Congestion Mitigation Strategies: Alternatives to the City’s plan New York City Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission December 10, 2007

Overview of presentation and research

* Includes public employees using placards Source: 2007 survey of 1,600 drivers in the Manhattan CBD Parking: Increase the cost of parking in the CBD The current market for parking in the CBD:

* Includes public employees using placards

Source: 2007 survey of 1,600 drivers in the Manhattan CBD

Parking: Policy options studied Three options with VMT impact: Eliminating resident exemption for parking tax or raise parking tax Increase rates for metered on-street parking Introduce overnight on-street parking fee Reduce use of parking placards by public employees Three options have essentially no VMT impact: Parking “freeze” Tax off-street parking as income Parking “cash-out”

Three options with VMT impact:

Eliminating resident exemption for parking tax or raise parking tax

Increase rates for metered on-street parking

Introduce overnight on-street parking fee

Reduce use of parking placards by public employees

Three options have essentially no VMT impact:

Parking “freeze”

Tax off-street parking as income

Parking “cash-out”

Parking: Eliminate Manhattan resident parking tax exemption Option: Charge Manhattan residents the same parking tax (18⅜%) as other parkers. Currently residents receive an exemption that reduces their parking tax to 10⅜%. Applies to: Manhattan residents that currently receive exemption VMT Impact 0.05% reduction Revenue: $22 million

Option: Charge Manhattan residents the same parking tax (18⅜%) as other parkers.

Currently residents receive an exemption that reduces their parking tax to 10⅜%.

Applies to: Manhattan residents that currently receive exemption

VMT Impact

0.05% reduction

Revenue: $22 million

Parking: Raise the parking tax Option: Raise parking tax to 28⅜% or 38⅜% for all parkers Applies to: All parkers who pay to park off-street VMT Impact 0.2% (if tax rises to 28⅜%) 0.3% (if tax rises to 38⅜%) Parking garage operators might absorb the cost of the tax, resulting in smaller VMT reduction Revenue: $71 million (28⅜%) or $120 million (38⅜%)

Option: Raise parking tax to 28⅜% or 38⅜% for all parkers

Applies to: All parkers who pay to park off-street

VMT Impact

0.2% (if tax rises to 28⅜%)

0.3% (if tax rises to 38⅜%)

Parking garage operators might absorb the cost of the tax, resulting in smaller VMT reduction

Revenue: $71 million (28⅜%) or $120 million (38⅜%)

Parking: Raise the parking tax Recap:

Recap:

Parking: Increase rates for on-street parking Option: Increase the price of all metered parking spaces in the CBD. Prices could be determined by time of day or location. Applies to: on-street, metered parking in the CBD VMT Impact 0.5% VMT reduction Revenue: $17 million

Option: Increase the price of all metered parking spaces in the CBD. Prices could be determined by time of day or location.

Applies to: on-street, metered parking in the CBD

VMT Impact

0.5% VMT reduction

Revenue: $17 million

Parking: Introduce overnight on-street parking fee Option: Implement a $2 fee for overnight on-street parking in the CBD during the week. Applies to: on-street, metered and unmetered parking in the CBD VMT Impact 0.4% VMT reduction (most of this reduction would take place at night) Revenue: $7 million

Option: Implement a $2 fee for overnight on-street parking in the CBD during the week.

Applies to: on-street, metered and unmetered parking in the CBD

VMT Impact

0.4% VMT reduction (most of this reduction would take place at night)

Revenue: $7 million

Parking: Reduce use of parking placards by public employees Option: Remove free on-street parking for government employees currently commuting to Manhattan jobs Applies to: on-street parking for government employees with placards VMT Impact 0.10% VMT reduction for 3,000 placards 0.17% VMT reduction for 5,000 placards 0.33% VMT reduction for 10,000 placards Revenue: $0

Option: Remove free on-street parking for government employees currently commuting to Manhattan jobs

Applies to: on-street parking for government employees with placards

VMT Impact

0.10% VMT reduction for 3,000 placards

0.17% VMT reduction for 5,000 placards

0.33% VMT reduction for 10,000 placards

Revenue: $0

Taxi: Additional taxi stands to reduce cruising Option: Require that passengers be picked up at designated taxi stands Applies to: all medallion (yellow) taxis VMT impact VMT may rise or fall depending on how far taxis travel back to a taxi stand after discharging a passenger, so VMT cannot be estimated reliably Revenue: $0

Option: Require that passengers be picked up at designated taxi stands

Applies to: all medallion (yellow) taxis

VMT impact

VMT may rise or fall depending on how far taxis travel back to a taxi stand after discharging a passenger, so VMT cannot be estimated reliably

Revenue: $0

Option: Apply $1 or $2 fare surcharges for taxi and for-hire-vehicle travel within Manhattan south of 86th Street Applies to: Medallion taxis, black cars, neighborhood car services and limousines VMT impact: $1 Surcharge: 0.3% reduction $2 Surcharge: 0.6% reduction Revenue: $1 surcharge: $70 million $2 surcharge: $140 million Taxi: Apply surcharge to taxi and livery fares

Option: Apply $1 or $2 fare surcharges for taxi and for-hire-vehicle travel within Manhattan south of 86th Street

Applies to: Medallion taxis, black cars, neighborhood car services and limousines

VMT impact:

$1 Surcharge: 0.3% reduction

$2 Surcharge: 0.6% reduction

Revenue:

$1 surcharge: $70 million

$2 surcharge: $140 million

Option: Prohibits vehicles from entering based on license plate Applies to: all passenger vehicles VMT impact: 3.1 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 10 days) 6.2 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 5 days) Revenue: $0. Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit License Plate Rationing

Option: Prohibits vehicles from entering based on license plate

Applies to: all passenger vehicles

VMT impact:

3.1 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 10 days)

6.2 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 5 days)

Revenue: $0.

Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

Required Carpooling Option: Prohibit single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) from entering Manhattan south of 60th Street weekdays, 6 a.m. to 10 a.m. Applies to: SOVs. Does not apply to taxis, commercial vehicles, and motorcycles VMT Impact: Given that SOVs comprise 59% of vehicles entering CBD, expect VMT reduction, though magnitude is unclear Revenue: $0. Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

Option: Prohibit single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) from entering Manhattan south of 60th Street weekdays, 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.

Applies to: SOVs. Does not apply to taxis, commercial vehicles, and motorcycles

VMT Impact:

Given that SOVs comprise 59% of vehicles entering CBD, expect VMT reduction, though magnitude is unclear

Revenue: $0.

Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

Creation of High-Occupancy Toll (“HOT”) lanes Option: Create HOT lanes for passenger cars on major crossings into Manhattan and highways leading to Manhattan CBD Applies to: all vehicles VMT impact: 0%, unless a substantial number of general travel lanes are reallocated to buses, ridesharing vehicles and/or goods movement Revenue: Uncertain

Option: Create HOT lanes for passenger cars on major crossings into Manhattan and highways leading to Manhattan CBD

Applies to: all vehicles

VMT impact:

0%, unless a substantial number of general travel lanes are reallocated to buses, ridesharing vehicles and/or goods movement

Revenue: Uncertain