major suppliers to view
demand forecasts and other customer-sensitive information, thus helping suppliers to
get a better idea of customer demand and better match their production schedules to
that of the companies.
10. Clearly, any companies supply chain design and management of product, information
and cash flows play a very a key role in the companies success.
Supply Chain Management Components Integration
The management components of SCM
The SCM management components are the third element of the four-square circulation
framework. The level of integration and management of a business process link is a
function of the number and level, ranging from low to high, of components added to
the link (Ellram and Cooper, 1990; Houlihan, 1985). Consequently, adding more
management components or increasing the level of each component can increase the
level of integration of the business process link. The literature on business process
reengineering buyer-supplier relationships, and SCM suggests various possible
components that must receive managerial attention when managing supply
relationships. Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified the following components which
are:
Planning and control
Work structure
Organization structure
Product flow facility structure
Information flow facility structure
Management methods
Power and leadership structure
Risk and reward structure
Culture and attitude
However, a more careful examination of the existing literature will lead us to a more
comprehensive structure of what should be the key critical supply chain components,
the quot;branchesquot; of the previous identified supply chain business processes, that is what
kind of relationship the components may have that are related with suppliers and
customers accordingly. Bowersox and Closs states that the emphasis on cooperation
represents the synergism leading to the highest level of joint achievement (Bowersox
and Closs, 1996).
11. A primary level channel participant is a business that is willing to participate in the
inventory ownership responsibility or assume other aspects financial risk, thus
including primary level components (Bowersox and Closs, 1996).
A secondary level participant (specialized), is a business that participates in channel
relationships by performing essential services for primary participants, thus including
secondary level components, which are supporting the primary ones.
Also, third level channel participants and components may be included, that will
support the primary level channel participants, and which are the fundamental
branches of the secondary level components.
Consequently, Lambert and Cooper's framework of supply chain components, does not
lead us to the conclusion about what are the primary or secondary (specialized) level
supply chain components that is what supply chain components should be viewed as
primary or secondary, and how should these components be structured in order to have
a more comprehensive supply chain structure and to examine the supply chain as an
integrative one
Baziotopoulos reviewed the literature to identify supply chain components. Based on
this study, Baziotopoulos (2004) suggests the following supply chain components
For Customer Service Management: Includes the primary level component of
customer relationship management, and secondary level components such as
benchmarking and order fulfillment.
For Product Development and Commercialization: Includes the primary level
component of Product Data Management (PDM), and secondary level components
such as market share, customer satisfaction, profit margins, and returns to stakeholders.
For Physical Distribution, Manufacturing support and Procurement: Includes the
primary level component of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), with secondary level
components such as warehouse management, material management, manufacturing
planning, personnel management, and postponement (order management).
For Performance Measurement: This includes the primary level component of
logistics performance measurement, which is correlated with the information flow
facility structure within the organization. Secondary level components may include
four types of measurement such as: variation, direction, decision and policy
measurements. More specifically, in accordance with these secondary level
components total cost analysis (TCA), customer profitability analysis (CPA), and
Asset management could be concerned as well. In general, information flow facility
12. structure is regarded by two important requirements, which are a) planning and
Coordination flows, and b)operational requirements.
For Outsourcing: This includes the primary level component of management methods
and the company's cutting-edge strategy and its vital strategic objectives that the
company will identify and adopt for particular strategic initiatives in key the areas of
technology information, operations, manufacturing capabilities, and logistics
(secondary level components).
DRIVERS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE
To understand how a company can improve supply chain performance in terms of
responsiveness and efficiency, we must examine the logistical and cross- functional
drivers of supply chain performances: facilities, inventory, transportation, information,
sourcing and pricing. These drivers interact with each other to determine the supply
chain’s performance in terms of responsiveness and efficiency.
FACILITIES are the actual physical locations in the supply chain network where
product is stord, assembled, or fabricated. The two major types of facilities are
production sites and storage sites. Decisions regarding the role, location, acapacity, and
flexibility of facilities have a significant impact in the supply chain’s performance.
INVENTORY encompasses all raw materials,work in process, and finished goods
within a supply chain. Changing inventory policies can dramatically alter the supply
chain’s efficiency and responsiveness. A large inventory , however , increases the
retailer’s cost, thereby making it less efficient. Reducing inventory makes the retailer
more efficient but hurts its responsiveness.
TRANSPORTATION entails moving inventory from point to point in the supply
chain. Tranportation can take the form of many combinations of modes and routes,
each with its own performance characteristics. Transportation choices have a large
impact on supply chain responsiveness and efficiency.
INFORMATION consists of data and analysis concerning facilities, inventory,
tranportation, costs, prices and customers throughout th supply chain. Information is
potentially the biggest driver of performance in the supply chain because it directly
affescts each of the other drivers. Information presents management with the
oppurtunity to make supply chains more responsive and more efficent.
13. SOURCING is the choice of who will perform a particular supply chain activity such
as production, storage, transportation, or the mangement of information. At the
strategic level, these decisions detemine what functions a firm performs and what
functions the firm out sources. Sourcing decisions affect both the responsiveness and
efficiency of a supply chain.
PRICING detemines how much a firm will charge for goods and services that it makes
available in the supply chain. Pricing affects the behavior of the buyer of the good or
service, thus affecting supply chain performance.
Our definition of these supply chain drivers attempts to delineate logistics and supply
chain management. Supply chain management includes the use of logistical and cross-
functional drivers to increase the supply chain surplus. Cross- functional drivers have
become increasingly important in raising the supply chain surplus in recent years.
While logistics remains a major part, supply chain management is increasingly
becoming focused on the three cross-functional drivers.
15. ACHIEVING STRATEGIC FIT
For any company to be successful, its supply chain strategy and competitive strategy
must fit together. Strategic fit means that both the competive and supply chain
strategies have aligned goals. It refers to consistency between the customer priorties
that the competitive strategy hopes to satisfy and the supply chain capabilties that the
supply chain strategy aims to build.
All processes and functions that are part of a company’s value chain contribute to its
success or failure. These processes and functions do not operate in isolation; no one
process or function can ensure the chain’s success.failure at any one process or
function, however, may lead to failure of the overall chain. A company’s success or
failure is thus closely linked to the following keys:
The competive strategy and all functional strategies must fit together to form a
1.
coordinated overall strategy. Each strategy must support other, and help a firm
reach its competitive strategy goal.
2. The different functions in a company must appropriately structure their proccess
and resources to be able to excute these startegies successfully
3. The design of the overall supply chain and the role of each stage must aligned to
support the supply chain strategy.
HOW STRATEGIC FIT IS IS ACHIEVED?
What does a company need to do to achieve that all important strategic fit between the
supply chain and competitive strategies? A commpetitive strategy will specify, either
explicitly or implicitly, one or more customer segments that a company hopes to
satisfy.
To achieve strategic fit, a company must ensure that its supply chain capabilities
support its ability to satisfy the targeted customer segments. There are three basic steps
to achieving this strategic fit, which we are discussing here:
1. Under standing the customer and supply chain uncertainty.
2. Understanding the supply chain capabilities.
3. Achieving Strategy Fit
17. Responsive
supply chain
f
e o Fit
Responsivenes n
Zo tegic
spectrum
ra
St
Efficient
supply chain
Certain Uncertain
Implied
demand demand
uncertainty
spectrum
ACHIEVING STRATEGY FIT
18. AFL PRIVATE LTD.
The AFL history can be traced back to 1867 when Nusserwanji Tata, the founder of the TATA
Empire entrusted Framji Guzder with the entire shipping arrangement of the British
Commissariat campaign supplies.
