1931 – Japan invades Manchuria 1937 – Japan attacks the rest of China 1939 – Germany invades Poland; France and Britain declare war on Germany 1940 – France invaded by Germany; Italy declares war on France and Britain 1941 – Japan attacks US; US and China declare war on Japan; Germany and Italy declare war on US

1931 – Japan invades Manchuria

1937 – Japan attacks the rest of China

1939 – Germany invades Poland; France and Britain declare war on Germany

1940 – France invaded by Germany; Italy declares war on France and Britain

1941 – Japan attacks US; US and China declare war on Japan; Germany and Italy declare war on US

1942 – Japan invades the Philippines; Singapore; Italian and German forces losing in Africa 1943 – Italians switch sides; declare war on Germany 1944 – US and British invade France; begin assault on Germany 1945 – Germany surrenders; US uses atomic bombs on Japan; Japan surrenders

1942 – Japan invades the Philippines; Singapore; Italian and German forces losing in Africa

1943 – Italians switch sides; declare war on Germany

1944 – US and British invade France; begin assault on Germany

1945 – Germany surrenders; US uses atomic bombs on Japan; Japan surrenders

Allied Casualties UK: 450 thousand France: 560 thousand US: 420 thousand China: 20 million Soviet Union: 24 million Axis Casualties Germany: 7.5 million Italy: 460 thousand Japan: 2.7 million

Allied Casualties

UK: 450 thousand

France: 560 thousand

US: 420 thousand

China: 20 million

Soviet Union: 24 million

Axis Casualties

Germany: 7.5 million

Italy: 460 thousand

Japan: 2.7 million

Some scholars argue that the Second World War in Europe just continued the First World War Hitler, it is said, wanted to fight World War One over again and win the second time Most of the territory the two sides fought over, such as the French-German border, was the same as in World War One

Some scholars argue that the Second World War in Europe just continued the First World War

Hitler, it is said, wanted to fight World War One over again and win the second time

Most of the territory the two sides fought over, such as the French-German border, was the same as in World War One

The Russian Revolution (1917) Russian losses during the war led to the revolution and the creation of the Soviet Union Treaty of Versailles (1919) Germany’s punishments Required Germany take responsibility Demanded Germany pay billions of dollars in reparations each year – until the year 1984 This led to economic collapse in Germany Created the League of Nations

The Russian Revolution (1917)

Russian losses during the war led to the revolution and the creation of the Soviet Union

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Germany’s punishments

Required Germany take responsibility

Demanded Germany pay billions of dollars in reparations each year – until the year 1984

This led to economic collapse in Germany

Created the League of Nations

An early United Nations (1919-1946) Created to promote peace, disarmament, and security The US never joined Japan left when the League opposed Japan’s war in China Italy left too

An early United Nations (1919-1946)

Created to promote peace, disarmament, and security

The US never joined

Japan left when the League opposed Japan’s war in China

Italy left too

Fascism is an early twentieth century political ideology Government directs the people and the economy to make the country strong The government has a military orientation The leader is like a father to the people The nation is loved like a god Communism and democracy are condemned Violence is used regularly to maintain order

Fascism is an early twentieth century political ideology

Government directs the people and the economy to make the country strong

The government has a military orientation

The leader is like a father to the people

The nation is loved like a god

Communism and democracy are condemned

Violence is used regularly to maintain order

Italy Mussolini created modern fascism Spain Franco’s fascists destroyed both Spanish democracy and Spanish socialism Japan Tojo made Japan a fascist country Germany Nazism was the German form of fascism

Italy

Mussolini created modern fascism

Spain

Franco’s fascists destroyed both Spanish democracy and Spanish socialism

Japan

Tojo made Japan a fascist country

Germany

Nazism was the German form of fascism

Has all the characteristics of fascism, plus the following four concepts: Concept of Der Übermensch , German racial superiority Concept of Großdeutschland , a “greater Germany” in the heart of Europe Concept of Lebensraum , “living room,” the idea that Germany needs to take resources and land from the rest of Europe Concept of Der Dolchstoß , “the stab in the back,” the betrayal of Germany by her leaders during World War I

