PMSD Di And Technology Supports

Differentiated Instruction and Some Technology to Support it Technology’s Influence on Differentiated Instruction

Steve Spengler, Director Instructional Technology Secondary Education Phone: 570-839-7121 ext 60325 Email: stevespengler@pmsd.org

No fear! Technology just becomes a tool for them.

And we’re still trying to figure it out.

I was hoping…

How true is this?

Think about this…

The Web (the Internet) recently welcomed its 1 billionth user

That user is most likely an 8 year-old kid from…

United States?

England?

Japan?

None of the above…most likely from countries that we refer to as evolving or “3 rd World”

He or she is now connected to the sum of human knowledge we are building online

Soon…he or she will be an author creating content and sharing content online

More to think about…

1 out of every 8 couples married in the U.S. last year met online.

There are over 100 million registered users of MySpace.

The average MySpace page is visited 30 times a day.

The number of text messages sent and received every day exceeds the population of the planet.

It’s estimated that 1.5 exabytes (that’s 1.5 x 1018) of unique new information will be generated worldwide this year.

Education Illustrated www.educationillustrated.com

Let’s take a look at Differentiated Instruction

As you know, students come to our classrooms with a variety of:

proactive

more qualitative than quantitative

multiple approaches to content, process, and product

student centered

a blend of whole-class, group and individual instruction

purposeful

Differentiated Instruction IS . . .

the “individualized instruction” of the 1970s

chaotic

just another way to provide homogeneous grouping

just “tailoring” the same suit of clothes”

Differentiated Instruction is NOT…

Summary Statements About Learning

People learn what is personally meaningful to them.

People learn when they accept challenging but achievable goals.

Learning is developmental .

Individuals learn differently .

People construct new knowledge by building on their current knowledge .

Much learning occurs through social interaction .

People need feedback to learn.

Successful learning involves use of strategies- -which themselves are learned.

A positive emotional climate strengthens learning.

Learning is influenced by the total environment .

Powerful Learning by Ron Brandt

Why is technology such a great thing for kids?

Existence of wide gaps in student experience and ability?

Motivating factor of using technology?

Flexibility of the medium?

Preparing students for the real world?

KEEP THIS IN MIND!

Content Process Product Teachers Can Differentiate

What is Taught and Learned:

Relevant

Helps students understand themselves and their lives

Authentic or “real”

Can be used immediately

Content

http://www.pps.k12.or.us/curriculum/literacy/leveled_books/

http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/curriculum/littlekids/archive/litinst_creatingtext.htm

Technology-based learning centers

PowerPoint offers many opportunities for differentiation.

Can even be in an eSchool Builder type format!

Reinforce and/or review

Less complex…more concrete

Apply learning to investigation, cases, and problems

Advances learning to include more depth and complexity

Special needs students…adjust the learning mode

Socialize learning…interaction with teams or groups

Technology-based learning centers Learning About Canada Geography Government History

PowerPoint for Learning Centers

Creating Games in PowerPoint

http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/powerpoint/games.html#jeopardy

Game Templates for PowerPoint

http://www.jc-schools.net/tutorials/PPT-games /

Jeopardy Games (PPT)

http://www.hardin.k12.ky.us/res_techn/countyjeopardygames.htm

PowerPoint Games

http://208.183.128.3/write/games/index.html

Writing Storybooks with PowerPoint

http://www.education-world.com/a_tech/techtorial/techtorial027.shtml

PowerPoint Pizazz

http:// memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/educators/workshop/pizazz /

Learning Center Example: All About Canada

http://lakelandschools.org/EDTECH/Differentiation/LearningAboutCanada.ppt

Learning Center Assessment Example: Geography

http://lakelandschools.org/EDTECH/Differentiation/WHemispherePreAssessment.ppt

Whole-Class Instruction

Use PowerPoint…it modifies lectures!