AFL was founded in 1945 by Jamshed Guzder when he was appointed by TATA Airlines as its
first sole cargo agent in India. Eventually AFL added a range of services to its name. Indtavels,
one of the first travel agencies to be appointed by IATA in India, was launched in 1948. By 2000,
Indtavels became 50:50 JV company between AFL and Carlson Wagonlit Travel, the global
corporate travel leader.
In 1979, AFL introduced India to the concept of Express Delivery through an exclusive alliance
with DHL Worldwide Express, the world’s largest international express company.
In 1993, AFL pioneered the concept of 3PL Services in India.
In 1997, the company was renamed AFL Private Limited.
In 2001, AFL launched its Domestic Courier service under the brand name AFL WiZ.
In 2004, AFL strengthened its position as India’s leading 3PL service provider with 45
Warehouses having an area of over 5 lac sq. ft.
The year 2005 saw the company entering into the booming Retail Industry and in the early 2006,
the first AFL Touch World store was set up in Mumbai.
On 9th February 2007, AFL joined hands with one of the largest logistics company of the world,
DACHSER Germany.
19. AFL Business Divisions:
- GLOBAL LOGISTICS
- LOGISTICS
- WiZ EXPRESS
- CARTRIDGE WORLD
1. GLOBAL LOGISTICS - To take the advantage of the globalization of Indian
companies and the growing presence of multinational forwarding companies in
India, AFL Cargo has entered into a joint venture with a global partner,
DACHSER GmbH, w.e.f. February 1st, 2007 and its freight forwarding business
has been transferred into a new company called AFL DACHSER Private
Limited, with the partners each have a 50% stake.
Services offered:
- Air Freight (Import and Export)
- Ocean Freight
- Customs Clearance and Documentation
- Project Cargo Management
- Bonded Trucking
Esteemed Clients:
Automobile – FORCE Motors MAN, M&M, TATA
Consumer Goods – Hindustan Unilever Ltd. Phillips, IFB
Engineering – Alfa Laval, Larson & Toubro, Kirloskar
Telecom – TATA Indicom, Reliace Telecom.
2. AFL LOGISTICS - Ever since it pioneered the Third Party Logistics service in
India in 1996, AFL has remained the trendsetter in the logistics industry.
Today, AFL operates 16 modern hubs and 46 networked, state-of-the art
warehouses across India. It has a fleet of over 1000 containerized vehicles
operating on 140 National and Feeder routes and provides a delivery network of
over 1300 destinations across India.
Services offered:
- Supply Chain Solutions
- Warehousing
- Package Express (Surface Express and Air Express)
- Value Added Services
20. Esteemed Clients:
IT & Technology – HP, IBM, TATA Honeywell, HCL
Pharmaceutical – Ranbaxy, Pfizer, Wockhardt Ltd.
Consumer Goods – Blue Star, Voltas, Carrier, IFB
Automobile – Hyundai, MICO BOSCH, VOLVO
Retail & RMG – Shoppers Stop, Globus, Raymonds
3. AFL WiZ Express - The first international express servicing India after the tie up with
DHL in 1979, AFL WiZ EXPRESS has ushered world class standards in domestic
couriering for the first time in India. Building on its expertise and close customer
relationships, AFL launched domestic courier service in 2001 to usher international
standards in this business.
Services Offered:
- Domestic Express
• WiZ Premium Express
• WiZ Lite Express
• WiZ Package Express
- International Express
• Worldwide Document Express
• Worldwide Package Express
• Import Express
Esteemed Clients:
• ICICI Bank
• HDFC Bank
• HSBC Bank
• Colgate Palmolive
• Bajaj Auto Ltd.
• Godrej
• Bayer
22. PLANING DEMAND AND SUPPLY CHAIN
Forecasts of future demand are essential to a supply chain manager’s decision making
process. Here, we explain how historical demand information can be used to forecast
future demand and how these forecasts affect the supply chain.
ROLE OF FORECASTING IN A SUPPLY CHAIN
Forecast of demand forms the basis for all strategic and planning decisions in a supply
chain. In a supply chain, all push processes are performed in anticipation of customer
demand where as all pull processes are performed in response to customer demand.
For push process, manager must plan level of production. For pull process, manager
must plan level of available capacity and inventory.
In both instances, first necessary step which a manager must take is to forecast what
customer demand will be. All stages of a supply chain must produce a collaborative
forecast, because it is more accurate than any forecasts which are different for different
stages. Accuracy in forecast enables supply chain to be more responsive and more
efficient in serving their customer.
Promotion information is used to update the demand forecast. Mature products with
stable demand are usually easiest to forecast. For a product of long life cycle, impact of
forecasting error is less significant.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORECAST:
Companies and supply chain managers should be aware of the following
characteristics of forecasts:
Forecasts are always wrong and should thus include both the expected value of
the forecast and a measure of forecast error.
Long-term forecasts are usually less accurate than short term forecasts, long
term forecasts have a larger standard deviation of error relative to the mean than
short term forecasts.
Aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts as
they tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error relative to the mean. The
greater the degree of aggregation, more accurate the forecast.
23. COMPONENTS OF FORECAST
A company must be knowledgeable about numerous factors that are to be related to the
demand forecast. Some of these factors are listed
• Past demand
• Lead time of product
• Planned advertising or marketing efforts
• State of the economy
• Planned price discounts
• Actionable competitors have taken
FORECASTING METHODS:
These are classified according to the following fore types:
1. QUALITATIVE: This methods are primarily subject and rely on human
judgment. They are most appropriate when there is little historical data
available or when experts have market intelligence that is critical in making
the forecast.
2. TIME SERIES: This method use historical demand to make a forecast. It is
based on assumption that past demand history is a good indicator of future
demand. It is most appropriate when basic demand pattern does not vary
significantly from one year to next. It is the simplest methods to implement
and can serve as a good starting point for a demand forecast.
3. CASUAL: This method assumed that demand forecast is highly correlated
with certain factors in the environment. It finds correlation between demand
and environmental factors and use estimates of what environmental factors
will be to forecast future demand.
E.g. - product pricing strongly correlated with demand.
4. SIMULATION : Simulation forecasting methods imitate the consumer choice
that give rise to demand to arrive at a forecast .using simulation , a firm can
combine time series and casual method to answer question such as
What will the impact of a price promotion be?
What will the impact be of competitor opening a store nearby?
Airlines simulate customer buying behavior to forecast demand for
higher fare seats when there are no seats available at lower fare.
24. MANAGING SUPPLY:
A firm can vary supply of product by controlling a combination of the following two
factors:
a. PRODUCTION CAPACITY
b. INVENTORY
The objective is to maximize the profit, which is the difference between revenue
generated from sales and the total cost associated with material capacity and inventory.
