Prof. Kang Xi By Anand Lotia Srijish Sridharan (0356187) (0332873)

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION What does a Peer mean in P2P? Hosts on Internet having equal rights Fundamental architecture in today’s world Server-Client and P2P architecture

What does a Peer mean in P2P?

Hosts on Internet having equal rights

Fundamental architecture in today’s world

Server-Client and P2P architecture

HISTORY OF P2P

HISTORY OF P2P Is the P2P concept new or did it already exist? USENET and DNS – similar concept to P2P networks Peer-to-Peer communication model: Each peer can act as Server and Client Each peer can initiate the communication session Peers are directly connected to each other for file transfer

Is the P2P concept new or did it already exist?

USENET and DNS – similar concept to P2P networks

Peer-to-Peer communication model:

Each peer can act as Server and Client

Each peer can initiate the communication session

Peers are directly connected to each other for file transfer

HISTORY OF P2P USENET Based on UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Protocol) Used to exchange files, system patches, etc Now uses NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol)

USENET

Based on UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Protocol)

Used to exchange files, system patches, etc

Now uses NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol)

HISTORY OF P2P DNS (Domain Name System) DNS information is spread over different servers Can act as Server or Client

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS information is spread over different servers

Can act as Server or Client

HISTORY OF P2P Launch of the first Peer-to-Peer application Napster – Shawn Fanning (1999) Created to share music in the Northeastern University

Launch of the first Peer-to-Peer application

Napster – Shawn Fanning (1999)

Created to share music in the Northeastern University

HISTORY OF P2P Following the pioneer Morpheus Kazaa BearShare iMesh

Following the pioneer

Morpheus

Kazaa

BearShare

iMesh

Peer-to-Peer Architecture

Peer-to-Peer Architecture Architecture Based on File Listing Based on Node Connections Centralized Decentralized Unstructured Structured

Peer-to-Peer Architecture Depending upon the listing of files: Centralized (Hybrid) Decentralized Depending upon how the nodes are connected: Unstructured Structured

Depending upon the listing of files:

Centralized (Hybrid)

Decentralized

Depending upon how the nodes are connected:

Unstructured

Structured

Peer-to-Peer Architecture Centralized (Hybrid) File listing exists on central server All peers connect to this central server Examples: Napster, ICQ

Centralized (Hybrid)

File listing exists on central server

All peers connect to this central server

Examples: Napster, ICQ

Peer-to-Peer Architecture Decentralized No Central Server Each node connected to many other nodes May be pure Peer-to-Peer or with Super Peers Examples: Gnutella, BitTorrent

Decentralized

No Central Server

Each node connected to many other nodes

May be pure Peer-to-Peer or with Super Peers

Examples: Gnutella, BitTorrent

Peer-to-Peer Architecture Unstructured Nodes created arbitrarily Each node copies link information from other connected nodes Simple, however not efficient Examples: FastTrack, Gnutella

Unstructured

Nodes created arbitrarily

Each node copies link information from other connected nodes

Simple, however not efficient

Examples: FastTrack, Gnutella

Peer-to-Peer Architecture Structured Implements algorithms to ensure connection between nodes. Efficient, however complex algorithms involved Examples: DHT and HyperCuP

Structured

Implements algorithms to ensure connection between nodes.

Efficient, however complex algorithms involved

Examples: DHT and HyperCuP

Types of P2P Networks

Types of P2P Networks Napster Gnutella FastTrack eDonkey BitTorrent

Napster

Gnutella

FastTrack

eDonkey

BitTorrent

Types of P2P Networks Napster Peers connect to the Central Server File request sent to the server Server responds with the ID of the sharing peer Peers are directly connected for file transfers Control messages used to ignoring spam users, sending private messages, creating favorites list, etc

Napster

Peers connect to the Central Server

File request sent to the server

Server responds with the ID of the sharing peer

Peers are directly connected for file transfers

Control messages used to ignoring spam users, sending private messages, creating favorites list, etc

Types of P2P Networks Napster Clients Napster Napigator

Napster Clients

Napster

Napigator

Types of P2P Networks Gnutella Peers connected to each other in flat ad-hoc topology Each peers – acts as client and server Dynamic network – Peers can connect and disconnect as they wish without affecting the network

Gnutella

Peers connected to each other in flat ad-hoc topology

Each peers – acts as client and server

Dynamic network – Peers can connect and disconnect as they wish without affecting the network

Types of P2P Networks Connection procedure in Gnutella network

Connection procedure in Gnutella network

Types of P2P Networks File Query and Response in Gnutella

File Query and Response in Gnutella

Types of P2P Networks Gnutella Clients BearShare LimeWire Cabos Shareaza

Gnutella Clients

BearShare

LimeWire

Cabos

Shareaza

Types of P2P Networks Gnutella – Analysis and Improvement Flexibility Performance & Stability Reliability Anonymity

Gnutella – Analysis and Improvement

Flexibility

Performance & Stability

Reliability

Anonymity

Types of P2P Networks FastTrack Based on Hybrid architecture Two tiers of control First Tier – nodes connected to Super Peers Second Tier – Super Peers connected to each other Download same file from multiple users