Give students copies or make them available with notes

Give the special education teacher copies so that he/she can work with students

Give to advanced students…have them add to it

Adjust to meet different levels of students

Visuals…graphics…meet the needs of today’s diverse learner

Whole-Class projects

Whole Class Project Examples

Virtual Museums (create one or visit one)

Virtual Zoos (create one or visit one)

Virtual Fieldtrips (create one or visit one)

Virtual Expeditions (create one or visit one)

Technology can make whole-class instruction meaningful for students at various levels 

WebQuests for D.I. WebQuest - The Scottsboro Boys' Trials Race, Gender, and Lies Your Job, Should You Choose to Accept It (which you'll do if you want to pass) PICK ONE! CHOICE #1: Prove Price Lied - Highest Possible Grade: A CHOICE #2: Why Did ( S)he Do It? - Highest Possible Grade: C http://www.sanmarcos.net/ana/Class/Eng2/Scottsboro10th.html

WebQuests for D.I. In addition to your written letter to Aunt Sally, your group must choose one of the following activities to present to the class: Brochure - Create a travel brochure urging people to move westward. Use the positive information you have compiled through your Web Quest. You must include at least 5 reasons why people should join the westward movement and examples of how people have benefited from moving out west in the past. Debate - Divide your group in half. Have one half present the positive side of your person moving west. Have the other half present the negative side of the person moving west. Include the information from your web quest to support both sides your arguments. Commercial - Create a story board and act out a commercial with your group telling and "selling" reasons why people should or should not move west. Include the information from your web quest to support your position. http://lakelandschools.org/edtech/Integration/quest/home.htm

WebQuests for Differentiation

The Official WebQuest Site

http:// www.webquest.org

Kathy Schrock’s WebQuest Resources

http:// school.discovery.com/schrockguide/webquest/webquest.html

Best WebQuests

http:// bestwebquests.com /

Information about WebQuests (sort of a training)

http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/webquests/index.html

Not to mention Web sites for D.I. http://vocabulary.co.il/

Other Sites…and a Bunch more!

Brain Teasers

http:// www.eduplace.com /math/brain/

Filamentality (subject samplers, WebQuests, hotlists, etc.)

http:// www.filamentality.com/wired/fil/index.html

Math Stories

http:// www.mathstories.com /

Max’s Math Adventure

http:// teacher.scholastic.com/max/index.htm

The Atoms Family

http:// www.miamisci.org/af/sln /

Dositey

http:// www.dositey.com /

AToZTeacher Stuff

http:// www.atozteacherstuff.com

4 Teachers

http://4teachers.org/

Castles on the Web

http:// castlesontheweb.com /

KidLink

http:// www.kidlink.org /

ePals

http:// www.epals.com /

Utah’s Education Portal

http:// www.uen.org /

Brain Boosters

http:// school.discovery.com/brainboosters /

There’s so much GREAT stuff!

http://registration.beavton.k12.or.us/lbdb/default.htm

Instructional Resources – UnitedStreaming www.unitedstreaming.com

Instructional Resources – Streaming Media

Instructional Resource - K-12 Teaching & Learning Center www.k12tlc.org (.net) (.com)

netTrekker D.I. - www.nettrekker.com

Instructional Resources – PA Power Library Available to you on your desktop in schools or through your library card

Instructional Resources – PA Power Library

Book Reviews

Student Research Center

Professional Development Collection

ERIC (education research)

8700 other resources

Clinical care

Sbornik Mathematics

Instructional Resources – PA Power Library

WLVT – Ch39 http://www.wlvt.org/WRITENOW/video-gen.htm

Discover Babylon ( http://www.discoverbabylon.org/) - Targeted at ages 8 –14, Discover Babylon © will use sophisticated video gaming strategies and realistic digital environments to engage the learner in challenges and mysteries that can only be solved through developing an understanding of Mesopotamian society, business practices, and trade. Food Force Online ( http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngkids/games/food_force/) - Students can interact and play the game online using Shockwave. All you need is an Internet connection. It's not the full version of the game but it gives kids a taste of the game. Food Force Download ( http://www.food-force.com/) - This is the full download of the game. Search through this site for teacher resources, prior knowledge, and much more. This game runs both on the Windows and Macintosh platforms. Fate of Refugees in Sudan ( http://www.darfurisdying.com/) - This is a new one produced by the Reebok Human Rights Foundation. It is also online and requires Shockwave. Educational Games at the Nobel Site ( http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/) - These games and simulations, based on Nobel Prize-awarded achievements, will teach and inspire you while you're having FUN! Educational Online Games

docs.google.com

Teacher Prescriptive (or student choice) Tiering Tools

CMAP Tools

http://cmap.ihmc.us

Gliffy

http:// www.gliffy.com

UnitedStreaming

http:// www.unitedstreaming.com

Wikis

http:// www.wikispaces.com

http:// pbwiki.com

Podcasts

http:// gcast.com

Audacity (free tool to create Podcasts)

http:// audacity.sourceforge.net

Social Network Sites such as ELGG – student and teacher

http://elgg.ciu20.org

The MySpace Generation: http:// www.schoolcio.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID =193502102