MANAGING CAPACITY
a) TIME FLEXIBILITY FROM WORK FORCE – In this, firm uses
flexible work hours from work force to manage capacity o better meet
demand.
b) USE OF SEASONAL WORK FORCE - A firm use temporary
workforce during the peak season to increase capacity to match the
demand. Toyota regularly uses seasonal workforce in Japan to better
match supply and demand.
c) USE OF SUBCONTRACTING- In this approach a firm subcontracts
peak production so that internal production remains level and can be
done cheaply. With the sub contractor handling the peaks the company
is able to build a relatively inflexible but low cost facility where
production rates are kept relatively constant
d) USE OF DUAL FACILITIES- In this approach a firm builds both
dedicated and flexible facilities.
DEDICATED FACIITES produce a relatively stable output of
products over time in a very efficient manner.
FLEXIBLE FACILITIES produce a widely varying volume and
variety of products but a higher unit of cost
e) DESIGNING PRODUCT FLEXIBILITY INTO THE
PRODUCTION PROCESS – In this approach, a firm has flexible
production lines whose production rate can be easily varied .production
is then changed to match demand.
The production lines are designed such that changing
the number of workers on a line can vary the production rate.
Production flexibility can also be achieved if the production machinery
25. being used is flexible and can be changed easily from producing one
product to another.
MANAGING INVENTORY
USE COMMON COMPONENTS ACROSS MULTIPLE
PRODUCTS- In this approach, a firm designs common components
use in multiple products, with each product having predictably
variable demand that results in relatively constant overall demand.
Use of common components across these products will result in the
demand for components being relatively constants
Part of supply chain producing components can easily
synchronize low inventory of parts will have to be build
BUILD INVENTORY OF HIGH DEMAND OR
PREDICTABLE DEMAND PRODUCTS –when most of products
a firm produces have same peak demand season, the previous
approach is no longer feasible. A firm must then decide which
inventors to build during off season.
Answer is to build products during the off season that have more
predictable demand because there less to be learned about their
demand by waiting. As more is know about demand closer to the
selling season, production of more uncertain items should take place.
MANAGING DEMAND
Supply chain can influence demand by using pricing and other forms of promotion.
But changing the demand pattern can change the cost the company incurs to meet that
demand. Thus, pricing decisions based only on revenue consideration often result in a
decrease in overall profitability. The same is true when thinking of supply chain. The
retailer set price and run promotion to generate demand. This is regularly done without
taking into account the impact on the rest of supply chain.
Management would like to identify whether each factor favors offering a promotion
during the high or low demand periods. They start by considering the impact of
promotion on demand .when a promotion is offered during a period, that’s periods
demand will go up. This increase in demand results from a combination of the
following three factors:
26. 1) MARKET GROWTH
2) STEALING SHARE
3) FORWARD BUYING
The first two factors increase the overall demand for Toyota, where as the
third simply shifts future demand to the present. It is important to know the
relative impact from the three factors as the result of promotion before making
the decision regarding the optimal timing of the promotion. In general, as the
fraction of increasing demand coming from forward buying grows, offering
the promotion during the peak demand period become less attractive.
27. HOW AFL MANAGES SUPPLY AND DEMAND?
It’s a big question how a logistic company manages its supply and demand. As being
observed, many Indian Logistic companies forecast their demand on the Intuition
Basis. They merely forecast coming demand on the basis of their experience.
AFL is also following the same forecasting criteria. AFL is the leader when it comes to
warehousing. AFL has around 50 warehouses across India with 5 mother warehouses
across 5 zones.
AFL provides their space to the corporate clients in their warehouse and manages their
inventory on their client’s behalf. Let’s say HP is being provided a space in their
warehouse of 1000 sq. ft. The area being allotted will be utilized by HP to keep their
stock – PC, Servers, Printers and all other products of HP.
Managing the inventory is the sole responsibility of AFL. While making the contract,
HP mentions the minimum inventory to be maintained in the warehouse. Regarding the
demand forecasting, it’s the HP that do the forecasting. AFL has nothing do with the
forecasting part. However, during festivals like Diwali AFL asks for more stocks in
hand as the demand tends to be increasing during Diwali season.
There are some occasions where AFL forecasts the demand seeing the past trends and
on the basis of their experience. No Mathematical Approach is followed. It’s just
Intuitions.
Indore is a hub as far as AFL operations are concerned. The warehouse spacing is
utilized by HP, Ranbaxy etc… whenever the space being given to the clients is not
sufficient in case of increase in demand or any other space constraints, the extra stock
is transferred to the nearest mother warehouse i.e. Nagpur. The mother warehouses are
having very huge area to support their clients demand. They maintain rack system to
bear any amount of load. AFL uses latest technology like automatic Loading and
Unloading by Frock Lifts.
AFL only manages the space for their clients and in case of forecasting, AFL does not
follow any scientific model but merely intuition based forecasting helps them to
manage their supply and demand.
Locations of mother warehouses of AFL:
SOUTH - BANGLORE
WEST - BOMBAY
EAST - CALCUTTA
NORTH - DELHI
CENTRAL - NAGPUR
30. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
One of the largest costs to any business is that of inventory or stock at hand. Whether a
manufacturer, retailer or distributor, the amount of inventory held directly impacts
your bottom line most of the cases.
A product that is in excessive demand is usually extremely difficult to manage.
Supplying the right amount of products implies that an accurate demand forecast is
essential. This impacts the entire supply chain. A similar situation exists at the
warehouse level and even the manufacturer end.
Continuous replenishment in a warehouse can become a mammoth task if consumer
response is not studied accurately. To facilitate efficient consumer response based on
consumer demands, warehouse data, sales forecasts, and inventory planning, it
becomes imperative that such companies consider inventory management seriously.
Inventory management can remove barriers between manufacturer and retailers and
establish a closer relationship between them.
If items wanted are not at hand or even if merchandize wanted is reordered often, sales
will be lost to competitors. Precise control of inventory is an essential ingredient for a
successful company.
Three Objectives behind Inventory Management
- Improved Customer Services
- Reduced Inventory Investment
- Increased Productivity
Benefits of Inventory Management
- Complete control of inventory
- Response Time reduced
- Complete visibility of Quantities on hand, quantities sold
- Frequent Analysis of purchase, sales and inventory
An inventory control system is an integrated package of software and hardware used
in warehouse operations, and elsewhere, to monitor the quantity, location and status of
inventory as well as the related shipping, receiving, picking and put away processes. In
common usage, the term may also refer to just the software components.
An inventory control system may be used to automate a sales order fulfillment process.
Such a system contains a list of order to be filled, and then prompts workers to pick the
necessary items, and provides them with packaging and shipping information.Real
time inventory control systems use wireless, mobile terminals to record inventory
transactions at the moment they occur. A wireless LAN transmits the transaction
information to a central database.
31. HOW TO REDUCE INVENTORY
Most executives agree that top-heavy inventories are a giant cash vacuum and need to
be reduced in order to free up cash for investment in revenue-growth activities. How
can this be accomplished?
One of the major impediments to inventory reduction is the mistaken notion that just
improved inventory management is all that is required to get the job done. The real
culprits are the inefficient business processes that cause excessive inventories to exist
in the first place.