FastTrack

Based on Hybrid architecture

Two tiers of control

First Tier – nodes connected to Super Peers

Second Tier – Super Peers connected to each other

Download same file from multiple users

Types of P2P Networks FastTrack Clients Kazaa iMesh Grokster Morpheus

FastTrack Clients

Kazaa

iMesh

Grokster

Morpheus

Types of P2P Networks eDonkey Based on hybrid architecture Two tier architecture First Tier – central servers for maintaining list of files Second Tier – for file transfers Two types of server software used – MetaMachine and eServer

eDonkey

Based on hybrid architecture

Two tier architecture

First Tier – central servers for maintaining list of files

Second Tier – for file transfers

Two types of server software used – MetaMachine and eServer

Types of P2P Networks eDonkey Protocol Features Ability to search files based on meta-data (music, artist, bit-rate, extension, number of sources, file size) Ability to download same file from multiple peers Ability to share partial files Ability to detect corrupt files

eDonkey Protocol Features

Ability to search files based on meta-data (music, artist, bit-rate, extension, number of sources, file size)

Ability to download same file from multiple peers

Ability to share partial files

Ability to detect corrupt files

Types of P2P Networks eDonkey Connection Procedure Client initiates TCP connection to connect to the Server File query messages is sent using UDP Requesting peer connects to the sharing peer by TCP Files are divided in 9.5 MB blocks MD4 (128 bit) checksum is calculated for every block

eDonkey Connection Procedure

Client initiates TCP connection to connect to the Server

File query messages is sent using UDP

Requesting peer connects to the sharing peer by TCP

Files are divided in 9.5 MB blocks

MD4 (128 bit) checksum is calculated for every block

Types of P2P Networks eDonkey Clients eDonkey2000 (developed by MetaMachine) eMule MLDonkey aMule

eDonkey Clients

eDonkey2000 (developed by MetaMachine)

eMule

MLDonkey

aMule

Types of P2P Networks BitTorrent Based on decentralized network Files are divided into pieces or blocks Pieces can be of size from 64 kB to 4 MB Pieces can be further fragmented into blocks of 16 kB

BitTorrent

Based on decentralized network

Files are divided into pieces or blocks

Pieces can be of size from 64 kB to 4 MB

Pieces can be further fragmented into blocks of 16 kB

Types of P2P Networks BitTorrent Trackers – tracks seeders, leechers and file pieces from different users Seeders – Hold complete files and shares with other peers Leechers – Download files from other peers

BitTorrent

Trackers – tracks seeders, leechers and file pieces from different users

Seeders – Hold complete files and shares with other peers

Leechers – Download files from other peers

Types of P2P Networks BitTorrent Users download .torrent files which includes meta-data information Torrent files can have one or multiple trackers Files are downloaded in pieces or blocks Implements file sharing fairness

BitTorrent

Users download .torrent files which includes meta-data information

Torrent files can have one or multiple trackers

Files are downloaded in pieces or blocks

Implements file sharing fairness

Types of P2P Networks BitTorrent surpassed eDonkey traffic (2006)

BitTorrent surpassed eDonkey traffic (2006)

Types of P2P Networks BitTorrent Clients Azureus BitComet µTorrent BitTorrent

BitTorrent Clients

Azureus

BitComet

µTorrent

BitTorrent

Challenges in P2P

Challenges in P2P Challenges faced in P2P networks Distribution of copyrighted files Security Issues Bandwidth Consumption

Challenges faced in P2P networks

Distribution of copyrighted files

Security Issues

Bandwidth Consumption

Challenges in P2P Distribution of Copyrighted Files Several P2P networks sued by music companies and private organizations (RIAA, MPAA, ARIA) Users are also targeted Copyright laws limited to few countries

Distribution of Copyrighted Files

Several P2P networks sued by music companies and private organizations (RIAA, MPAA, ARIA)

Users are also targeted

Copyright laws limited to few countries

Challenges in P2P Security Issues Spread of virus, malware, spyware, adware, etc Use of Steganography Spread of null files by RIAA, MPAA Peers can be assigned reputation values Pseudospoofing & Shilling attacks

Security Issues

Spread of virus, malware, spyware, adware, etc

Use of Steganography

Spread of null files by RIAA, MPAA

Peers can be assigned reputation values

Pseudospoofing & Shilling attacks

Challenges in P2P Bandwidth Consumption Bandwidth for existing Internet traffic (2007)

Bandwidth Consumption

Bandwidth for existing Internet traffic (2007)

Windows P2P Networking

Windows P2P Networking Windows P2P Networking Model Works with IPv6 Uses UPnP messages to communicate Peers discovered by Simple Service Discovery Protocol

Windows P2P Networking Model

Works with IPv6

Uses UPnP messages to communicate

Peers discovered by Simple Service Discovery Protocol

Windows P2P Networking Microsoft Windows P2P Architecture

Microsoft Windows P2P Architecture

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION Potential of P2P networks are vast and still being discovered and developed Can be used, not only for file transfer, but also real time media streaming, VOIP, distributed computing, etc

Potential of P2P networks are vast and still being discovered and developed

Can be used, not only for file transfer, but also real time media streaming, VOIP, distributed computing, etc

THANK YOU