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Types of Business ModelsTypes of Business Models
Business ModelsBusiness Models
• A business model may be defined as the
manner in which a business organizes itself
so as to achieve its objectives, which
normally involves the generation of profits.
– The way in which revenue is generated
and the way in which costs are controlled
or eliminated
• Traditional business models have evolved
around a central product or service
– E.g. Ford motor company in the text
– This has continued even with the recent increase
in service companies
Business ModelsBusiness Models
• Paul Timmers defined business model as:
– “An architecture for the product, service and
information flows, including a description of the
various business actors and their roles; and
– “A description of the potential benefits for the
various business actors; and
– “A description of the sources of revenues
– Definition complicates the definition and makes it
more dynamic
• “The method by which a firm builds and uses its
resources to offer its customers better value than its
competitors and to make money doing so.”
- Afuah and Tucci
Business ModelsBusiness Models
• Michael Porter
– “ The essence of strategy is choosing to perform
activities differently than rivals do”
– Competitive strategy is about being different.
– Deliberately choosing a different set of activities to
deliver a unique mix of value
• Some definitions do not make a clear
distinction between strategy and models
Internet Business ModelsInternet Business Models
• Using the internet as a tool for
implementing a business model
• New Business Models – MusicNet
– Subscription service to download music
Generic Business Models on the WebGeneric Business Models on the Web
• Brokerage
• Advertising
• Infomediary
• Merchant
• Manufacturer
• Affiliate
• Community
• Subscription
• Utility
• See table 2.1 P.24
BrokerageBrokerage
• Brokerage
– Charge a fee for transactions enabled on their site
– Also called market makers because they bring
buyers and sellers together
– Includes
• Buy / Sell fulfillment sites – Financial
brokerage, online travel agents
• Market exchanges – B2B market exchanges
• Business trading communities – B2B within an
industry
• Buyer aggregator – take advantage of volume
buying
• Distributors – B2B – broker facilitates
transactions
• Virtual malls – hosts online merchants
BrokerageBrokerage
• Metamediaries – more service than a virtual
mall but similar such as billing and collection
(Amazon. COM)
• Auction brokers – conducts auctions like eBay.
COM
• Reverse auction – prospective buyer enters an
order for a good and a price – Priceline.COM
• Classifieds – provides classified ads like in
newspapers
• Search agents – search internet for best price
• Bounty broker – offers a reward for finding a
person or desired item
Generic Business ModelsGeneric Business Models
• Advertising
– Must have a large enough volume
– Can also create personalized portals
• Infomediary – free access if fill out survey
• Merchant – seller can be bricks and mortar or
bricks and clicks
• Manufacturer – sell to market directly
• Affiliate – exchanging of banner ads
• Community – depend on user loyalty
• Subscription
• Utility – user pay site
Corporate Strategic PlanningCorporate Strategic Planning ––
Internet StrategyInternet Strategy
• Is there a role for traditional corporate
strategic planning?
• “launch and learn”
• For some, the corporate strategic plan is
indistinguishable from the Internet strategy
• Treat the Internet strategy as a separate
exercise?
The Components of an IT StrategicThe Components of an IT Strategic
Plan (1)Plan (1)
• The Business Model to be used for the
web
– The Data Architecture - defines the data
elements and location needed
– The Application Architecture - structure of
applications that is necessary
– The Technology Architecture - the
hardware, software and other infrastructure
components
The Components of an IT StrategicThe Components of an IT Strategic
Plan (2)Plan (2)
• The Migration Plan - process of determining
how current data, application and technology
architectures will be moved to the planned
architectures
• The Tactical Plan - includes the funding and
the detailed project management
Pitfalls in Internet StrategyPitfalls in Internet Strategy
• Failure to link the Internet strategy to
the general enterprise strategy
• Assuming that customers will come to a
Website
• Inadequate resources
• Training/communication weaknesses
More PitfallsMore Pitfalls
• Defining who will be responsible for the
Website and who owns Internet projects
– i.e. user department, the IS department,
marketing, public relations, or a senior
executive
• Balance of management/technical
people on Web projects
Summary of Business DesignSummary of Business Design
• Focus on customers
• Create value with continuous innovation
• Transform business processes into digital form
• Decentralize management but centralize
coordination
• Create an e-business application architecture
• Integrate, but plan for continuous change
“Many of our competitors have tried to copy
elements of the way we do business, with little
success. In fact, we believe Dell is widening the
fundamental advantages of our direct business
model.”
2000 Annual Report
Sales = $25,265,000,000 and rising
Why can other competitors not match Dell’s performance?
ee--Business to ConsiderBusiness to Consider
• Dell
A Business ModelA Business Model
• A business model is a group of shared
or common characteristics, behaviors,
and methods of doing business that
enables a firm to generate profits
through increasing revenues and
reducing costs.