Here are eight suggestions:
Don’t always blame inventory control. Certainly, lack of control contributes to
excessive inventory, but often behavior in inventory-controlling functions is driven by
management's highly negative reaction to material shortages For the most part, it is
inadequacies in cross-functional business processes that cause the need for inventory
buffers to exist; address the cause of the problem, not the result. Identify the
underlying causes, get control so that inventory buffers are not needed, then reduce the
inventory accordingly.
Re-engineer. Major reductions (20 to 50 percent or more) in all forms of inventory,
without harming customer service, usually require the re-engineering of the order-to-
delivery cycle to find ways to do it faster, better, cheaper.
Improve supply chain management. By streamlining the entire supply chain, a
company can reduce inventory, improve time to market, compress cycle times, free up
more cash, decrease costs and improve profitability. Go for fewer vendors but establish
closer relationship with them. Use of IT in speeding up the order – to – delivery cycle.
Improve production scheduling. This is one of the least understood and least
appreciated aspects of manufacturing and distribution. A common result of poor
production scheduling is product flow imbalances, causing bottlenecks and reduced
throughput. This results in erratic output, high inventory, long cycle times and reduced
customer service.
Use effective performance metrics.
Utilize “pull” based on demand. Companies that use a total “push” inventory system
will often end up with high inventories. An excellent method for achieving greater
32. effectiveness with working capital and freeing up valuable cash is to acquire materials
and put them through production so fast that inventory doesn’t have time to become a
“liability”.
Reduce cycle times. Cycle-time reduction almost always means reduced costs,
reduced inventory levels, improved production predictability, increased customer
service, and better quality.
Develop flexible manufacturing. When a manufacturer is rigidly set up to produce
long production runs, there is a tendency to maintain higher than necessary production
levels even in the face of reduced demand. To minimize inventory and improve
customer responsiveness, bring flexibility into the operations – flexibility in how they
operate in order to quickly respond to changing customer demand.
Today, the VALUE that a manufacturer offers its customers is more important than
having just the lowest overall price. Today’s customers are demanding short lead
times, quality products, on-time delivery, good customer service, and a good price. The
consequence of non-compliance to these customer demands will be lost business –
something you can not allow to happen.
33. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN AFL
AFL is the leader in warehousing in India. It has about 50 warehouses across the
country. Having such a good market share in ware housing AFL’s main concern is of
Warehouse Management and Inventory Management.
Inventory Management in AFL’s mother warehouses are considered every 15 days.
Warehouse manager counts the inventory. AFL has supported their managers with
front end application of IT. The whole ware house is equipped with SAP system. Each
and every stock item is being bar coded. The bar code is entered into the system and
through SAP-ERP the manager comes to know the exact quantity being sold during
that period and how much more stock is available.
Application of SAP-ERP has made the inventory management much simpler and saves
lot of time.
AFL main business comes from space selling. They sell their space in their warehouse
to their corporate clients and manage inventory for the client. While negotiating the
space selling deal, clients often mention the minimum inventory to be maintained in
the ware house. This makes the job of the ware house manager more challenging. Any
extra stock due to increase in demand has to be arranged in the same space. There is
annual inventory check up with 15 days routine check up.
The application of SAP has helped AFL to manage their inventory more efficiently and
effectively. Through SAP system, right from the procurement of the item to the
delivery of the item, every thing is recorded in the system and whenever there is
shortage of any item or mismatch, the system application helps the organization to
detect the error and minimize or eliminate them as early as possible.
35. TRANSPORTATION AND NETWORK FACILITY
Transportation refers to the movement of product from one location to another as it
makes way from the beginning of a supply chain to the customers hand. Transportation
plays a key role in every supply chain to the because products are rarely produced and
consumed in the same location .transportation is a significant component of the cost
most supply chain incur. Supply chain also use responsive transportation to centralize
inventories and operate with fewer facilities. Transportation allows products to move
from suppliers to the assembly plants to customers.
Factors affecting Transportation decisions:
SHIPPERS DECISIONS
CARRIER DECISIONS
1. Transportation Cost
1. Vehicle related cost
2. Inventory Cost
2. Fixed Operating cost
3. Facility Cost
3. Trip Related Cost
4. Processing Cost
4. Quantity Related Cost
5. Overhead Cost
Carrier – party that moves or transports the product
Shipper – party that requires the movement of the product from one point to another in
supply chain.
36. Modes of Transportation:
- Air
- Labor and Fuel Cost: Trip related
- Independent of cargo carried
- Small high value and Time sensitive items
- Package Carriers
- Service Providers like FedEx, AFL, GATI etc…
- Uses air, rail and road transport
- Rapid and Reliable delivery.
- Expensive. Cannot compete for large shipments.
- Trucks
- Expensive than rail but offers door-to-door service facility.
- TI Transportation based on truck loading and charges vary with distance
- LTL Transport based on quantity to be shipped.
- Rails
- Large Shipments over long distance
- Cheaper rates for large shipments.
- Ideal for heavy low value shipments that are not very time sensitive
- Water
- Slowest of all modes.
- Delay particularly observed at sea ports and terminals.
- Giant Shipments to be shipped across the globe, sea mode is the
cheapest.
37. FACTORS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
DESIGN
Two dimensions to be considered:
- Customer Needs that are met.
- Cost of Meeting Customer Needs.
Note: The Distribution Network design options must be compared according to their
impact on customer service and the cost incurred in providing such service.
Elements of Customer service influenced by Network Structure:
– Response time
– Product variety
– Product availability
– Customer experience
– Order visibility
– Return ability
Elements of Supply Cost affected by Network Structure:
– Inventories
– Transportation
– Facilities and handling
– Information
Categorizing the factors of Influence:
- Strategic: Cost v/s Responsiveness
- Technological: Economies of Scale; Lower fixed costs
- Macroeconomic: Tariffs; Demand Risk
- Political
- Infrastructure
- Logistics and Facility costs.
38. Total Costs Related to
Number of Facilities
Total Costs
Total Costs
Facilities
Inventory
Transportation
Number of Facilities
11
Total costs decrease and then increase as we increase the number of facilities. The
responsiveness improves as we increase the number of facilities. A supply chain
should always operate above the lowest cost point. Operating beyond that point makes
sense if the revenue generated from better responsiveness exceeds the cost of better
responsiveness.
39. Global competition
Competitive Strategy
PHASE I
Internal constraints SUPPLY CHAIN Tariffs and Tax
Capital, existing STRATEGY Incentives
network
PHASE II
Production
Regional demand
REGIONAL
Technologies
FACILILTY
Cost, flexibility.
CONFIGURATION Political, Demand
Risk
Competitive
Environment Available
PHASE III Infrastructure
DESIRABLE SITES
Production
methods
Logistics Cost
PHASE IV
Factor Costs
LOCATION CHOICES
Labor, Materials
FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL SITE LOCATION
40. DESIGN OPTIONS FOR DISTRIBUTOR NETWORK
MANUFACTURER STORAGE WITH DIRECT SHIPPING
Manufacturer Storage with
Direct Shipping
Manufacturer
Retailer
Customers
Product Flow
Information Flow
IN TRANSIT MERGE NETWORK
In-Transit Merge Network
Factories
In-Transit Merge by
Retailer
Carrier
Customers
Product Flow
Information Flow
41. DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH LAST MILE DELIVERY
Distributor Storage with
Last Mile Delivery
Factories
Distributor/Retailer
Warehouse
Customers
Product Flow
Information Flow
DISTRIBUTOR STORAGE WITH CARRIER DELIVERY
Distributor Storage with
Carrier Delivery
Factories
Warehouse Storage by
Distributor/Retailer
Customers
Product Flow
Information Flow
42. AFL MODEL FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
AFL model for distribution network can be said to be following ‘DISTRIBUTOR
STORAGE WITH CARRIER DELIVERY’ model.
