1. The document discusses the role of wild relatives in providing host plant resistance to rice and sorghum crops against various pests and diseases. 2. In rice, Oryza nivara provides resistance to brown planthopper in Sri Lanka. Oryza glaberrima shows resistance to gall midge in Africa. Wild species like O. brachyantha, O. rufipogon and O. meridionalis show resistance to leaf folder in Pakistan. 3. In sorghum, wild relatives like heterosorghum, parasorghum and stiposorghum show less damage from spotted stem borer compared to cultivated varieties in India. Wild sorg

1. WELCOME
TERM PAPER ON
“ROLE OF WILD RELATIVES IN HOST PLANT
RESISTANCE”
1.RICE
2.SORGHUM
SSNAIK
M.SC.ENTOMOLOGY
TNAU,COIMBATORE

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
1.RICE (Oryza sativa ) 2n = 24
 Rice is the world’s most important food crop.
 It is grown in more than 100 countries of the world.
 Origin: S.E. Asia
 It is grown in humid tropical and subtropical climate
 90 per cent of the rice is produced and consumed in S.E. Asia
 Rice producing countries are China, India, Japan, Korea ,Pakistan,
Bangladesh and other S.E. Asian countries.
(De Datta, 1990)

3. 2.SORGHUM
(Sorghum bicolor ) 2n = 2x = 20
 Sorghum is one of the most important food crops in a semi – arid
tropics.
 Origin: S.E. Africa
 A number of land races, wild forms found in S.E. Africa, says the
origin Ethiopia in Africa from there it spread to other parts of world.
 It is grown in Africa, south and central India,
 China, Argentina, Australia and south and central plains of US.
(Garber,1950 )

4. 1.ROLE OF WILD VARITIES
IN HOST PLANT
RESISTANCE - RICE

5. 1.Oryza nivara
A.Introduction:
 O. nivara is the most common and widely distributed wild
rice species.
 Genus Oryza include 20 wild species. Out of these two
are cultivated diploids viz. O.sativa and O.glaberrima and
rest are wild species which include both diploid and
tetraploid forms.
(Hemachandra et al ., 2010)

6. (Pingali et al ., 1990)
WILD RELATIVES……….
Botanical name
Chromosome no.
Genome number
Origin

7. Wild Relatives -- Resistnace to Abiotic and Biotic factors
(Yuan, et al ., 1994)

8.  In Sri Lanka nearly 5-10% of annual rice production is lost due
to BPH damage.
(Nugaliyadda et al., 2001)
 At present, farmers mostly depend on chemical pesticides for
the control of this pest.
(Kudagamage and Nugaliyadda,1995)
 Host plant resistance is identified as the most effective way of
BPH management. The varietal resistance is the most economic,
least complicated and environmental friendly approach for the
control of insect pest damages.
(Pathak and Kush, 1979)

9. I .ROLE IN HOST PLANT REISTANCE AGAINST BPH
 The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens
(Stal)(Homoptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive
monophagous insect pests of rice throughout the rice growing
countries in Asia.
(Rahmanet al., 2009)
 The BPH damages the traditional rice cultivars and wild rice
species. Out of 22wild rice species, BPH resistance has been
detected only in a few species
1.O. australiensis (Ishii et al., 1994),
2.O. officinalis (Hirabayashi et al., 1998),
3.O. eichingeri (Liu et al., 2001),
4.O. latifolia (Yang et al., 2002).
5.O. minuta (Rahman et al., 2009)

10. No checkedO. nivara accession was recorded as susceptible to the BPH
indicating potential of using O. nivara as donors of BPH resistance for
the future rice variety improvement program in Sri Lanka.
(Madurangi et al .,2010)

11. A.ACCESSIONS:
(Madurangi et al.,2010 )

12. IRRI SCORE SYSTEM FOR RESISTANCE
(Madurangi et al.,2010 )

13. MEAN DAMAGE SCORE BY DIFFERENT ACCESSIONS
ACCESSIONS CHECKS
 No accession is showing the susceptability to the BPH in
comparison to the checks . So O. nivara considered as source for
the BPH resistance
(Madurangi et al.,2010 )

14. II.ROLE IN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AGAINST BPH
O. Nivara accessions WRAC 02, WRAC 04, WRAC 07,
WRAC 21 and WRAC 25 having BPH2 gene among 21
responsible for the resistance against BPH like ptb33
cultivar.
( Madurangi et al., 2013)

15. TABLE 1.
ACCESSIONS
(Madurangi et al., 2013)

16. PCR AMPLIFICATION OF DNA OF THE TESTED RICE ENTRIES BY KAM 4 PRIMER FOLLOWED BY
ELECTROPHORESIS IN 3 % AGAROSE GEL
Wild O. nivara accessions
Resistant cultivar (control)
(Madurangi et al., 2013)
marker:
KAM 4 (F- 5’ TAACTGGTGTTAGTGCGAATGC 3’,
R- 5’ AATTCACGGCATGTGAAGCCCTAG 3’),