Has all the characteristics of fascism, plus the following four concepts:

Concept of Der Übermensch , German racial superiority

Concept of Großdeutschland , a “greater Germany” in the heart of Europe

Concept of Lebensraum , “living room,” the idea that Germany needs to take resources and land from the rest of Europe

Concept of Der Dolchstoß , “the stab in the back,” the betrayal of Germany by her leaders during World War I

Hitler didn’t invent Nazism but he decided its direction While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf This book shows he was obsessed with racial purity and German superiority He lays out his plans for greater Germany

Hitler didn’t invent Nazism but he decided its direction

While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf

This book shows he was obsessed with racial purity and German superiority

He lays out his plans for greater Germany

Three-way conflict The Spanish Republic, the Communists, and the fascists Foreign aid Fascists aided by Germany and Italy Communists aided by the Soviets Republicans aided by Soviets and the West Why did the fascists win? Support from Germany was strong; the Germans used the civil war to practice Communists fought each other Republicans had trouble working with Communists

Three-way conflict

The Spanish Republic, the Communists, and the fascists

Foreign aid

Fascists aided by Germany and Italy

Communists aided by the Soviets

Republicans aided by Soviets and the West

Why did the fascists win?

Support from Germany was strong; the Germans used the civil war to practice

Communists fought each other

Republicans had trouble working with Communists

Germany claimed the right to control any countries in Europe with German peoples This was called the unification of greater Germany Austria, Hitler’s home country, was annexed by Germany in 1938 This was called the Anschluss (“linking up”)

Germany claimed the right to control any countries in Europe with German peoples

This was called the unification of greater Germany

Austria, Hitler’s home country, was annexed by Germany in 1938

This was called the Anschluss (“linking up”)

Sudetenland is a part of Czechoslovakia that has German peoples The Sudeten Germans created ties to the Nazis in 1935 A Nazi-supported civil war began in Czechoslovakia between the Germans and others Nazi Germany demanded that Sudetenland be given to them The West encouraged Czechoslovakia to cooperate with Germany to avoid a war Sudetenland was given to Germany in September 1938

Sudetenland is a part of Czechoslovakia that has German peoples

The Sudeten Germans created ties to the Nazis in 1935

A Nazi-supported civil war began in Czechoslovakia between the Germans and others

Nazi Germany demanded that Sudetenland be given to them

The West encouraged Czechoslovakia to cooperate with Germany to avoid a war

Sudetenland was given to Germany in September 1938

The Soviet Union and the Germans signed an alliance in August 1939 The alliance terms: Non-aggression between Germany and the Soviets Nearby countries were to be divided up between the two powers

The Soviet Union and the Germans signed an alliance in August 1939

The alliance terms:

Non-aggression between Germany and the Soviets

Nearby countries were to be divided up between the two powers

The orange areas show new territory claimed by the Soviets The dark blue areas show East Prussia, a part of historic Germany claimed by the Nazis The light blue areas show other new territory claimed by the Nazis This was the invasion plan for the Soviets and the Germans in 1939 and 1940

The orange areas show new territory claimed by the Soviets

The dark blue areas show East Prussia, a part of historic Germany claimed by the Nazis

The light blue areas show other new territory claimed by the Nazis

This was the invasion plan for the Soviets and the Germans in 1939 and 1940

On 1 st September, the Germans and the Soviets invaded The Germans faked Polish attacks along the border to justify the war The Soviets justified the war by claiming they were helping their “brothers” in Poland France and Britain responded by declaring war on Germany on 3 rd September

On 1 st September, the Germans and the Soviets invaded

The Germans faked Polish attacks along the border to justify the war

The Soviets justified the war by claiming they were helping their “brothers” in Poland

France and Britain responded by declaring war on Germany on 3 rd September