In Indore, AFL is having its carrier delivery vans distributed across the city. When
ever there is an order to work upon, AFL simply calls its Pick – up Delivery vans. The
van goes to the client’s place, picks up the consignment and delivers it back to the
Indore ware house.
There are 9 pick – up delivery vans in Indore. AFL provides its customer door – to –
door service.
As shown in the model, the consignment is first brought to their warehouse and then
the consignment is delivered to the required address.
The routes of AFL are scheduled. In fact, there is a saying in AFL – We don’t run
TRUCKS but we run ROUTES.
Let’s suppose there is a consignment for Mumbai from Bhopal. AFL is not having any
direct route to Mumbai from Bhopal. But Indore-Mumbai route is fixed. So the
consignment will be brought to Indore through AFL’s Fider Route (Indore – Bhopal
route) and from Indore, it will sent to its destination.
The trucks will not wait till the truck is full up to 9 tones as being seen in case of
transportation company but will run as per the schedule; even if the truck is under
utilized. However, AFL plans its schedule in such a way that there is always an
optimum utilization of the trucks.
43. ROUTING AND SCHEDULING
The most important operational decision related to transportation in a supply chain is
the routing and scheduling of deliveries. The success of operation turns on its ability to
decrease the transportation and delivery cost while providing the promised level of
responsiveness to the customer. The manager decides to use the following procedures
to support his decision.
1) The saving matrix method.
2) The generalized assignment method.
SAVING MATRIX METHOD
This method is simple to implement and can be used to assign customer to vehicle
even when deliver time window and other constraints exists. The major steps in saving
matrix:
1) Identify the distance matrix.
2) Identify the saving matrix
3) Assign customer to vehicle or routes
4) Sequence customers within routes.
Identify the distance matrix
The distance matrix identifies the distances between different pairs of location to be
visited. The distance is used as a surrogate for cost of traveling between the pair of
locations. If the transportation cost between every player is known the cost can be used
in place of distances.
Identify the saving
The saving matrix represents the saving that accrues on consolidating two customers
on a single truck. Savings may be evaluated in terms of distance, time, or money. The
process involves here is:
Assign customers to vehicles or routes.
Sequence customers within routes
44. Process for route sequencing:
1) Farthest inserts: Choose to insert the customer with the largest minimum increase to
obtain a new trip. This step is referred as a farthest insert because the customer farthest
from the current trip is inserted. The process is continued until all remaining customer
to be visited by vehicle are included in a trip
.
2) Nearest insert: Insert the customer with the smallest minimum increase to obtain a
new trip. This step is referred to as a nearest insert because the customer closest to
current trip is inserted. The process is continued until all remaining customers the
vehicle will visit are included in trips.
3) Nearest neighbor: Starting at the DC this procedure adds the closest customer to
extend the trip. At each step, the trip is build by adding the customer closest to the
point last visited by the vehicle until all customers have been visited.
4) Sweep: In the sweep procedure any point on the grid is selected and a line is
selected and a line is swept either clockwise or counter wise from that point. The trip is
constructed by sequencing customers in order they are encountered during the sweep.
Route improvement procedures
The two route improvement procedure are as follows:
1) 2-opt: The 2-opt procedure starts with a trip and breaks it at two places. This results
in the trip breaking into two paths, which can be reconnected in two possible ways.
The length for each reconnection is evaluated and the smaller of the two is used to
define a new trip. The procedure is continued on the new trips until no further
improvement results.
2) 3-opt: The 3-opt procedure breaks a trip at three points to obtain three paths that can
be reconnected to form up to eight different trips. The length of the each of the eight
possible trips is evaluated and the shortest trip is retained. The procedure is continued
on the new trips until no further improvement results.
45. GENERALIZED ASSIGNMENT METHOD
The generalized assignment method is more sophisticated than the saving matrix
method and usually results in better solution where there are few delivery constraints
to be satisfied. This process involves the following steps:
1) Assign seed points for each route.
2) Evaluation insertion cost for each customers
3) Assign customers to route
4) Sequence customers within routes.
The first three steps assign customers to vehicle and fourth step identifies a route for
each vehicle to minimize the distance traveled.
Making transportation decisions in practice
a) Align transportation strategy with competitive strategy
b) Consider both in- house and out sourced transportation
c) Design a transportation network that can handle e- commerce
d) Use technology to improve transportation performances.
47. FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS 3PL:
A third-party logistics provider (abbreviated 3PL) is a firm that provides outsourced
or quot;third partyquot; logistics services to companies for part or sometimes all of their supply
chain management function. Third party logistics providers typically specialize in
integrated warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized
to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service
requirements for their products and materials.
TYPES OF 3PL
1. Standard 3PL Provider
2. Service Developer
3. Customer Adapter
4. Customer Developer
5. Non – Asset based Logistics Providers.
We can also classify the 3PL Providers on the basis of following heads:
1. Transportation based
2. Warehouse/Distribution based
3. Forwarder based
4. Financial based
5. Information based
48. Why Use 3PL?
Why use 3PL’s?
- Save Time
- Help Expand
- Narrow Focus
- Reach more customers more effectively.
50. SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF 3PL
1. Have an OUTSOURCING STRATEGY
- Need to be well thought out and measured
- SWOT analysis.
2. Do the Complete Homework
- Do a comprehensive study
- Document Expectations
- Create a robust selection process
3. Measure and Review performance
- Have an efficient and accurate measurement system
- Have an efficient costing system
4. Create an Implementation Strategy
- Create a project plan road map
5. Nurture the Relationship
- Mutual trust, respect and sense of integrity
51. RETAILING
Retailing consists of the sale of goods or merchandise, from a fixed location such as a
department store or kiosk, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the
purchaser. Retailing may include subordinated services, such as delivery. Purchasers
may be individuals or businesses. In commerce, a retailer buys goods or products in
large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a
wholesaler, and then sells smaller quantities to the end-user. Retail establishments are
often called shops or stores. Retailers are at the end of the supply chain. Manufacturing
marketers see the process of retailing as a necessary part of their overall distribution
strategies.
Shops may be on residential streets, or in shopping streets with few or no houses, or in
a shopping center or mall. Shopping streets may or may not be for pedestrians only.
Sometimes a shopping street has a partial or full roof to protect customers from
precipitation. Retailers often provided boardwalks in front of their stores to protect
customers from the mud. Online retailing, also known as e-commerce is the latest form
of non-shop retailing (cf. mail order).
Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to
obtain necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it is done as a recreational
activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not
buying) and browsing and does not always result in a purchase.
Most retailers have employees learn facing; a hyperreal tool used to create the look of
a perfectly-stocked store (even when it's not).