Business ModelsBusiness Models
Two categories of Internet businessesTwo categories of Internet businesses----
purepure--play vs. bricksplay vs. bricks--andand--clicks:clicks:
Pure-play businesses
have an online
presence only.
Examples:
Amazon.com, eBay,
and Slate.com
Bricks-and-clicks
businesses combine
a physical presence
with an online
presence.
Examples: Barnes
and Noble,
Nordstrom, and the
New York Times
B2B
B2C
C2B
C2C
Consumers
Business
And
selling
to...
Business originating from...
Business Consumers
Fundamental Models of eFundamental Models of e--BusinessBusiness
BusinessBusiness--toto--Business ModelBusiness Model
• Many e-businesses can be distinguished from
others simply by their customer focus.
• For instance, some firms use the Internet
mainly to conduct business with other
businesses. These firms are generally
referred to as having a business-to-business
(B2B) model.
• Currently, the vast majority of e-business is
B2B in nature.
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
Business markets are unique in many
ways:
High value of purchases
Large order size
Items purchased
Purchase specificity
Team buying
Use of buying specialists
Special services required
Team selling
Vendor/value analysis
Leasing
Competitive bidding
Derived demand
Cyclical demand
Number and location of
buyers
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
EDI/Extranets:
Extranets
An intranet that is
adapted so that
external parties are
provided varying
degrees of access to
information.
EDI Systems
Created on a closed
network—systems did
not speak to one
another.
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
B2B marketplaces—net markets:
Broadly described as all online marketplaces
where buyers and sellers congregate to
exchange goods and services for money.
Net markets can be organized either
horizontally or vertically.
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
Three types of net markets include:
1. Buy-centric markets are organized by large,
influential buyers as a place where small and
fragmented sellers can sell their goods.
2. Sell-centric markets are markets where one or
more big sellers build a marketplace for
small, fragmented buyers.
3. Neutral exchanges appear when both the
sellers and the buyers are fragmented.
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
Why would an established business use
net markets?
Selection of buyers or sellers (global markets) is
greater.
Dynamic markets may be a great place to move
inventory quickly.
Efficient exchange process minimizes employee
time.
Prices are low due to expanded access to sellers.
Some one-time deals are available only to online
audiences.
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
Challenges faced by e-marketplaces:
Building traffic is a big challenge for e-
hubs.
Competing e-marketplaces.
Integrating other sales channels with e-
marketplaces.
B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
What separates the top B2B companies
from the rest?
A high number of buyers and sellers.
A higher number of transactions even
though the total value may be smaller.
They are able to charge a higher
transaction fee and earn more
nontransaction revenue.
They offer financial services, not
content or advertising.
BusinessBusiness--toto--Consumer ModelConsumer Model
• In contrast to those firms using a B2B
model, firms like Amazon and eBay are
clearly focused on individual buyers and
so are referred to as having a business-
to-consumer (B2C) model.
B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
Classifications:
Direct sellers make money by selling
products or services to consumers.
Intermediaries facilitate transactions
between buyers and sellers and receive a
percentage of the value of each transaction.
Advertising-based models have ad
inventory on their site and sell it to
interested parties.
B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
Classifications: (continued)
Community-based models allow users
worldwide to interact with one another on
the basis of interest areas.
Fee-based models charge viewers a
subscription fee to view content.
Business Models ExamplesBusiness Models Examples
Merchant
Brokerage
Advertising
Mixed
Informediary
Subscription
B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
What separates the top B2C companies
from the rest?
The top performer had 3.2
times more unique visitors
per month than the median.
Conversion rate of new
visitors was about twice the
median.
Revenue per transaction
was about 2.5 times the
median.
B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models
(continued)(continued)
What separates the top B2C companies
from the rest? (continued)
Average gross margin was
about three times the median.
No significant differences in
the number of transactions per
customer and the visitor
acquisition cost.
ConsumerConsumer--toto--Consumer ModelConsumer Model
• Unlike the B2B and B2C models, which
focus on business transactions and
communications, the consumer-to-
consumer (C2C) model involves the
growing popular use of peer-to-peer
(P2P) software that facilitates the
exchange of data directly between
individuals over the Internet.
PurePure--Play C2B Business ModelsPlay C2B Business Models
Categories of C2B models include:
Idea collectorsIdea collectors are companiesare companies
that are able to motivatethat are able to motivate
consumers to submit productconsumers to submit product
improvement ideas for money.improvement ideas for money.
