SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 30
Autonomy
  and Its
Discontents
 In Autonomy, gender,
   politics. pp.45-70
Chapter
         Structure
 This chapter offers a negative defense of
 autonomy by responding to 6 critical
 challenges, including:

• AU is impossible because there are no
  selves
1. AU is impossible because human actions
  are merely links in chains of interpersonal
  interactions
2.AU is impossible because people cannot
  understand themselves accurately


                     2
Chapter
        Structure
3. AU is possible, but not genuinely
 valuable: positively harmful
4. AU is possible and genuinely valuable,
 but has been in practice restricted to
 elite social groups
5. AU is possible and valuable,but can
 be distorted in practice into
 something harmful
6. AU is incompatible with other moral
 goods

                  3
There are no
     selves
 AU is self-determination. If there
were no selves, then there would be no
selves who could determine
themselves
 I shall argue that there are good
reasons for having some confidence at
the outset that the assumption of
selves is not entirely misguided.


                4
Defend FP’s self
 OB1: the doings of selves are events that can be
traced causally back to prior events or conditions
that are ultimately external to the selves, esp. the
socially interconnected nature of human
community could undermine the discreteness of
human selves
RE:
 1. the feature of separate embodiment can be
   separated discursively. self also have some
   degree of coherent unity as a separate entity


                       5
Defend FP’s self
2. we must accept the existence of selves
if we wish to accept certain moral
practices
3. practical near impossibility of
extricating ourselves from modes of
thought and language that embody this
assumption
   assume the existence of selves, and
•→

nearly all human beings are selves.

                   6
1. Actions are links of
    interpersonal
      interaction
individual autonomy is actually socially
embedded: others would involve in when
one either makes choices or exercises
AU competency
this criticism could lead to 2 directions:
 1. Because AU is socially embedded, AU is
   not genuinely AU
 2. reconceptualize AU in terms of its
   connection with social relationships ★

                   7
Metaphysical
   Concern
ultimately not really mine: my wants
and commitments are traceable, at
least in part, to causal conditions
outside of and other than myself
 if the causal chain does not begin with
the agent herself, then in what sense is
it she who does the determining of
herself?


                 8
RE to MC
compatibilist answer: AU is a matter of degree
and requires agents simply to harbor the
capacities for certain sorts of reflection and
agency, however these were acquired or
interconnected with the agency of others. (p.37)
those reflective and practical capacities
together with wants and desires must constitute
a self who plays a determining role in the
processes leading to behavior.
causal embeddedment doesn’t undermine its
character as the kind of causal stage in the
process

                     9
understand
      themselves
       accurately
challenges the presumption that selves
can reliably understand their own
wants or values. Selves are not
transparently accessible to themselves.
the impossibility is due to human
inability to achieve the degree of self-
understanding and thereby the self-
reflection, that the ideal of autonomy
requires.

                 10
2 sources
 Psychoanalysis theorize that whole
dimensions of the self are opaque to
the self: misinterpretation or
inaccessible to conscious reflection
 Social psychology: Lee Ross, Richard
Nisbett: the major flaw is a misguided
conception about what 'best explains
human behavior': situationism, not
dispositionism

                11
RE to PA
PA is widely contested. Relying for
empirical support mainly on clinical
cases, P does not seem to warrant the
view that human self-understanding in
general is always flawed in ways that
render autonomy impossible.



                12
RE to SP
Ross and Nisbett conceded that we can
have a great deal of predictive reliability on
people we well known. But they insisted
that our accurate everyday prediction of
behavior are based on implicit knowledge
of situation rather than knowledge of
character attributes.

Thus, RN's account does not preclude
accurate self understanding. It requires us
to rethink the evidentiary basis for such
understanding.

                    13
3. Might be
      harmful
The idea of autonomy is excessively
individualistic, and ultimately harmful.
achievement of isolated social atoms
and promote independence,
disconnection from interpersonal
involvement with others.→
interpersonal distancing and
adversaries by leading persons to
regard one another as threats.