TYPES OF RETAIL
1. MARKET
2. SHOP AND STORE TRADING
3. VIRTUAL RETAIL via email, online etc…
52. VERTICAL INTEGRATION
Integration: Act/process of integrating---to join with something
Else, make into a whole by bringing all parts together, to unite.
Categories: 1. Horizontal 2. Vertical
Horizontal Integration: A type of ownership and control.
A strategy used by a business / corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in
numerous markets.
Methodology—creates several small subsidiary companies.
Each markets the product to a different market segment or to a different
geographical area.
Also referred to as horizontal integration of marketing.
Horizontal integration of production
A firm having plants in several locations producing similar goods. More common
in marketing in production:
A monopoly through horizontal integration.
53. VERTICAL INTEGRATION
Term widely used in Microeconomics and strategic management.
Describes a style of ownership and control.
Determined through the degree to which a firm own its upstream suppliers and
downstream buyers.
Usual practice---each member produces a different product / service and the
products combine to satisfy a common need.
Vertically integrated companies are united through a hierarchy and share a common
owner.
A method to avoid hold up problem.
The hold-up problem --a term used to describe a situation where two parties
(such as a supplier and a manufacturer) may be able to work most efficiently by
cooperating, but refrain from doing so due to concerns that they may give the
other party increased bargaining power, and thereby reduce their own profits.
To avoid the hold-up problem the firms merge, a tactic known as vertical
integration.
Three types:
Activities downstream – forward integration
Expansion upstream – backward integration.
Balanced vertical integration - The company sets up
subsidiaries that both supply them with inputs and distribute their outputs (concept
visualized through value chain).
Problems and Benefits:
Society wide-- internal and external gains and losses.
54. Will differ according to the state of technology in the industries involved, roughly
corresponding to the stages of the industry lifecycle.
The lifecycle passes through 5 distinct stages:
I - dormant stage with low numbers of competitors enjoying high monopoly profits
II - quot;takeoffquot; stage with soaring entry and virtually non-existent exit from the market
III - high turnover stage with many firms entering the market and leaving it
IV - quot;shakeoutquot; stage with mass exit via mergers, bankruptcies, etc.
V - Stabilization stage during which a stable oligopoly emerges
Industry lifecycle :-- commonly correlated with the cycle of product and process
innovation.
Other factors that may launch industry lifecycle include:
A--government intervention (e.g., deregulation),
B--liberalization of external trade,
C--lower transportation costs.
Static technology:--The simplest case, where the gains and losses have been studied
extensively.
Internal gains:
--Lower transaction costs
--Synchronization of supply and demand along the chain of products
--Lower uncertainty and higher investment
--Ability to monopolize markets throughout the chain by market foreclosure
Internal losses:
55. --Higher monetary and organizational costs of switching to other suppliers/buyers
Benefits to society:
--Better opportunities for investment growth through reduced uncertainty
Losses to society:
--Monopolization of markets
--Rigid organizational structure, having much the same shortcomings as the socialist
economy , etc...
Dynamic technology
Vertical integration may eventually hurt a company when new technologies are
available, the company is forced to reinvest in its infrastructures in order to keep up
with competition.
Very quickly evolving technologies can cause a company to invest into new
technologies, only to reinvest in even newer technologies later, thus costing a company
financially. However, a benefit of vertical integration is that all the components that
are in a company product will work harmoniously, which will lower downtime and
repair costs.
Conglomerate:-- a type of large company that consists of divisions of often seemingly
unrelated businesses.
Vertical market:--or niche market, is a group of similar businesses and customers
engaged in trade based on specific and specialized needs. Often, participants here are
limited to a subset of a larger industry. An example of this sort of market is the market
for point-of-sale terminals, which are often designed specifically for similar customers
and aren't available for purchase to the general public.
Vertical Disintegration refers to a specific organizational form of industrial
production. As opposed to integration, here production occurs within a singular
organization. It means that various diseconomies of scale or scope have broken a
production process into separate companies, each performing a limited subset of
activities required to create a finished product.
56. Why Disintegrate?
One major reason --- share risk. In some cases, smaller firms can be more
responsive to changes in market conditions. Is more likely when operating
in volatile markets. Stability and standardized products more typically
engender integration, as it provides the benefits of scale economies.
Benefits of vertical integration:
reduce transportation costs if common ownership results in closer
geographic proximity.
improve supply chain coordination.
provide more opportunities to differentiate by means of increased control
over inputs.
capture upstream or downstream profit margins.
increase entry barriers to potential competitors,, for example, if the firm
can gain sole access to a scarce resource.
gain access to downstream distribution channels that otherwise would be
inaccessible.
facilitate investment in highly specialized assets in which upstream or
downstream players may be reluctant to invest.
lead to expansion of core competencies.
Drawbacks of vertical integration:
Capacity balancing issues. Firm may need to build ex-cess upstream
capacity –ensure downstream operations have sufficient supply under all
demand conditions.
57. Potentially higher cost due to low efficiencies resulting from lack of
supplier competition.
Decreased flexibility due to previous upstream or downstream
investments.(Flexibility to co-ordinate vertically related activities may
increase).
Decreased ability to increase product variety if significant in-house
development is required.
Developing new core competencies may compromise existing
competencies.
Increased bureaucratic costs.
FACTORS FAVOURING VERTICAL INTEGRATION:
Taxes and regulations on market transactions.
Obstacles to the formulation and monitoring of contracts.
Strategic similarity between between the vertically related activities.
Sufficiently large production quantities so that the firm can benefit from
economies of scale.
Reluctance of other firms to make investments specific to the transaction.
FACTORS AGAINST VERTICAL INTEGRATION:
Quantity required from a supplier is much less than the minimum
efficient scale for producing the product.
Product—a widely available commodity and its production cost decreases
significantly as cumulative quantity increases.
Core competencies between the activities are very different.
Vertically adjacent activities are in very different types of industries—
manufacturing vs. retailing.
58. Addition of a new activity places the firm in competition with another
player with which it needs to cooperate—firm viewed as competitor instead
of a partner.
ALTERNATIVES TO VERTICAL INTEGRATION:
long term explicit contracts.
franchise agreements.
joint ventures
co-location of facilities.
implicit contracts (relying on firm’s reputation).
Major issues to be considered while deciding for vertical integration:
Cost and control.
Cost aspect depends upon cost of market transaction between firms
versus the cost of administering the same activities internally within a single
firm.
The second issue is the impact of asset control, which can impact barriers
to entry and which can assure co-operation of key value-adding players.
Product range
Capacity balancing
Service & Maintenance
Sales contacts
Information
Legal
Political and cultural
Intellectual Property ownership
59. Innovations
An integrated supply chain can be defined of an association of customer &
suppliers who using management techniques .work together to optimize their
collective performance in the creation distribution & support of an end
product it may be helpful to think of the participants of their divisions of a
large vertically integrated corporation although the independent companies
in the chain are bound together only by trust share objectives and contract
entered into on a voluntary basis.
All supply chains are integrated to some extend one objective of increasing
integration is focusing and coordinating the relevant resources of each
participant on the needs of the supply chain to optimize the overall
performances of the chain the integration process and requiring the
disciplined application of management, skills, process and technologies to
couple key functions and capabilities of the chain and take advantages of the
available business opportunities.
