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Ch04
- 1. Health Promotion StrategiesHealth Promotion Strategies
Through the Life SpanThrough the Life Span
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Chapter 4
Environmental Influences
- 2. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Figure 4.1 Human
interrelationship
with the
environment.
- 3. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Figure 4.2 Various
forms of life
effected by
pollution.
- 4. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
PollutionPollution
One form of pollution can affect another
– Soil pollution can affect water when there is
runoff
– Air pollutants can cause soil pollution when
they fall to earth as particles or are dissolved
in rain
- 5. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Air PollutionAir Pollution
Causes
– Excessive use of greenhouse gases
Effects
– Increase in greenhouse gases
– Depletion of upper atmosphere ozone layer
– Presence of photochemical ozone at ground
level
– Industrial chemical releases
– Presence of acid deposition
- 6. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Effects of Greenhouse GasesEffects of Greenhouse Gases
Increased heat-trapping capability of gases
Problems with increased heat
– Diseases caused by insects and pests
– Heat strokes and heat-related deaths
– Myocardial infarction
– Respiratory diseases
– Bronchitis
– Asthma
- 7. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Effects of Decreased OzoneEffects of Decreased Ozone
Sunburn
Compromised immune system
Cataracts
Nonmelanoma skin cancer
Malignant melanoma
Immune system diseases
- 8. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Effects of Photochemical OzoneEffects of Photochemical Ozone
Most harmful to very young, very old, or
persons with respiratory or cardiac
diseases
Also creates respiratory difficulty in
healthy people working or exercising
outdoors
Causes bronchitis, emphysema, asthma,
scarring of lung tissue, cardiac diseases
Environmental Protection Agency created
Air Quality Index to measure air quality
- 9. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Effects of Acid DepositionEffects of Acid Deposition
Also called acid rain
Effects on humans
– Cardiac and respiratory symptoms
– Cardiac diseases
– Respiratory diseases
– Death
- 10. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Water PollutionWater Pollution
Two origins
– Point sources
– Nonpoint sources
Sources
– Municipal
– Industrial
– Agricultural
- 11. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Soil PollutionSoil Pollution
Causes
– Air pollutants
– Industrial wastes
– Fertilizers
– Toxic materials from sewage plants
– Heavy metals
– Landfills containing chemicals or
contaminated wastes
- 12. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Food PollutionFood Pollution
Causes
– Additives
– Pesticides
– Hormones
– Antibiotics
– Arsenics
– Mercury
– Other toxins
Possible Effects
– Yellow 5: hyperactivity
in children
– Antibiotics in animals:
human resistance to
antibiotics
– Mercury: learning
problems or
retardation in children;
damage to developing
fetuses
- 13. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Food-borne IllnessesFood-borne Illnesses
Examples
– Campylocacter
– Salmonella
– E. Coli
– Calicivirus
– Shigellosis
– Hepatitis A
Symptoms
– Fever
– Diarrhea
– Abdominal cramps
– Vomiting
- 14. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Noise PollutionNoise Pollution
Causes
– Urban development
– Road, air, and rail
transport
– Industrial noise
– Neighborhood
noise
– Recreational noise
Effects
– Headaches
– Minor illness or
accidents
– Reliance on
sedatives and
sleeping pills
– General fatigue
– Noise-induced
hearing loss (NIHL)
- 15. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Surface PollutionSurface Pollution
Refers to dangers of open dumps
Nonhazardous wastes can still be harmful
Hazardous wastes
– Paints
– Cleaners
– Oils
– Batteries
– Pesticides
EPA aims to protect health and
environment
- 16. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
AsbestosAsbestos
Mineral fiber added to products in 1970s
Effects
– Respiratory difficulty and diseases
– Asbestosis
– Lung cancer
– Mesothelioma
Educate clients about what to do with
asbestos
- 17. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Biological ContaminantsBiological Contaminants
Examples include bacteria, mold, viruses, animal
dander, dust, mites, pollen
Effects
– Allergic reactions on skin
– Respiratory difficulty
– Specific allergies
– Asthma
Educate client
– Good housekeeping and maintenance
– Adequate ventilation and moisture control
- 18. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide
Effects
– Fatigue
– Headaches
– Chest pain
– Nausea
– Vomiting
– Impaired vision
– Poor coordination
– Acute myocardial
injury
– Death
Educate client to
check combustion
equipment
– Furnaces
– Water heaters
– Generators
Buy or check carbon
monoxide detector
- 19. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
FormaldehydeFormaldehyde
Effects
– Watery eyes
– Burning sensation in
eyes and throat
– Nausea
– Respiratory difficulty
– Wheezing
– Coughing
– Allergic reactions
– Asthma attacks
– Lung cancer
Educate clients
– Use exterior-grade
pressed wood
products
– Avoid formaldehyde
products
– Use air conditioners
and dehumidifiers
– Provide adequate
ventilation
- 20. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
LeadLead
Effects
– Physical and mental
delays or retardation
– Behavioral disorder
– Lower IQ levels
– Red blood cell
damage
– Kidney disease
– Nervous system
damage
– Convulsions, coma, or
death
Educate clients
– Federal funding
available for lead
removal
– Prevention
– Screening
– Children with elevated
lead need further
testing
- 21. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Nitrogen OxideNitrogen Oxide
Found in aerosols, gas stoves, and
tobacco smoke
Used as anesthetic
Effects
– Irritation to eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory
tract mucosa
– Respiratory infections
– Decreased lung capacity
Educate clients to check combustion
equipment
- 22. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
PesticidesPesticides
Effects
– Headache
– Dizziness
– Weakness
– Nausea
– Liver and kidney
disease
– Endocrine and
nervous system
