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Psychology of
performance




Stoyan Stefanov, @stoyanstefanov
June 23, 2010
Velocity
Perception
Perception
Perception
Perception
Psychology of performance
Psychology of performance
Durations
               actual
            expected
            perceived
                rem’d

                 time
Time perception
•  UCLA – 53s -> 67s -> 91s
     (dopamine)
•    Age
•    Geography - NY vs. LA
•    Culture, climate
•    Time of day, day the week
•    Body temperature
Time perception
•  Clock is usually faster
•  Long durations are harder
   to judge
When the time stops
•  Athletes
•  Martial arts
Remembered time
•  Emotional state
•  Pleasant vs. painful
   memories
•  “hit vs. smash” speed –
   34/40.5 mph
Unpleasant memories
•  34sec fake assault on
    campus
    -> 81 sec (~250% off)
•  30 sec bank robbery video
   -> 2 day later..
   -> 150 sec (500% off)
   ->      - 50% diff
Temporal illusions
•  Kappa effect
     time 1 =        time 2



Longer part of a journey feels
  slower
It feels slower when…
•    Unpleasant
•    Unknown
•    Boring
•    Too much to keep track

•    Never ever put too many
•    Bullets points
•    On a slide
•    Never
•    Harder to parse
Study of frustrations
•  University of Maryland
•  Slow worse than pop ups
•  1/3 to ½ the time lost in
   frustrations
•  Frustrations affect all else
Effect of waiting
•  Irritation
•  Stress
•  High cholesterol


•    ☠
Feels faster when…
•  Task is successful
•  Responsive system
•  Progress
•  Informed
Expectations
Maister’s first law of service:

Service =
   Perception - Expectation
Expectations
•  Brand name
•  Pre-existing bias
Managing expectations
•  Provide feedback
•  Wait with a warning is
  shorter
Flow
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi:
“Positive state of
   consciousness…
We lose sense of
self and time
distorts”
Flow
•  Learning through failure
•  Doing is the reward
Some numbers
PARC research
•  0.1s – instantaneous
•  1s – flow
•  10s – attention
Psychology of performance
A framework
•  0.1 - 0.2s – instantaneous
•  0.5 - 1s – immediate
•  2 - 5s – flow
•  7 - 10s – captivity


- conversation
RTT – response time test
•  190ms college students
•  Slower when go/no-go
•  Correlation to IQ
Blink of an eye
•  0.3 - 0.4s
Turning a page
Two attempts 1 minute each:
•  Kid A – 31, 27
•  Kid B – 39, 38
•  Dad – 44, 43


1.3 – 2.2 seconds a page
Tips?
Progressive rendering
                        Chunk
                        #1




                        Chunk
                        #2




                        Chunk
                        #3
Worst enemy?



        CSS
CSS
CSS
Progress indication
•  We learn the hints
•  Status bar, page title
•  What we hate to see:
Too many indicators
Progress indication
•  Progress is good, not ugly
•  Flicker-free rendering?
Progress indication
•  Immediate responses
   don’t require indicator
•  Lazy drop-downs?
•  TMI: 4-5 words a second
•  Wording: “Please wait”,
   “Stand by” vs. “Saving…”
Prefetch
•  Components
•  DNS
•  favicon
Keep the flow
•  “Idiot” box
•  Back, undo
•  No uncertainty
•  Responsive to commands
Intuitions lie
•  Are you a user?
•  Surprising expectations
•  “Where’s the rest”
•  Paging
Colors and time
•  White feels faster
•  But higher expectations
Help remembered durations
•  Negate effects of waits
•  Show benefits
•  WIIFM
Help remembered durations
•  Reporting time?
Long-running tasks
•  WebWorkers, setTimeout
•  After 10s let people stop or
   leave and come back
•  Don’t report elapsed time
First time experience
•  Unfamiliar = slow
•  Optimize empty cache or
   there will be no full cache
Too fast
•  Edit-in-place
•  Yellow fades
Distractimations
Good/bad animations
•  Short and sweet
•  Transitions – nothing pops
   in life
•  Easing animations
Thank you!


Stoyan Stefanov
@stoyanstefanov
http://www.phpied.com

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Psychology of performance