Blurred line between content and process

Often used as a synonym for “activities”

Begins when the student starts making personal sense out of information, ideas, and skills

Process

Software for D.I.

Does things better

Does better things

Provides feedback

Has multiple levels for different learners

Tracks student performance

Triggers different problems depending on individual performance

Software for D.I.

Vocabulary Webs – Inspiration

Three vocabulary webs created using the software, Inspiration , all ask students to do the same task:

Identify three synonyms and three antonyms for a given vocabulary word.

The final part of the activity is differentiated - each student completes the final task based on their interest.

Software for D.I.

www.gliffy.com

Something students produce to exhibit major portions of learning

Not pieces of work students produce during the course of a day

Vehicle through which a student shows what (s)he understands and can do as a result of learning over time

Product

Teacher users vs. Student users How do you [adult/teacher] use the Internet? How do they [child/student] use the Internet?

Gunter, G. A. (2004). Video in the classroom: learning objects or objects of learning?. Association for Educational Communications and Technology , 27, 7.

The youth of today are inundated with [digital content] that has the potential to extend literacy and allow them to actively participate with a variety of media.

Example - Read news differently? Web 2.0 stuff! Today’s Web 2.0 user doesn’t go to the news…he/she has it come to him/her!

Fits beautifully into differentiated instruction because it provides options!

Web 2.0 , a phrase coined by Al Gore in 2004, refers to a perceived or proposed second generation of Internet-based services—such as social networking sites, wikis , communication tools, and folksonomies — that emphasize online collaboration and sharing among users.

It’s also called the read/write Web.

What Web 2.0 hints at is…

An improved World Wide Web

Not just information warehouse

People contribute and create

Communication and collaboration

Students can become…

Publishers – wikis

DJs - podcasting

Experts – wikis or blogs

Broadcasters - podcasts

Editors – blogs, wikis,

Networked (socially) – MySpace like tools

Content reviewers – wikipedia…sharing and developing

Syndicated – RSS content out to everywhere!

Student choice…tiered tasks (technology products)

Shakespeare Project – the influences

Tier One: Influence Chart

Table format in Word

Tier Two: Influence Web

PowerPoint

Tier Three: Influence Pyramid

Inspiration

Easily create simple Web sites - instead of asking students (or groups of students) to create Web-based content on Web sites, have them post the content into wikis. They're much less focused on the technical aspects of creating Web sites and much more focused on creating/developing content...which is seriously what we assess kids on anyway.

Project development with peer review - the collaborative nature of wikis allow kids to work together. There's novel concept...students working together and collaborating. Check it out! I also saw this wiki somewhere along the way. It's a collaborative writing project...check out the use of the wiki when interpreting Keats' An Ode to Grecian Urn . Students add their commentary or interpretation on lines within the text...awesome!

Group authoring - One of the coolest things sites is http:// wikibooks.org / . It's a collaborative initiative to create books. Check it out! Imagine creating our own textbooks that meet the needs of our own students...now that's innovative! Track a group project - the nature of the wiki is that it's collaborative. What's even better is that you can track the collaborative changes that are made! Follow a document as it is edited...track the changes and communicate with the team members. There is even a discussion board piece to them that allows for the team members to actually talk about it! So nice!

Data Collection The wiki best suited for this right now is JotSpot ( http:// www.jot.com / ), which has a data collection tool you can install with just a few clicks. It's recently been acquired by Google so bear with it as it is migrated over to Google.

Review classes & teachers - just imagine the ability to use wikis as review assignments, remediation, enrichment...the list goes on! Presentations - wikis could be the next level of presentation! Use it as a guide for visitors to move through your content.