damage
Educate clients
– Choose pest
control companies
carefully (organic)
– Follow
manufacturer’s
directions
– Provide adequate
ventilation
– Dispose carefully
- 23. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic Compounds
Effects
– Eye, nose, and
throat irritation
– Headache and
dizziness
– Memory
impairment
– Liver, kidney, and
nervous system
damage
Educate clients
– Discard unneeded
chemicals
– Provide adequate
ventilation
– Minimize exposure
to methylene
chloride, benzene,
and
perchloreothylene
- 24. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
RadonRadon
Serious indoor pollutant caused by natural
decay of uranium in soil and rocks
Causes respiratory difficulty and lung
cancer within 2 to 5 years after exposure
Educate clients that do-it-yourself tests
can be purchased for a qualified tester can
be hired
- 25. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Respiratory ParticlesRespiratory Particles
Examples include soot, dust, and ash
Effects
– Eye, nose, and throat irritation
– Respiratory infections and bronchitis
– Lung cancer
Educate clients
– Adequate ventilation
– Perform proper maintenance on heating and
air conditioning and fireplaces
- 26. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Second- and Third-hand SmokeSecond- and Third-hand Smoke
Effects
– Irritation of eyes, nose, and throat
– Respiratory difficulty
– Ear infections
– Asthma attacks
– Bronchitis
– Pneumonia
– Lung cancer
– Aggressive or defiant behavior in children
Educate clients to not allow smoking in home or
car
- 27. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Federal Government and WorkFederal Government and Work
EnvironmentEnvironment
Acts
– Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
– Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969
– Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
– Setting and enforcing standards
– Provides training, outreach, and education
- 28. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
In the WorkplaceIn the Workplace
Educate about Healthy People 2010
Assess workplace hazards
Advocate for enforcement of preventative
measures for known hazards and
continued environmental research
Support professional or societal
organizations that advocate safety and a
healthy environment
- 29. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Workplace HazardsWorkplace Hazards
Threats
– Physical, chemical, and biological
Emotional stress, noise, lighting, comfort,
or ergonomic stressors
Air pollution
– Fumes from disinfectants, surgical smoke or
laser plume
cause respiratory symptoms, burning and watery
eyes, nausea, and viral contamination and
regrowth
- 30. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Reducing PollutionReducing Pollution
Properly disposing of agents that can
affect water, soil, and surface
Supporting legislation to protect
environment
Staying abreast of information from
agencies such as EPA
Following directions on items such as food
Staying aware of potential hazards in local
environment and taking action
- 31. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Professional ResponsibilityProfessional Responsibility
Help to control pollution worldwide through
conservative solutions
Work with professional organizations
Establish environmental task forces
Restructure national and state
organizations to better address
environment
Educate clients about environmental
pollutants
- 32. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
BioterrorismBioterrorism
HAZMAT event
– Materials disseminated through inhalation,
skin absorption, or ingestion
– Examples
Biotoxins
Blister agents
Blood agents
Nerve agents
Toxic alcohols
- 33. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Bioterrorism, contBioterrorism, cont
Biological agents
– Category A: most devastating
Examples: smallpox, anthrax, plague
– Category B: lower mortality potential
Example: Q fever, ricin toxin, salmonella
– Category C: not believed to be present risk
Example: yellow fever, multi-drug resistant
tuberculosis
- 34. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Bioterrorism, contBioterrorism, cont
Radiological/nuclear agents
– Alpha particles are the least penetrating
– Beta particles can penetrate skin
– Gamma particles can pass through the
human body and be absorbed by tissues
- 35. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Explosive AgentsExplosive Agents
70% of all terrorist attacks in the U.S.
Common blast injuries
– Liquid in lungs moves into gas area of the
alveoli and causes hemorrhage
– Implosion, compression, and decompression
causes rupture of tympanic membranes
– Blast waves can drive fluids from their
spaces, causing pulmonary hemorrhage
- 36. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Disaster ResponseDisaster Response
Activation Phase
– Survey damage and casualties
– Establish communication and information
facilities
Implementation Phase
– Search and rescue
Recovering Phrase
– Reassess scene for missed victims
– Debrief
- 37. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Emergency Organizations and PlansEmergency Organizations and Plans
Department of Homeland Security
– Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA)
National Response Plan (NRP)
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Joint Commission
– Requires creation and testing of hospital
disaster plan
4 phases: mitigation, preparedness, response,
recovery
- 38. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Family Plan for DisastersFamily Plan for Disasters
Where to seek shelter
How to contact family
List of medications and emergency
numbers
Tote bag with supplies
– Examples: ID, flashlight, portable radio,
batteries, bottled water, important family
documents, first aid and hygiene products
- 39. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Health Promotion Strategies Through the Life Span, Eighth Edition
Ruth Beckman Murray, Judith Proctor Zentner, and Richard Yakimo
Community Disaster PlansCommunity Disaster Plans
Include physical, emotional health, and
cultural considerations
International Nursing Coalition for Mass
Casualty Education (INCMCE)
recommends nurses be prepared for
responding to disaster
References and sources of information in
community can educate health care
workers