Reverse auctionReverse auction companiescompanies
allow consumers to submitallow consumers to submit
binding bids for the purchase ofbinding bids for the purchase of
products such as airline tickets.products such as airline tickets.
PurePure--Play C2B Business ModelsPlay C2B Business Models
(continued)(continued)
Categories of C2B Models Include:
Complaint centersComplaint centers allow individuals toallow individuals to
post complaints about a business, viewpost complaints about a business, view
others’ complaints about any givenothers’ complaints about any given
business, and interact directly with thebusiness, and interact directly with the
business in question.business in question.
Paid advertising modelsPaid advertising models includeinclude
companies that seek to pay consumers tocompanies that seek to pay consumers to
view targeted ads.view targeted ads.
The BricksThe Bricks--andand--Clicks Business ModelClicks Business Model
Advantages over other models:
For some product categories, individuals have
to touch, feel, or try on a product before buying.
Delivering products is a hassle for dot-coms.
Product returns can be tricky.
Salespeople can help customers by answering
product questions, providing feedback, and
suggesting other products.
The BricksThe Bricks--andand--Clicks Business ModelClicks Business Model
(continued)(continued)
Organizing for Bricks-and-Clicks:
1. Spin off the online venture.
2. Create a strategic partnership.
3. Create a joint venture between a bricks-and-
mortar store and an online company.
4. Integrate the online operation with the existing
physical operation by creating a division
within the company.
4 Main Components of a4 Main Components of a
EE--commerce Business Modelcommerce Business Model
Value ClusterValue Cluster
Marketspace OfferingMarketspace Offering
Resource SystemResource System
Financial ModelFinancial Model
The Trend Toward EThe Trend Toward E--BusinessBusiness
• Much more than a cool Web site!
• E-commerce – the part of e-business
that the customer experiences directly
– B2B (business-to-business)
– B2C (business-to-consumer)
– C2C (consumer-to-consumer)
Six Levels of ESix Levels of E--CommerceCommerce
Marchak (2000)
– Level 1: minimal online presence – website only
– Level 2: Online catalog
– Level 3: Online order entry
– Level 4: Automated value chain – fully integrated
with the enterprise system
– Level 5: Market site – allow customer to compare
products among competitors
– Level 6: Super market site – Wide spectra of
products are available
Key Issues in EKey Issues in E--BusinessBusiness
There are many key issues in e-business,
such as:
– Order fulfillment and accuracy of the order
– Knowing real-time inventory information
InternetInternet--Enabled EnterpriseEnabled Enterprise
SystemsSystems
• Enterprise system -> Web = Backend
enterprise system + web applications
• So, intranet and extranet
• Then, more issues:
– Customer relationship management
– New business model
– Security
– Etc.
Customer RelationshipCustomer Relationship
Management (CRM)Management (CRM)
• Why: The global marketplace and the growth
of the Internet economy require that an
organization have better understanding of
customer requirements if it is going to keep
them as customers
• What: CRM system involves the collection
and recall of large amounts of customer
information, including customer basic
information plus historical information
regarding sales, repair, payment, etc.
• How: Face-to-face, phone, the Internet
Sale Force Automation (SFA)Sale Force Automation (SFA)
• Purpose: Sell more with less cost
• SFA is the integration of sales and marketing
processes to generate a sale using less time
and effort
• SFA must satisfy:
– Fewer but more productive sale calls
– Low communication costs
– Low paperwork costs
– Eliminate redundant data entry
– Lower training costs
– Reduce administrative costs
IT’sIT’s Role in CRMRole in CRM
• Customer data collection
• Customer data maintenance
• Customer data analysis and report
“A 5% point increase in customer retention yields a profit, in net present value
term, of between 20% and 125%” – Payne (2000)
• So, an organization needs:
– Measurement of customer retention,
– identification of root causes of defection and related key service
issues,
– the cost of acquisition,
– the number of new customers acquired,
– the profitability of retained customers,
– corrective action to improve retention.
• With IT these requirements will be met.
Customer ExperienceCustomer Experience
Management (CEM)Management (CEM)
• CEM: Obtaining customer’s view of the
system and system output
• Channels:
– Survey by phone or mails
– Web-based and email-based
• CEM reports the feedback results
B2B EB2B E--commercecommerce
Online B2B GrowthOnline B2B Growth
• Total US B2B non-service trade will rise from $11.5
trillion in 2000 to $15.1 trillion in 2005.
• The Internet's share of total US B2B trade will soar
from 3% in 2000 to 42% in 2005.
• Internet trade will grow more than 20 times in five
years from $336 billion in 2000 to $6.3 trillion in 2005.
• In 2004, online trade will represent over 50% of total
B2B commerce.
