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電腦網路傳輸媒介 組員:   王志偉             黃彥蓉
無線電 無線電波或射頻波是指在自由空間(包括空氣和真空)傳播的電磁波,其頻率 300GHz 以下 (下限頻率較不統一,在各種射頻規範書,常見的有三3KHz~300GHz, 9KHz~300GHz, 10KHz~300GHz)。 無線電技術是通過無線電波傳播信號的技術。 在天文學上,無線電波被稱為無線電波,簡稱無線電。
無線電原理 導體中電流強弱的改變會產生無線電波。    利用這一現象,通過調製可將信息加載於無線電波之上。    當電波通過空間傳播到達收信端,電波引起的電磁場變化又會在導體中產生電流。 通過解調將信息從電流變化中提取出來,就達到了信息傳遞的目的。
多樣性用途 電話-從以前的黑金剛到現在的iphone 電視 緊急服務-EX:緊急定位發射機或個人定位信標(通過衛星進行定位的小型無線電發射機) 數據傳輸-包括籃芽在內 導航 雷達 警車專用無線電
微波 微波(英語:Microwave)是指波長介於紅外線和特高頻(UHF)之間的射頻電磁波。 微波的波長範圍大約在 1m 至 1mm 之間,所對應的頻率範圍是 0.3 GHz 至 300GHz。
微波在雷達科技,ADS射線武器,微波爐,電漿發生器,無線網路系統(如手機網路,藍芽,衛星電視及WLEN技術等),感測器系統上均有廣泛的應用。 在技術領域協定使用的四個頻率分別為800MHz,2.45GHz,5.8GHz和13GHz。微波爐使用2.45GHz,此頻率亦被作為ISM波段,使用在航空通訊領域。
頻率範圍 微波的頻率範圍包含有: 特高頻(UHF)(0.3–3 GHz), 超高頻(SHF)(3–30 GHz),極高頻(EHF)(30–300 GHz),及甚高頻(VHF)(300-3000GHz)。 與此對應的波長範圍包含有:分米波(100-10cm),厘米波(10-1cm),毫米波 (10-1mm),甚高頻(1-0.1mm)。
微波的應用   加熱 微波爐利用頻率為2450 MHz(波長為 12.24cm)的微波對食物加熱。一種通常的誤解認為微波爐使用的頻率為水分子的共振頻率。而實際上使用的頻率大概是水分子共振頻率的十分之一。微波爐加熱的原理是利用水分子的電偶極(Electric dipole moment)在電場中會轉向電場的方向,當微波進來時,電場是來回變化,使得水分子為了要轉向電場方向而隨著電場轉動,這樣的轉動即為熱量的來源。 衛星微波-可以用來傳送大量的影像與聲音
紅外線 紅外線是波長介乎微波與可見光之間的電磁波,波長在770nm奈米至1mm毫米之間,是波長比紅光長的非可見光。 覆蓋室溫下物體所發出的熱輻射的波段。透過雲霧能力比可見光強。在通訊、探測、醫療、軍事等方面有廣泛的用途。  俗稱紅外光。
光線與"紅外線"的關係 光線是一種輻射電磁波,其波長分佈自300nm(紫外線)到14,000nm(遠紅外線)。不過以人類的經驗而言,「光域」通常指的是肉眼可見的光波域,即是從400nm(紫)到700nm(紅)可以被人類眼睛感覺得到的範圍,一般稱為「可見光域」。 由於近代科技的發達,人類利用各種「介質」(特殊材質的感應器),把感覺範圍從「可見光」部份向兩端擴充,最低可達到0.08~0.1nm(X光, 0.8~1A),最高可達10,000nm(遠紅外線,熱像範圍)。
紅外線的類別 近紅外線(NIR, IR-A DIN):波長在0.75-1.4微米,以水的吸收來定義,由於在二氧化矽玻璃中的低衰減率,通常使用在光纖通信中。在這個區域的波長對影像的增強非常敏銳。例如,包括夜視設備,像是夜視鏡。 短波長紅外線(SWIR, IR-B DIN):1.4-3微米,水的吸收在1,450奈米顯著的增加。1,530至1,560奈米是主導遠距離通信的主要光譜區域。
中波長紅外線(MWIR, IR-C DIN) 也稱為中紅外線:波長在3-8微米。被動式的紅外線追熱導向飛彈技術在設計上就是使用3-5微米波段的大氣窗口來工作,對飛機紅外線標識的歸航,通常是針對飛機引擎排放的羽流。 長波長紅外線(LWIR, IR-C DIN):8-15微米。這是“熱成像”的區域,在這個波段的感測器不需要其他的光或外部熱源,例如太陽、月球或紅外燈,就可以獲得完整的熱排放量的被動影像。 遠紅外線(FIR):15-1,000微米(遠紅外線雷射)。
紅外線的特殊應用 近紅外線底片:以波長700nm~900nm的近紅外線為主要感應範圍,利用加入特殊染料的乳劑產生光化學反應,使此一波域的光變化轉為化學變化形成影像。 近紅外線電子感光材料:以波長700nm~2,000nm的近紅外線為主要感應範圍,它是利用以矽為主的化合物晶體產生光電反應,形成電子影像。 中、遠紅外線熱像感應材料:以波長3,000nm~14,000nm的中紅外線及遠紅外線為主要感應範圍,利用特殊的感應器及冷卻技術,形成電子影像。
謝謝大家

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電腦網路傳輸媒介