Student choice…unit menus

Earth Science Class Learning Meteorology

Essential Questions

What are the causes and effects of heat?

What are the causes and effects of currents?

Thematic Unit Questions

How do convection currents cause winds?

What are the patterns of the phenomenon knows as the sea breeze? Why does the sea breeze occur?

Weather report, written report, detailed maps, a wiki!

Essential Skills for Differentiated Instruction Effective Management Strategies Thorough Knowledge of the Curriculum Consistent Use of High Leverage Instructional Strategies Know Your Students Thoroughly

Content Process Product According to Students’ Readiness Interest Learning Profile Teachers Can Differentiate

Learning Inventories

Modality

Auditory, visual, kinesthetic

Sternberg

Analytical, creative, practical

Gardner

Multiple Intelligence preference

http://ttc.coe.uga.edu/surveys Technology Tool! Learning Style Inventory There is also an Intelligence Survey on this page…also a good tool to use!

Learner Profile Card Auditory, Visual, Kinesthetic Learning Style Multiple Intelligence Preference Gardner Analytical, Creative, Practical Sternberg Student’s Interests Favorite Subject Gender Stripe

Sample Learner Card Tomlinson ‘03 Luanne Jones Period 3 Front Learning Style Sternberg Visual Creative Auditory Interests Drama Music Video Games Multi Intelligences Favorite Sub Musical Reading Linguistic Music Spanish Back

Technology Tool! Let’s do a Brain Dump – Think Dots

Summarize ideas up to now.

Make a differentiated instruction connection to technology.

Plan how to use the ideas presented so far in your current setting.

Name one important piece of information that you heard up to this point that made you think differently about differentiated instruction.

Name one important piece of information you heard so far that you can apply to your position immediately.

Name one thing we discussed up to now that you want to hear more about.

http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/maths/dice/ Think Dots

First Step in Designing Differentiated Curriculum is to…

… FOCUS!

Learning Goals : Knows, Understands, Be able to Do’s

You’ve got to go below the surface...

to uncover the really ‘big ideas.’

Planning a Focused Curriculum Means Clarity About What Students Should …

KNOW

Facts

Vocabulary

Definitions

UNDERSTAND

Principles/ generalizations

Big ideas of the discipline

BE ABLE TO DO

Processes

Skills

KNOW

Facts, names, dates, places, information

4 quadrants in a coordinate plane

Fibonacci Number

Oxymoron

Pythagorean Theorem

The multiplication tables

UNDERSTAND

Essential truths that give meaning to the topic

Stated as a full sentence

Begin with, “I want students to understand THAT…” (not HOW… or WHY… or WHAT)

Multiplication is another way to do addition.

There are a lot of ways to represent single number.

There is more than one way to solve a problem.

Make reasonable estimates.

BE ABLE TO DO

Skills (basic skills, skills of the discipline, skills of independence, social skills, skills of production)

Verbs or phrases (not the whole activity)

Analyze

Solve a problem to find perimeter

Find the decimal of 3/8 by using equivalent fractions.

Evaluate work according to specific criteria

Use a bar graph to represent data appropriately

When a teacher tries to teach something to the entire class at the same time, chances are one-third of the kids already know it; one-third will get it; and the remaining third won’t. So two-thirds of the children are wasting their time.

Lillian Katz

The Teacher’s Challenge

Developing--

“ Respectful Activities”

Interesting

Engaging

Challenging

Respectful Tasks – the “Equalizer” Readiness level matches level of cognitive complexity Expect all students to grow Appropriate levels of difficulty All tasks are interesting, important, and engaging for all students

Information, Ideas, Materials, Applications Representations, Ideas, Applications, Materials Resources, Research, Issues, Problems, Skills, Goals Directions, Problems, Application, Solutions, Approaches, Disciplinary Connections Application, Insight, Transfer Solutions, Decisions, Approaches Planning, Designing, Monitoring Pace of Study, Pace of Thought The Equalizer

Foundational Transformational

Concrete Abstract

3. Simple Complex

4. Single Facet Multiple Facets

5. Small Leap Great Leap

6. More Structured More Open

7. Less Independence Greater Independence

8. Slow Quick

Equalizer Troubleshooting Tips:

All students need lessons that are rich and engaging. Try not to make drill and practice as the staple of students’ school “diets.”