• By 2005, Net Markets will account for 35% of B-to-B
online commerce as compared to 2% in 2000.
B2B Trade ForecastB2B Trade Forecast
Online Trade Forecast: Top FiveOnline Trade Forecast: Top Five
IndustriesIndustries
BB--toto--B Online Trade ForecastB Online Trade Forecast
B2BB2B’’s Attributess Attributes
• Huge market opportunity
• Financially light business model
• Scalable
• Acquisition cost effect
• Sticky products
• Multiple revenue stream
Five B2B GenerationsFive B2B Generations
• EDI (Buyer-centric)
• Storefronts (seller-side systems)
• Buyer-driven Procurement (Buyer-side
systems)
• Net Markets, Independent or Coalition
• Hosted Private Market
Net Market (4th Generation)Net Market (4th Generation)
• Net Markets are online intermediaries where
many buyers and many sellers can
congregate to trade. Net Markets essentially
match buyers and sellers using a variety of
market mechanisms including auctions,
catalogs, and Nasdaq-like exchanges. The
first Net Markets were independent entities,
often funded by venture capital, which sought
to be neutral intermediaries between buyers
and sellers.
Net Market ModelNet Market Model
Private B2B Marketplaces (5thPrivate B2B Marketplaces (5th
Generation)Generation)
• The latest model to emerge has been that of private
marketplaces, defined as areas within independent or
coalition Net Markets in which specific buyers can
interact and trade with designated sellers, or vice
versa. Private marketplaces use the technology
infrastructure of the Net Market to create essentially
direct connections between buyers and sellers. This
system saves infrastructure investments for buyers
and suppliers and offers additional revenue sources
for Net Markets.
Three B2B Ownership ModelsThree B2B Ownership Models
• Third-party exchanges, e.g. Ventro and
FreeMarket
• Consortia-led exchanges, e.g. Covisint
• Private/Proprietary exchanges, e.g. Dell
– > 745 B2B exchanges have been
announced in the first half year of 2000
– 93% are of the third type
Business Models forBusiness Models for
B2B IntermediariesB2B Intermediaries
• Catalog:
– CommerceOne and GM’s TradeXchange
• Exchange:
– Tradex
• Auction
– FreeMarkets
• Negotiations
Case 1Case 1 -- FreeMarketsFreeMarkets Online Inc.Online Inc.
• Pre-select qualified suppliers
• Assess, evaluate & short list
• Conduct global online auctions
• Helping companies with RFQ for custom
components
• 3000 companies from 45 countries participate
in
• Operates about 70 different vertical industries
• $7 million in 1998 commissions
Case 2Case 2 -- AeroexchangeAeroexchange
• A consortium for 13 airline companies
• offers airframe, avionics, maintenance
services, and general goods and
services
• With web-based applications
Case 3Case 3 -- CovisintCovisint
• Created by Ford, GM and
DiamlerChrysler
• For trading automobile related goods
and services
• Attracts 20+ buyers and suppliers, such
as Nissan, Renault and BASF.
Case 4Case 4 -- DELLDELL
• Michael Dell started his computer business in 1984
• Dell Computer’s growth
– 1985 – $6 million
– 1990 - $500 million
– 1993 - +40%, but faced operating loss
– 1996 - $7.8 billion
• Dell’s direct sell (started in 1997)
– Order-shipping process 36 hrs vs. regular 75-100 days
– Reduced suppliers from 204 in 1992 to 47
– 13-day inventory
– Cash flow cycle reduced to 24 hrs comparing to Gateway 16.5
days and Compaq 35 days.
– Direct monitor shipping from suppliers
Dell ComputerDell Computer
• Business insight:
– Sell directly to customers
• Decide how much to produce based on demand
estimates & contracts produce on demand
• What makes this approach possible?
– Outsourcing
• Negative holding costs!
– Mass customization
• Powerful order fulfillment system
StartStart--upsups
Knowledge-based stock information service
• TradeTrek.com
– started in 1998 with a seed capital $100,000
– now expanded to Taiwan and Hong Kong
– available cash $6 Million now
– first dividend 33% of the initial investment
B2B Company example
• eAnyway and eMobile
– Headquartered in San Diago
– Produce OEM cellular phones
– Started in June 2000 with the initial investment $300 million
Efficiencies of B2B ElectronicEfficiencies of B2B Electronic
MarketplacesMarketplaces
• A survey conducted in spring 2000:
– Only 1% companies are conducting e-
business through their websites.
– 80% B2B processes are still manual, and
20% considered automated are actually
not yet.