17. MEAN DAMAGE SCORE - BPH
Resistant cultivar (control)
Wild O. nivara accessions
(Madurangi et al., 2013)

18. BIOASSAY TESTS
(Madurangi et al., 2013)

19. BIOASSAY TESTS WILD Sp.
CONTROL
(Madurangi et al., 2013)

20. 2. a.Oryza brachyantha
b.Oryza rufipogon
c.Oryza meridionalis
A.Introduction:
The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gn) is considered a
minor and sporadic insect pest of rice in Pakistan. It has, however,
attained the status of major pest during the last few years . Several
outbreaks of the pest have been reported in Bangladesh, China, Japan,
Fiji, India, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.
(Wada et al ., 1980 and Khan et al .,1988)

21.  In Pakistan, this pest has multiplied enormously, with severe
incidence observed during the August-September. Overall leaf
infestation during the year was 25 %,reducing 30% grain yield in
major rice growing areas.
(Salim et al. , 1991)
 Changes in physical factors of environment.
 Cultural practices:
• Multiple cropping patterns.
• Reduced genetic variability of improved high yielding cultivars
Application of high levels of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Prophylactic use of pesticides are reported to be the major
reasons of leaf folder infestation.
(Khan et al., 1989)

22. B.Role in Host Plant Resistance against Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis
 Most of the tested wild species and the three cultivated varieties
showed susceptibility to leaffolder. Those areO. australiensis O. alta ,
O. barthii , O. grandiglumis , O. glumaepatula , O. latifolia, O.
longistaminata , O. nivara , O. officinalis , O. punctata and O.
rhizomatis
 O. brachyantha > O. rufipogon >O. meridionalis > have shown
resistance to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in comparison to cultivars
Bas-385 KSK-282 and IR-6 in Pakistan.
( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

23. Accessions from IRGC (IRRI)
( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

24. % OF INFESTATIONS
( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

25. IRRI SCORING SYSTEM
( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)

26. 3.Oryza glaberrima
 African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae),appears to be the most serious insect pest of lowland
and irrigated rice.
(Nwilene et al., 2006)
 Orseolia oryzivora is an insect pest indigenous to Africa.
(Ukwungwu and Misari1997)

27.  Tropical Oryza glaberrima showed the highest level of resistance to
AfRGM (African Rice Gall midge) attacks. The interspecific lines
are showing moderate resistance while the Sativa lines are virtually
susceptible to the midge attack.
( Ogah et al.,2012)
Oryza glaberri ma…………….

28. MEAN % DAMAGE INFESTATION IN 2 DIFFERENT LOCALITIES – FIELD EXPERIMENT
( Ogah et al.,2012)
Table1

29. Intaerspecific O.glaberriima O.Sativa
( Ogah et al.,2012)
Table 2

30.  O.glaberrima shows no parasitization on
gall midge by the Platygaster diplosisae
compared to the interspecific andO. sativa
lines.
( Ogah et al.,2012)

31. Intaerspecific O.glaberriima O.Sativa
( Ogah et al.,2012)
Table1

32. Intaerspecific O.glaberriima O.Sativa
( Ogah et al.,2012)
Table2

33. IN INDIA
1.Andhrapradesh
2.Tamilnadu

34. The culture CR 2711-76 and CR 3005-230-5 are resistant
to stem borer at reproductive stage during both the years
(kharif 2011and kharif 2012). The culture CR 3005-77-2
was moderately resistant in both the years where as CR
3006-8-2 was moderately resistant in one year and
moderately susceptible in another year.in comparison to the
TN1(check) in Andhrapradesh.
(Visalakshmi et al.,2013)
1. Andhrapradesh

36. Yellow stem borer damage (%) in different genotypes of Rice during Kharif 2011

37. Table-2: Yellow stem borer damage (%) in different genotypes of Rice during Kharif 2012
RESISTANT
MEDIUM RESISTANT
MEDIUM SUSCEPTABLE

38. Rice varities w1263 and co 43 selected as resistant and
susceptible parents respectively against rice yellow stem
borer in Tamilnadu .
( Mohanakumar et al.,2003)
2.Tamilnadu

39. 2.SORGHUM
(Sorghum bicolor ) 2n = 2x = 20
 Sorghum is one of the most important food crops in a semi – arid
tropics.
 Origin: S.E. Africa
 A number of land races, wild forms found in S.E. Africa, says the
origin Ethiopia in Africa from there it spread to other parts of world.
 It is grown in Africa, south and central India,
 China, Argentina, Australia and south and central plains of US.
(Garber,1950 )

40. I.The wild relatives Sorghum and Pennisetum sp. showing
resistance to the Chilo partellus and decreased parasitization
on the Chilo partellus when compared to the cultivated maize
and sorghum.
(Setamou et al .,2004)

41. days
survival
(Setamou et al .,2004)
Table1

42. %
(Setamou et al .,2004)
Table2

43. (Setamou et al .,2004)
Table3

44. (Setamou et al .,2004)
Table 4

45.  Among the wild relatives of the sorghum heterosorghum,
parasorghum and stiposorghum are showing less leaf
damage score and no dead hearts formation compared to
the other sorghum,Chaetosorghum relatives and
cultivated checks in India (Andhrapradesh )
( Kamala et al.,2012)