Your students’ sense of “self-efficacy” comes from recognizing their power AFTER accomplishing something they first thought was just “too big” for them. Design lessons that stretch all students beyond….

A task is challenging for a given student when it causes that student to stand on “mental tip toes” and reach high to complete it well.

“ This is Boring!” These words do not bring happiness to the hearts of teachers. Boring “A” “ I already know that; could you give me an opportunity to show you?” Boring “B” “ At the present time I do not know enough about the topic to be interested in it.” 2 kinds of bored

Differentiated by readiness…

Pre-assessment : survey of technical readiness (multimedia, desktop publishing and Web page creation)

After reading a novel, students were presented with the following situation:

You are the publicist for the new paperback version of the novel. Your task is to create an advertisement that is both informative and persuasive. Advertisements can take many forms.

The teacher assigns one of the following forms for presenting the advertisement:

Group A – story board for a TV ad using PowerPoint

Group B – informational flyer for distribution at book stores, using desktop publishing program (Print Shop, MS Word, Publisher)

Group C – Web page promoting the novel

Assessment: Pre, During and Post Instruction

Strategies to Assess the Learners

What Do I Assess?

Interests

Abilities

Rate of learning

Work/learning styles and strength

Needs

Pre-Assessment

What the student already knows about what is being planned

What standards, objectives, concepts & skills the individual student understands

What further instruction and opportunities for mastery are needed

What requires reteaching or enhancement

What areas of interests and feelings are in the different areas of the study

How to set up flexible groups: Whole, individual, partner, or small group

Assessment: Before Instruction

To develop teacher knowledge about what the students know or have experienced

Written record review

IEP’s

Student information

Interest surveys and inventories

Pretests

Admit slips

Whip Around

K-W-L

Concept splash

Your Name Things that tell something about you Things/people that have influenced you

Ongoing Assessment: The Key to A Differentiated Classroom

Ongoing Assessment

Evaluates understanding of key concepts

Can be differentiated

Drives instruction

Occurs consistently before, during, and at end of unit (pre-assessment, formative, and summative

1. Place a card in each corner of the room with one of the following words or phrases that are effective ways to group according to learner knowledge.

Rarely ever Sometimes Often I have it!

Dirt road Paved road Highway Yellow brick road

Tell the students to go to the corner of the room that matches their place in the learning journey.

Participants go to the corner that most closely matches their own learning status and discuss what they know about the topic and why they chose to go there.

Squaring Off – Whole Group Assessment  Gregory, G.H. & Chapman, C. (2001). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Doesn’t Fit All . Thousand Oaks CA: Corwin Press.

Using a 4x6 index card the student writes YES on one side and NO on the other.

When a question is asked the students hold up YES or NO.

Ask the students if they know the following vocabulary words and what they mean.

Call out a word. If a student is holding a YES they may be called on to give the correct answer.

Remind them that if they don’t know the words it is OK because they will be learning them.

You can do the same thing with conceptual ideas, etc.

Yes/No Cards Gregory, G.H. & Chapman, C. (2001). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Doesn’t Fit All . Thousand Oaks CA: Corwin Press.

Have students respond with the position of their thumb to get an assessment of what their current understanding of a topic being studied.

Where I am now in my understanding of ______?

Thumb It Gregory, G.H. & Chapman, C. (2001). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Doesn’t Fit All . Thousand Oaks CA: Corwin Press. UP I know a lot SIDEWAYS I know some DOWN I know very little

Show the number of fingers on a scale, with 1 being lowest and 5 the highest.

Ask, How well do you feel you

know this information ?

I know it so well I could explain it to anyone.

I can do it alone.

I need some help.

I could use more practice.

1. I am only beginning.

Fist of Five Gregory, G.H. & Chapman, C. (2001). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Doesn’t Fit All . Thousand Oaks CA: Corwin Press.