B2B EfficienciesB2B Efficiencies
• Administration costs
• Search costs
• New markets
• Maverick purchasing (buying occurs outside the normal
channel)
• Joint purchasing
• System integration (with the legacy system)
• Supply chain management (from push marketing to pull
marketing)
• Collaboration (Outsourcing product design), joint channel of
distribution
• Middlemen (the new service particularly for small business)
QuestionsQuestions

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B b, b-c, c-c-c-b

  • 1. Types of Business ModelsTypes of Business Models
  • 2. Business ModelsBusiness Models • A business model may be defined as the manner in which a business organizes itself so as to achieve its objectives, which normally involves the generation of profits. – The way in which revenue is generated and the way in which costs are controlled or eliminated • Traditional business models have evolved around a central product or service – E.g. Ford motor company in the text – This has continued even with the recent increase in service companies
  • 3. Business ModelsBusiness Models • Paul Timmers defined business model as: – “An architecture for the product, service and information flows, including a description of the various business actors and their roles; and – “A description of the potential benefits for the various business actors; and – “A description of the sources of revenues – Definition complicates the definition and makes it more dynamic • “The method by which a firm builds and uses its resources to offer its customers better value than its competitors and to make money doing so.” - Afuah and Tucci
  • 4. Business ModelsBusiness Models • Michael Porter – “ The essence of strategy is choosing to perform activities differently than rivals do” – Competitive strategy is about being different. – Deliberately choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value • Some definitions do not make a clear distinction between strategy and models
  • 5. Internet Business ModelsInternet Business Models • Using the internet as a tool for implementing a business model • New Business Models – MusicNet – Subscription service to download music
  • 6. Generic Business Models on the WebGeneric Business Models on the Web • Brokerage • Advertising • Infomediary • Merchant • Manufacturer • Affiliate • Community • Subscription • Utility • See table 2.1 P.24
  • 7. BrokerageBrokerage • Brokerage – Charge a fee for transactions enabled on their site – Also called market makers because they bring buyers and sellers together – Includes • Buy / Sell fulfillment sites – Financial brokerage, online travel agents • Market exchanges – B2B market exchanges • Business trading communities – B2B within an industry • Buyer aggregator – take advantage of volume buying • Distributors – B2B – broker facilitates transactions • Virtual malls – hosts online merchants
  • 8. BrokerageBrokerage • Metamediaries – more service than a virtual mall but similar such as billing and collection (Amazon. COM) • Auction brokers – conducts auctions like eBay. COM • Reverse auction – prospective buyer enters an order for a good and a price – Priceline.COM • Classifieds – provides classified ads like in newspapers • Search agents – search internet for best price • Bounty broker – offers a reward for finding a person or desired item
  • 9. Generic Business ModelsGeneric Business Models • Advertising – Must have a large enough volume – Can also create personalized portals • Infomediary – free access if fill out survey • Merchant – seller can be bricks and mortar or bricks and clicks • Manufacturer – sell to market directly • Affiliate – exchanging of banner ads • Community – depend on user loyalty • Subscription • Utility – user pay site
  • 10. Corporate Strategic PlanningCorporate Strategic Planning –– Internet StrategyInternet Strategy • Is there a role for traditional corporate strategic planning? • “launch and learn” • For some, the corporate strategic plan is indistinguishable from the Internet strategy • Treat the Internet strategy as a separate exercise?
  • 11. The Components of an IT StrategicThe Components of an IT Strategic Plan (1)Plan (1) • The Business Model to be used for the web – The Data Architecture - defines the data elements and location needed – The Application Architecture - structure of applications that is necessary – The Technology Architecture - the hardware, software and other infrastructure components
  • 12. The Components of an IT StrategicThe Components of an IT Strategic Plan (2)Plan (2) • The Migration Plan - process of determining how current data, application and technology architectures will be moved to the planned architectures • The Tactical Plan - includes the funding and the detailed project management
  • 13. Pitfalls in Internet StrategyPitfalls in Internet Strategy • Failure to link the Internet strategy to the general enterprise strategy • Assuming that customers will come to a Website • Inadequate resources • Training/communication weaknesses
  • 14. More PitfallsMore Pitfalls • Defining who will be responsible for the Website and who owns Internet projects – i.e. user department, the IS department, marketing, public relations, or a senior executive • Balance of management/technical people on Web projects
  • 15. Summary of Business DesignSummary of Business Design • Focus on customers • Create value with continuous innovation • Transform business processes into digital form • Decentralize management but centralize coordination • Create an e-business application architecture • Integrate, but plan for continuous change
  • 16. “Many of our competitors have tried to copy elements of the way we do business, with little success. In fact, we believe Dell is widening the fundamental advantages of our direct business model.” 2000 Annual Report Sales = $25,265,000,000 and rising Why can other competitors not match Dell’s performance? ee--Business to ConsiderBusiness to Consider • Dell
  • 17. A Business ModelA Business Model • A business model is a group of shared or common characteristics, behaviors, and methods of doing business that enables a firm to generate profits through increasing revenues and reducing costs.