DEMERITES OF NON INTEGRATION PROCESS
1) Adversarial relationship between customers and suppliers including win
loss negotiations.
2) Short term focus with little concern for mutual long term success.
3) Primary emphasis on cost and delivery with little concern of added value
4) Limited communication
5) Little response for sharing benefits and risky
TYPES OF INTEGRATION PROCESS
1) Integration by function
2) Integration by process
60. OUTSOURCING
Outsourcing is the action taken by an organization to move a part of its
internal processes to an outside entity or group to improve efficiency,
quality, or reduce time to deliver services or products.
EXTENT OF OUTSOURCING IN SUPPLY CHAIN
Outsourcing
What is the extent of outsourcing
of supply chain activities?
Inventory Management Yes
No
Order Processing
Customer Service
Procurement
Import/Export Mgmt
Information Systems
Manufacturing
Warehousing
Transportation
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage Number of Respondents
61. Major Reasons for Outsourcing
Outsourcing
What are the major reasons for
outsourcing of supply chain activities?
Process Effectiveness
Strategic Reasons
24%
26%
Investment Reasons
12%
Lower Cost
Lack of Internal 27%
Capability
11%
62. The Seven Steps of Outsourcing Process
1. Defining requirements and the request for proposal (RPF).
2. Evaluating bids and selecting outsource partners.
3. Creating outsource relationships.
4. Forging the legal relationship.
5. Getting started: Putting the relationship in motion.
6. Establishing the outsource relationship.
7. Managing the outsource relationship.
63. Procurement Management
- All Organizations Need Inputs Of Goods And Services From External
Suppliers Or Providers.
- Savings In Material Costs Mean Significant Opportunities For Improving
Corporate Profitability And Return On Investment.
- Quality Of Input Materials Affects Final Product Quality In A Major
Way.
- In Most Concerns, Large Or Small, Purchasing Is Fast Acquiring Wider
Recognition And A More Strategic Role, Day By Day, Due To:
A) Advancing Technologies
B) Limited Resources
C) Increasing Proportion Of Revenue Spent On Purchased Goods And
Services.
D) Opportunities in Outsourcing
E) Fewer and Larger Suppliers/Conglomerates.
F) Increasing Environmental Concerns.
G) Successful Adoption of ‘World Class’ Ideas (Tqm, Jit Etc.,) And Cutting
Edge Technologies By Leading Concerns.
64. For All The Above Reasons, Buyers Role Is Becoming More Strategic In
Nature. It Includes, Among Others.
1) Advising Top Management on Market Trends – Short Term and Long
Term
2) Negotiating Long Term Relationships with Critical Suppliers
3) Building Strategic Linkages with Key Supplier Units
4) Vendor Development
5) Quality Thrust
6) Supply Chain Management
7) Total Cost Reduction
8) Purchase Research
9) Value Addition Through Creative Purchasing Route And Working More
Towards ‘Total Cost Concept And Value Addition’ With Continuous
Improvement Perspective.
PROCUREMENT OBJECTIVES:
- RIGHT QUALITY
- RIGHT TIME
- RIGHT QUANTITY
- RIGHT SOURCE
- RIGHT PRICE
65. Procurement is acquiring a more strategic role in business
- Integrate purchasing into your organization’s strategic planning
- ‘make or buy’ decision
- Gain competitive advantage through excellence in purchasing
performance
- Set and apply right criteria for selection of your vendors
- Supplier development
- Set right performance standards for your purchasing function
- Re-engineer your procurement process for better user satisfaction and
achieve continuous improvements in inventory and purchasing costs
through improvement in purchasing cycle.
- Logistics and supply chain
- Bench marking the purchasing function
- Total quality in purchasing
- Role of purchasing in the value chain
66. IT Technology and E- Business in Supply
Chain Management
By:
SNEHAL PARADKAR
SOUMYA MISHRA
SHILPA KUREEL
67. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information is crucial to the performance of a supply chain because it
provides the basis upon which supply chain manager make decisions.
Information technology consists of the tools used both to gain awareness of
this information and to analyze the information to make the best decision
for the supply chain.
What It Is ?
Information technology ( IT) consist of the hardware and software used
throughout a supply chain to gather and analyze the information.
The supply chain scope is made up entirely of information and the breadth of
this information determines whether the scope is global or local. To obtain a
global scope of the supply chain , a manager needs accurate and timely
information on all company functions and organizations in the supply chain.
The information is necessary to achieve a global scope may be divided into
the following basic components, which correspond to different stages of the
supply chain :
• Supplier Information
• Manufacturing information
• Distribution and retailing information
• Demand information
68. INFORMATION SHOULD HAVE FOLLOWING CHARACTERSTICS
• Information must be accurate
• Information must be accessible in a timely manner
• Information must be of right kind.
Information is most important when it is used to create a global scope across
all stages and drivers of a supply chain. This allows decision to be made that
maximize total supply chain profitability .
Information → Global Scope → Good Decisions → Supply
Chain Success
69. Information Technology : The Information
Enabler
It system can be segmented according to the stages in the supply chain on
which they focus and the phase of supply chain decision for which they are
used. Using these segments we can prepare the Matrix upon which any IT
system used in supply
IT system can be used to make Following type of decisions in Supply chain
management.
• Strategic
• Planning
• Operational
And Its level of functionality is as follows:-
High Level in Long Time Little Low Highly
Strategic
Organization Frame Level Detail Analytical
Planning ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
Low Level in Short Time Lots of Low Mostly
Operational
Transactional Frame Level Detail
70. Some of the History
The old IT system based upon mainframe technology that usually work at an
operational level on only one stage or even one function within a stage of
supply chain “ Legacy system” is a very broad label and applies to wide
variety of system with applications that can range from order entry to
manufacturing scheduling to delivery.
Advantages of this system-
• Legacy system tend to be able to get the operation to be done.
• Legacy system sometime take less incremental investment .
Disadvantages of this system-
• Focus only on a small part of a stage within the supply chain.
• Usually have only transactional capabilities.
• Difficult to modify.
The Present- Enterprise Resource Planning
This system monitor material ,order schedules , finished goods inventory
and other information throughout the entire organization.
Modules to an ERP system:-
• Finance
• Logistics
• Manufacturing
• Order fulfillment
• Human resources
• Supplier Management
71. Advantages of ERP-
• Wider scope
• It gives real-time information
• Useful in using internet
The enterprise resources Planning players
SAP - It has its roots in writing software for manufacturing
•
environment
• Oracle-It initially added financial applications to its database
programs and eventually grew to be a full ERP provider.
• Peoplesoft- It started with human resources.
Analytical applications-
• Procurement and content cataloging application.
• Advance planning scheduling.
• Transportation planning and Content System.
• Demand planning and Revenue Management
• Customer Relationship Management and Sales Force Automation.
• Supply chain management.
• Inventory Management System
• Manufacturing Execution System
• Transportation Execution.
• Warehouse management system.
72. E-Business: Ecommerce Supply Chain
The basic ecommerce supply chain model is the start of creating and
maintaining an online presence with your business, and most if not all
successful companies are starting to take advantage of the cost efficiencies
to be gained from e-business. In most supply
chain models, a customer can place an order by viewing real time
information about products and services over the Internet at the same time
that a vendor is notified that inventory has to be restocked or that the
shipment should be sent to the customer.