Assessment

eSchool Builder

http://elearning.ciu20.org/courses

Zoomerang (subscription)

http://www.zoomerang.com

Profiler Pro

http:// www.profilerpro.com /

Advanced Survey (basic one is free)

http:// www.advancedsurvey.com /

Quia (subscription)- At $50 per educator??? We have 1 or 2 that subscribe

http:// www.quia.com

Classroom Performance System- We have 3 systems, all at HS

http:// www.einstruction.com /

Easy Test Maker

http:// www.easytestmaker.com

Assessment in a Differentiated Classroom

ASSESSMENT:

drives instruction.

occurs consistently as the unit begins, throughout the unit and as the unit ends.

focuses on student readiness, interest and learning profile.

information helps students chart and contribute to their own growth.

MAY be differentiated.

demonstrates personal growth.

CONTENT PROCESS PRODUCT ASSESSMENT Pre - Post - Ongoing for Interest – Readiness – Learning Profile by Self – Peers - Teachers

What Have We Learned? Using your identified learning modality, develop a product from the list below to represent what you learned from today. Role play Advertisement Radio announcement commercial Comic strip Song/rap cheer Symbolic representation Comedy monologue Kinesthetic/ Tactual Visual Auditory

10 Strategies for Managing a Differentiated Classroom

Have a strong rationale for differentiating instruction based on student readiness, interest and learning profile.

Begin differentiating at a pace that is comfortable for you.

Tine differentiated activities for student success.

Use an “anchor activity” to free you up to focus your attention on your students.

Create and deliver instructions carefully.

10 Strategies for Managing a Differentiated Classroom

Have a “home base” for students.

Be sure students have a plan for getting help when you are busy with another student or group.

Give your students as much responsibility for their learning as possible.

Engage your students in talking about classroom procedures and group processes.

Use flexible grouping.

Giving Directions

If the whole class is doing the same activity then give the directions to the whole group.

Do not give multiple task directions to the whole class.

For small group work, tape directions so students can listen to them repeatedly

Use task cards to give directions to small groups.

A general rule is that once the teacher has given directions the students can’t interrupt while he/she is working with a small group

“ Ask 3 Before Me”

Transitions

Directions for transitions need to be given with clarity and urgency.

Time limit for transition

Address the acceptable noise level

Rehearsal

Routines for Handling Paperwork

Color-coded work folders

Portfolios

Baskets for each curricular area or class period

Filing Cabinet

The key to these organizational patterns is that the children have access to their own work and know how to file and/or find what they need to accomplish a task.

Handling Materials

Assign jobs to different students (materials handler, table captain)

As a teacher ask yourself, “Is this something I have to do myself, or can the students learn to do it?”

Remember that you have to teach children how to become responsible for their own things.

Time

Must be flexible in order to address every child’s readiness level

Catch-up days

Anchoring Activities

Postcards for Writing Ideas

Independent Investigations

Flexible Grouping

Students are a part of as many different groups and have opportunities to….

work alone

or in groups based on matching the task to student readiness, interest, and/or learning style.

Should be purposeful:

may be based on student interest, learning profile and/or readiness

may be based on needs observed during learning times

geared to accomplish curricular goals (K-U-D)

Implementation:

purposefully plan using information collected – interest surveys, learning profile inventories, exit cards, quick writes, observations, etc.

list groups on an overhead; place in folders or mailboxes

“ on the fly” as invitational groups

Cautions:

avoid turning groups into tracking situations

provide opportunities for students to work within a variety of groups

practice moving into group situations and assuming roles within the group

Flexible Grouping

Assigning Groups

Clothes pins with student’s names to assign them to a particular task

Color code children to certain groups (a transparency with students names in color works well)

Cubing allows you to assign groups by interest or readiness level

Content Partner/Buddies

Partners Design Page

Clock Buddies

Flexible Groups

Ability Group

Achievement

Pretest

Exit Card

Task Group

Learning Style

Interest

Random

Homogeneous Groups

Affects of homogeneous grouping:

High ability group – Advanced

Medium ability group – Proficient

Medium low ability group – Basic

Lowest ability group – Below Basic

( Marzano, 2001 )

http://www.kennesaw.edu/education/soap/rex/keynote.ppt#256,1, Differentiating Instruction: The Journey

So it’s not just about this…

It’s about this!

Product - The way in which a student’s knowledge of a subject is assessed

Process - The way in which a student gains access to knowledge

Content - The depth/complexity of the knowledge base a student explores

Differentiated Instruction and Some Technology to Support it Technology’s Influence on Differentiated Instruction

PMSD Di And Technology Supports

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