  • 18. Business ModelsBusiness Models Two categories of Internet businessesTwo categories of Internet businesses---- purepure--play vs. bricksplay vs. bricks--andand--clicks:clicks: Pure-play businesses have an online presence only. Examples: Amazon.com, eBay, and Slate.com Bricks-and-clicks businesses combine a physical presence with an online presence. Examples: Barnes and Noble, Nordstrom, and the New York Times
  • 19. B2B B2C C2B C2C Consumers Business And selling to... Business originating from... Business Consumers Fundamental Models of eFundamental Models of e--BusinessBusiness
  • 20. BusinessBusiness--toto--Business ModelBusiness Model • Many e-businesses can be distinguished from others simply by their customer focus. • For instance, some firms use the Internet mainly to conduct business with other businesses. These firms are generally referred to as having a business-to-business (B2B) model. • Currently, the vast majority of e-business is B2B in nature.
  • 21. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models Business markets are unique in many ways: High value of purchases Large order size Items purchased Purchase specificity Team buying Use of buying specialists Special services required Team selling Vendor/value analysis Leasing Competitive bidding Derived demand Cyclical demand Number and location of buyers
  • 22. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) EDI/Extranets: Extranets An intranet that is adapted so that external parties are provided varying degrees of access to information. EDI Systems Created on a closed network—systems did not speak to one another.
  • 23. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) B2B marketplaces—net markets: Broadly described as all online marketplaces where buyers and sellers congregate to exchange goods and services for money. Net markets can be organized either horizontally or vertically.
  • 24. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) Three types of net markets include: 1. Buy-centric markets are organized by large, influential buyers as a place where small and fragmented sellers can sell their goods. 2. Sell-centric markets are markets where one or more big sellers build a marketplace for small, fragmented buyers. 3. Neutral exchanges appear when both the sellers and the buyers are fragmented.
  • 25. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) Why would an established business use net markets? Selection of buyers or sellers (global markets) is greater. Dynamic markets may be a great place to move inventory quickly. Efficient exchange process minimizes employee time. Prices are low due to expanded access to sellers. Some one-time deals are available only to online audiences.
  • 26. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) Challenges faced by e-marketplaces: Building traffic is a big challenge for e- hubs. Competing e-marketplaces. Integrating other sales channels with e- marketplaces.
  • 27. B2B PureB2B Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) What separates the top B2B companies from the rest? A high number of buyers and sellers. A higher number of transactions even though the total value may be smaller. They are able to charge a higher transaction fee and earn more nontransaction revenue. They offer financial services, not content or advertising.
  • 28. BusinessBusiness--toto--Consumer ModelConsumer Model • In contrast to those firms using a B2B model, firms like Amazon and eBay are clearly focused on individual buyers and so are referred to as having a business- to-consumer (B2C) model.
  • 29. B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models Classifications: Direct sellers make money by selling products or services to consumers. Intermediaries facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers and receive a percentage of the value of each transaction. Advertising-based models have ad inventory on their site and sell it to interested parties.
  • 30. B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) Classifications: (continued) Community-based models allow users worldwide to interact with one another on the basis of interest areas. Fee-based models charge viewers a subscription fee to view content.
  • 31. Business Models ExamplesBusiness Models Examples Merchant Brokerage Advertising Mixed Informediary Subscription
  • 32. B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) What separates the top B2C companies from the rest? The top performer had 3.2 times more unique visitors per month than the median. Conversion rate of new visitors was about twice the median. Revenue per transaction was about 2.5 times the median.
  • 33. B2C PureB2C Pure--Play Business ModelsPlay Business Models (continued)(continued) What separates the top B2C companies from the rest? (continued) Average gross margin was about three times the median. No significant differences in the number of transactions per customer and the visitor acquisition cost.
  • 34. ConsumerConsumer--toto--Consumer ModelConsumer Model • Unlike the B2B and B2C models, which focus on business transactions and communications, the consumer-to- consumer (C2C) model involves the growing popular use of peer-to-peer (P2P) software that facilitates the exchange of data directly between individuals over the Internet.
  • 35. PurePure--Play C2B Business ModelsPlay C2B Business Models Categories of C2B models include: Idea collectorsIdea collectors are companiesare companies that are able to motivatethat are able to motivate consumers to submit productconsumers to submit product improvement ideas for money.improvement ideas for money. Reverse auctionReverse auction companiescompanies allow consumers to submitallow consumers to submit binding bids for the purchase ofbinding bids for the purchase of products such as airline tickets.products such as airline tickets.