46. ( Kamala et al.,2012)

47. ( Kamala et al.,2012)

48. Sorghum extans showing no oviposition compared to
both parasorghum and cultivar sp.
( Kamala et al.,2012)

49. ( Kamala et al.,2012)

50.  The 3 wild sorghum groups like Heteropogan,
Stiposorghum, and Parasorghum are showing the
no adult recovery is occurred compared to cultivars
(Kamala et al.,2012)

51. (Kamala et al.,2012)

52.  The SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551
experienced lower shoot fly deadhearts at 28 days after
seedling emergence, produced more number of productive
tillers. The insects fed on these genotypes also exhibited
longer larval period compared to on Swarna in India
(Andhra pradesh.)
(Sharma et al.,2005)

53. SUMMARY

54. RICE:
1.Rice variety w1263 is resistant parent for breeding to the yellow stem
borer in Tamilnadu(India)
( Mohanakumar et al.,2003)
2.O. brachyantha > O. rufipogon >O. meridionalis showing the
resistance to the leaf folder in Pakisthan.
( Mehar Ali Shah et al., 2008)
3.Oryza glaberrima is showing resistance to the gall midge in Africa.
( Ogah et a l.,2012)
4.Oryza nivara is showing resistance to the BPH in Srilanka.
(Madurangi et al.,2010 )
5.Oryza nivara is having the BPH2 gene that is responsible for the BPH
resistance in Srilanka.
(Madurangi et al.,2013)
6.CR 2711-76 and CR 3005-230-5 and CR 3005-77-2 are showing
resistance to the yellow stem borer in AP (India)
(Visalakshmi et al.,2013)

55. 1.Wild sorghum and Napier grass showing the resistance to the Chilo
Partellus compared to the cultivated maize and sorghum.
(Setamou et al ., 2004)
2.SFCR 151, ICSV 705, SFCR 125, and, IS 18551 are resistant to the
sorghum shoot fly in Andhrapradesh.
(Sharma et al.,2005)
3.Wild relatives of the sorghum Heterosorghum, Parasorghum and
Stiposorghum are showing less leaf damage score and no dead
hearts formation for Chilo partellus compared to the other sorghum.
Chaetosorghum relatives and cultivated checks.
( Kamala et al.,2012)
Sorghum

56. REFERENCES

57. References………….
Dhillon, M.K., H.C. Sharma, Ram Singh & J.S. Naresh.2005.Mechanisms of resistance
to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in sorghum.springer.,144: 301–312
Kamala ,V ., H.C. Sharmaa . P. Bramela . D. Manohar Rao. 2012. Wild relatives as a
source of genes for resistance to spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in sorghum,
Sorghum bicolor. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Madurangi S.A.P., D. Ratnasekera,S.G.J.N.Senanayake,W.L.G. Samarasinghe and P.V.
Hemachandra.2010. Evaluation of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (stal)
resistance in Oryza nivara wild rice accessions found in Srilanka. Proceedings of the
15th International Forestry and Environment Symposium.
Madurangi, S.A.P ., W.L.G. Samarasinghe and S.G.J.N. Senanayake. 2011. Resistance
of Oryza nivara and Oryza eichingeri derived lines to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata
lugens (Stal).. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka 39 (2): 175-181.
Madurangi ,S.A.P., Disna Ratnasekera, S.G.J.N. Senanayake, W.L.G. Samarasinghe
and P.V. Hemachandra.2013.Antixenosis and antibiosis effects of Oryza nivara
accessions harbouring BPH2 gene on brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens
(Stal)]. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka , 41(2):147-154.

58. References………….
Mehar Ali Shah, Syed ., Hidayat-ur-Rahman, Abdul Rehman, Fida Muhammad
Abassi, Ifthikhar Hussain Khalil and Asad Ali.2008 .Characterization of wild rice
species in response to leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 24,
No.1
Ogah, E.O., J.A. Odebiyi ,A.A. Omoloye and F.E. Nwilene.2012.Evaluation of some
rice genotypes for incidence of African Rice Gallmidge and its parasitoid (p. Diplosisae
). African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 137 – 147.
Setamou,Mamoudou ., Nanqing Jianga and Fritz Schulthess. 2005. Effect of the host
plant on the survivorship of parasitizedChilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera:
Crambidae) larvaeand performance of its larval parasitoid Cotesia Xavipes Cameron
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological Control 32,183–190.
Visalakshmi, V., N. Hari Satyanarayna, Jyothula D. P. B, M. R. B. Raju, and K. V.
Ramana Murthy.2013.Screening of rice germplasm for resistance to yellow stem borer
Scirpophaga incertulas walker. International journal of plant animal and environmental
sciences., vol-4 ,issue no.1

59. Thanks alot
Presented by
s.srinivasNaik