73. It is important to exchange
Links to web sites that meet two criteria:
1. They will help your store attract visitors
2. They will pay a revenue stream for hits or sales
3. They will increase your sites Page Rank
Attracting users is very important to succeeding online. You Need to provide
users a reason to visit and stay on the shopping cart site so you can generate
revenue. This is accomplished by utilizing a one-stop ecommerce shopping
cart solution. This will
allow you to complete transactions without human intervention and will
require a system that can manage both a real inventory stored in a warehouse
and a virtual inventory stored at your vendors or partners.. All information
for billing, accounting and purchases need to be calculated in real time, and
all inventory systems should be capable of storing and uploading images of
the products that are sold..
Companies Conducting e-business can perform some or all of the
following supply chain transaction over the internet-
• Providing information across the supply chain
• Negotiating prices and contracts with customer and supplier
• Allowing customer to place order
• Allowing customer to trace order.
• Receiving payment from customer.
Revenue Impact Of E-business-
An e-business allows a firm or supply chain to exploit the following revenue
enhancing opportunities-
74. • Offering direct sell to customer.
• Providing 24- hour access from any location.
• Aggregating information from various sources.
• Providing personalization and customization of information
• Speeding up time to market.
• Implementing flexible pricing
• Allowing price and service discrimination based on buying power of
individual customer.
• Facilitating efficient funds transfer.
Cost Impact Of E-Business
E-Business is helpful in cost reduction-
• Reducing product handling with a shorter supply chain
• Postponing product differentiating until after an order is placed
• Decreasing delivery cost and time with downloadable product
• Reducing facility and processing cost
• Decreasing inventory cost through centralization
• Improving supply chain co-ordination through information sharing
Potential cost Disadvantage-
• Increase transportation cost due to inventory aggregation
• Increase handling coat if customer participation is reduced
• Large initial investment in information infrastructure
Customer Customer
↑ Pull ↑ Pull
Dell Retail Store
↑ ↑
PC Manufacture
↑
Supplier Supplier
Dell Supply Chain Traditional PC Supply Chain
75. Setting up E-Business In Practice
Integrate the Internet with the existing physical network
•
• Devise shipment pricing strategies that reflect cost
• Optimize e-business logistics to handle packages , not pallets.
• Design the e-business supply chain to handle returns efficiently
• Keep customers informed throughout the order fulfillment cycle.
76. AFL SHOWS THE USE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY IN SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMNET AS…..
AFL Logistics provides a full range of value –added services like kitting ,
promotional ,building refurbishing equipment , activation etc. AFL’s IT
initiatives equips to provide Technology Edge to customer with all
transaction location across the country connected on AFL’s dedicated
network of leased line for both Voice and Data Transmission. AFL’s “
AGRANI” a state of the art Software developed in-house with Price
Waterhouse Cooper (PWC) to meet current and also future requirements of
the trade, is now enabled and fully functional . This new system is fully web
enabled and integrates all products and services and is capable of bridging
with customer systems via EDI and XML interfaces. This software can
provide customer with seamless Integration of Supply Chain Services i.e.
Warehousing and Domestic Logistics.
With such infrastructure in place and with the aim to extract maximum
values for its customers AFL has designed a customer centric organization
structure with Program managers acting as surrogates customers within the
organization and monitoring the service levels for customers across the
supply chain.
Using ENA
ENA is a electronic network of AFL. This can be used instead of an STD
line to talk to your colleagues for official purpose across the country. You
will find the access codes for use over the ENA for each division at the end
of each section. Through ENA, client is given SMS service facility so that
customer can just SMS his consignment details and AFL would reach him in
no time.
77. IT Infrastructure of AFL
• An investment of over Rs 500 million in IT infrastructure.
• An integrated suite of ERP’S known as AGRANI and STRATOS ,
respectively for 3PL end –to-end solutions and express business.
• A captive network for seamless data transfer.
• A desktop PC for each employee , networked on a nation wide
basis.
• Lotus notes for data flow and messaging system.
• A robust Business Continuity Process and Disaster Recovery
infrastructure.
• A 24-hour customer call center.
78. So the information flows in this way ( as shown in figure) and
added value to the company
81. 1. Implementation
- Information System
- Policies and Procedures
- Facilities and Equipments
- Organizational And Change Management
2. Functional
- Warehouse design and Operations
- Transportation Management
- Materials Management
3. Structural
- Channel Design
- Network Design
4. Strategic
- Customer Service
There should be a synchronized working between all these levels of
supply chain for better Customer Focus.
82. India as a Corporate is emerging out to be one of the huge market for
consumer goods, white goods etc… The reason being India’s huge
population. The population which was considered to be one of the
constraints in India’s development is now one the most important factor that
any MNC is targeting to tap on.
Today, customer is treated like GOD. The concept of business is now getting
changed into Marketing Concept from Production Concept. Now the
products are designed keeping in view of the customers.
Previously, the concept was to find customers for the company’s product but
in the current scenario, the concept has gone through a paradigm shift.
Now, the company designs product keeping in mind the perception of
customer.
So the Customer service is perhaps the most important concept of Supply
chain. In Supply chain giving satisfaction to a customer is the foremost
objective. The main function of a supply chain company is procuring and
delivering the goods at right time and in right form as well as satisfying its
customer by giving them time to time information. Now –a – days
companies are more customers oriented. The object of every supply chain is
to maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates
is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customer and
the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customers request.
A supply chain company gives customer satisfaction by
• COST REDUCTION
• AUGMENTED SERVICE (PACKAGING, GIFTS)
• TIMELY AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCT
• REVERSE LOGISTIC
• RAPID RESPONSE
83. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN
AFL PVT. LTD.
AFL believes in customer relationship management. A customer is made to
believe that He is an integral part of the company. At each and every
involvement of customer AFL provides better and satisfactory services.
AFL Global Logistics Business division offers services like Project Cargo
Management, Customs Clearance and Documentation. The customers who
are exporting for the first time are facilitated with free service of
documentation. As in export and import, the documentation part is one of
the most complicated activities; customers are satisfied if a third party offers
them a service that would relax them from documentation. Custom
Clearance is also one of the most tedious and complicated obligation. AFL
clears Client’s Customs duties and also provide them pick – up facility from
door – to – door and door – to – airport as well.
AFL Logistics Business Division offers services like Supply Chain
Solutions, Warehousing, Package Express and other Value Added Services.
AFL provides their customer Value Added Services like:
- Pick and Pack
- Packing and Unpacking
- Temperature Controlled Warehousing and Transportation
- Reverse Logistics
- Quality Control
- Customized Supply Chain MIS
- Pre – dispatch inspection
AFL has ‘Trace and Track your consignment’ Facility available for their
customers so that the customer is in full knowledge about the whereabouts
of his consignment.
AFL Logistics Division can trace your consignment via:
Goods Consignment Number GCN; Customer Reference Number or
Email Track/SMS Track.
Hence, AFL is focusing more on Customer Satisfaction by making their
Operations more Customer Oriented and Convenient for the Customers to
trace their valuable consignment which they have entrusted to AFL.