  • 36. PurePure--Play C2B Business ModelsPlay C2B Business Models (continued)(continued) Categories of C2B Models Include: Complaint centersComplaint centers allow individuals toallow individuals to post complaints about a business, viewpost complaints about a business, view others’ complaints about any givenothers’ complaints about any given business, and interact directly with thebusiness, and interact directly with the business in question.business in question. Paid advertising modelsPaid advertising models includeinclude companies that seek to pay consumers tocompanies that seek to pay consumers to view targeted ads.view targeted ads.
  • 37. The BricksThe Bricks--andand--Clicks Business ModelClicks Business Model Advantages over other models: For some product categories, individuals have to touch, feel, or try on a product before buying. Delivering products is a hassle for dot-coms. Product returns can be tricky. Salespeople can help customers by answering product questions, providing feedback, and suggesting other products.
  • 38. The BricksThe Bricks--andand--Clicks Business ModelClicks Business Model (continued)(continued) Organizing for Bricks-and-Clicks: 1. Spin off the online venture. 2. Create a strategic partnership. 3. Create a joint venture between a bricks-and- mortar store and an online company. 4. Integrate the online operation with the existing physical operation by creating a division within the company.
  • 39. 4 Main Components of a4 Main Components of a EE--commerce Business Modelcommerce Business Model Value ClusterValue Cluster Marketspace OfferingMarketspace Offering Resource SystemResource System Financial ModelFinancial Model
  • 40. The Trend Toward EThe Trend Toward E--BusinessBusiness • Much more than a cool Web site! • E-commerce – the part of e-business that the customer experiences directly – B2B (business-to-business) – B2C (business-to-consumer) – C2C (consumer-to-consumer)
  • 41. Six Levels of ESix Levels of E--CommerceCommerce Marchak (2000) – Level 1: minimal online presence – website only – Level 2: Online catalog – Level 3: Online order entry – Level 4: Automated value chain – fully integrated with the enterprise system – Level 5: Market site – allow customer to compare products among competitors – Level 6: Super market site – Wide spectra of products are available
  • 42. Key Issues in EKey Issues in E--BusinessBusiness There are many key issues in e-business, such as: – Order fulfillment and accuracy of the order – Knowing real-time inventory information
  • 43. InternetInternet--Enabled EnterpriseEnabled Enterprise SystemsSystems • Enterprise system -> Web = Backend enterprise system + web applications • So, intranet and extranet • Then, more issues: – Customer relationship management – New business model – Security – Etc.
  • 44. Customer RelationshipCustomer Relationship Management (CRM)Management (CRM) • Why: The global marketplace and the growth of the Internet economy require that an organization have better understanding of customer requirements if it is going to keep them as customers • What: CRM system involves the collection and recall of large amounts of customer information, including customer basic information plus historical information regarding sales, repair, payment, etc. • How: Face-to-face, phone, the Internet
  • 45. Sale Force Automation (SFA)Sale Force Automation (SFA) • Purpose: Sell more with less cost • SFA is the integration of sales and marketing processes to generate a sale using less time and effort • SFA must satisfy: – Fewer but more productive sale calls – Low communication costs – Low paperwork costs – Eliminate redundant data entry – Lower training costs – Reduce administrative costs
  • 46. IT’sIT’s Role in CRMRole in CRM • Customer data collection • Customer data maintenance • Customer data analysis and report “A 5% point increase in customer retention yields a profit, in net present value term, of between 20% and 125%” – Payne (2000) • So, an organization needs: – Measurement of customer retention, – identification of root causes of defection and related key service issues, – the cost of acquisition, – the number of new customers acquired, – the profitability of retained customers, – corrective action to improve retention. • With IT these requirements will be met.
  • 47. Customer ExperienceCustomer Experience Management (CEM)Management (CEM) • CEM: Obtaining customer’s view of the system and system output • Channels: – Survey by phone or mails – Web-based and email-based • CEM reports the feedback results
  • 49. Online B2B GrowthOnline B2B Growth • Total US B2B non-service trade will rise from $11.5 trillion in 2000 to $15.1 trillion in 2005. • The Internet's share of total US B2B trade will soar from 3% in 2000 to 42% in 2005. • Internet trade will grow more than 20 times in five years from $336 billion in 2000 to $6.3 trillion in 2005. • In 2004, online trade will represent over 50% of total B2B commerce. • By 2005, Net Markets will account for 35% of B-to-B online commerce as compared to 2% in 2000.
  • 50. B2B Trade ForecastB2B Trade Forecast
  • 51. Online Trade Forecast: Top FiveOnline Trade Forecast: Top Five IndustriesIndustries
  • 52. BB--toto--B Online Trade ForecastB Online Trade Forecast
  • 53. B2BB2B’’s Attributess Attributes • Huge market opportunity • Financially light business model • Scalable • Acquisition cost effect • Sticky products • Multiple revenue stream
  • 54. Five B2B GenerationsFive B2B Generations • EDI (Buyer-centric) • Storefronts (seller-side systems) • Buyer-driven Procurement (Buyer-side systems) • Net Markets, Independent or Coalition • Hosted Private Market
  • 55. Net Market (4th Generation)Net Market (4th Generation) • Net Markets are online intermediaries where many buyers and many sellers can congregate to trade. Net Markets essentially match buyers and sellers using a variety of market mechanisms including auctions, catalogs, and Nasdaq-like exchanges. The first Net Markets were independent entities, often funded by venture capital, which sought to be neutral intermediaries between buyers and sellers.
  • 56. Net Market ModelNet Market Model
  • 57. Private B2B Marketplaces (5thPrivate B2B Marketplaces (5th Generation)Generation) • The latest model to emerge has been that of private marketplaces, defined as areas within independent or coalition Net Markets in which specific buyers can interact and trade with designated sellers, or vice versa. Private marketplaces use the technology infrastructure of the Net Market to create essentially direct connections between buyers and sellers. This system saves infrastructure investments for buyers and suppliers and offers additional revenue sources for Net Markets.
  • 58. Three B2B Ownership ModelsThree B2B Ownership Models • Third-party exchanges, e.g. Ventro and FreeMarket • Consortia-led exchanges, e.g. Covisint • Private/Proprietary exchanges, e.g. Dell – > 745 B2B exchanges have been announced in the first half year of 2000 – 93% are of the third type
  • 59. Business Models forBusiness Models for B2B IntermediariesB2B Intermediaries • Catalog: – CommerceOne and GM’s TradeXchange • Exchange: – Tradex • Auction – FreeMarkets • Negotiations
  • 60. Case 1Case 1 -- FreeMarketsFreeMarkets Online Inc.Online Inc. • Pre-select qualified suppliers • Assess, evaluate & short list • Conduct global online auctions • Helping companies with RFQ for custom components • 3000 companies from 45 countries participate in • Operates about 70 different vertical industries • $7 million in 1998 commissions
  • 61. Case 2Case 2 -- AeroexchangeAeroexchange • A consortium for 13 airline companies • offers airframe, avionics, maintenance services, and general goods and services • With web-based applications
  • 62. Case 3Case 3 -- CovisintCovisint • Created by Ford, GM and DiamlerChrysler • For trading automobile related goods and services • Attracts 20+ buyers and suppliers, such as Nissan, Renault and BASF.
  • 63. Case 4Case 4 -- DELLDELL • Michael Dell started his computer business in 1984 • Dell Computer’s growth – 1985 – $6 million – 1990 - $500 million – 1993 - +40%, but faced operating loss – 1996 - $7.8 billion • Dell’s direct sell (started in 1997) – Order-shipping process 36 hrs vs. regular 75-100 days – Reduced suppliers from 204 in 1992 to 47 – 13-day inventory – Cash flow cycle reduced to 24 hrs comparing to Gateway 16.5 days and Compaq 35 days. – Direct monitor shipping from suppliers
  • 64. Dell ComputerDell Computer • Business insight: – Sell directly to customers • Decide how much to produce based on demand estimates & contracts produce on demand • What makes this approach possible? – Outsourcing • Negative holding costs! – Mass customization • Powerful order fulfillment system
  • 65. StartStart--upsups Knowledge-based stock information service • TradeTrek.com – started in 1998 with a seed capital $100,000 – now expanded to Taiwan and Hong Kong – available cash $6 Million now – first dividend 33% of the initial investment B2B Company example • eAnyway and eMobile – Headquartered in San Diago – Produce OEM cellular phones – Started in June 2000 with the initial investment $300 million
  • 66. Efficiencies of B2B ElectronicEfficiencies of B2B Electronic MarketplacesMarketplaces • A survey conducted in spring 2000: – Only 1% companies are conducting e- business through their websites. – 80% B2B processes are still manual, and 20% considered automated are actually not yet.
  • 67. B2B EfficienciesB2B Efficiencies • Administration costs • Search costs • New markets • Maverick purchasing (buying occurs outside the normal channel) • Joint purchasing • System integration (with the legacy system) • Supply chain management (from push marketing to pull marketing) • Collaboration (Outsourcing product design), joint channel of distribution • Middlemen (the new service particularly for small business)