                 14
Who is hurt and
What is the harm
 the possessor of autonomy: by
 detaching themselves from social
 relationship, they abandon or destroy
 the relationships on which they had
 been depending for identity, survival
 and flourishing



                 15
RE
1. If my earlier argument is right in
 holding that persons depend on social
 relationships for the development of
 autonomy competency, then
 autonomy need not require
 disconnection from others
2. If she takes this approach, then she
 will not be hurt by AU, but by her
 loneliness

                 16
Who is hurt and
What is the harm
those with whom she interacts: Some who
seek autonomy might pull away from
relationships on which others depend for
survival or for the satisfaction of basic needs
RE: these wrongs arise only when the
autonomy seeker is someone who has
responsibilities to care for or protect others,
or to sustain committed relationships with
those others on which they rely emotionally
 disconnect/ responsible: mere social
disconnection involves no failure to fulfill
responsibilities to others

                    17
Idealizing
individualistic AU
certain sorts of [autonomous]economic and
political behavior which lead some people
to behave in ways that may have an
oppressive impact on others who do not
behave in those ways. Ex. rational economic
man



                  18
Idealizing
individualistic AU
 RE:
  1. AU choice and actions are those that
    accord with the deeper wants and values
    the acting person has reflectively
    reaffirmed and that are partly caused by
    those self-reflections. nothing necessarily
    requires aggressive competitiveness
  2.Since autonomy is not the only morally
   valuable ideal, such choices, even when
   made autonomously, are always open to
   moral criticism in other terms

                    19
AU=
superintendence
Walker: One becomes accountable for
managing oneself. Yet accountability,
suggests Walker, is accountability to
others.
RE: Not all conceptions of autonomy
connect autonomy to the capacity for
accountable self-superintendence in
accord with the normative
requirements of others

               20
4. in practice
   only to elite
  social group
For someone’s actions to cohere in
autonomous, she has to have options to
behave in ways that accord with what she
wants or values
It seems that substantial degrees of
autonomy have historically been largely
accessible only to those with an array of
significant alternative life prospects and the
education or training to reflect on such
things.


                   21
4. in practice
     only to elite
    social group
2 aspects of this problem:
 1. the good of autonomy has been
   restricted to a privileged few
 2. this social good has become available to
   the privileged few through the exploited
   labor

This line of criticism challenges the
fairness of social institutions in which
autonomy gas been embedded as an ideal.

                    22
4. in practice
   only to elite
  social group
RE: the ideal of AU can be reformulated so
as to make it relevant to subordinated and
oppressed live.

Strategy: reconceptualize AU in light of the
experiences, wants, and commitments of
members of disadvantaged groups. those
who previously lacked opportunities to be
AU should become participants in
conversation about AU

The core nature of AU as self-reflective
agency can include goals of social progress

                   23
5. be distorted
into something
    harmful
some substitutes of AU may not be as
similar to AU as they first appear.
Critics of AU may legitimately wonder
whether AU is tarnished by its
practical association with inferior
substitute.



               24
distortion in
    substitutes
similarity: An autonomous person is
self-sufficient in ruling her life, and
being independent of the rule of
others.
the shortcoming of worshiping I and S:
they are often reduced to the activity
of earning an income→ cut back on
welfare→ women and the poor suffer
severe material deprivation

                  25
2 responds to
    troubling
  substitutes
abandon AU altogether for practical
purposes
work harder to clarify the distinction
between AU and the other values
mistakenly substituted for it
Critics of AU opt too quickly for the
first alternative


                 26
Clarification
Everyday notion of independence and self-
sufficient: financial independence→ NOT
demanding that each person live by her
own values→ NOT constitutive part of
philosophical sense of AU→ AU is
independence of mind or behavior.
Thus, it is to criticize AU by the problem
of FI. The public wants welfare recipients
to find and hold income-holding job
whether or not this is what autonomy all
about

                  27
distortion in
      application
  AU be carried to excess:
1. undertake no action until she reflected
  substantially: such results are hardly
  grounds for dismissing AU for everyone
2. reflect on choices and actions exclusively
  in terms of her own wants: AU overrides
  other values: 2 sense
   1. substantive sense→ selfish
   2. procedural sense→ compatible with
     caring deeply about the well-being of
     others

                    28
6. incompatible
with other moral
     goods
This is an argument I do not reject.
 I do not claim that AU is a supreme
value. Sometimes other value will be
more worthy of pursuit than autonomy.
ex. basic material well-being




                29
Criticisms taken
     together
 attack on the value of AU seems an
inappropriate way to challenge liberalism.
The problem with L, at least sometimes,
are problem with practices that are
grounded in something other than liberal
principles, ex. racism, sexism

trap: go against master’s tools just because
they are those of the master.→ an ideal or
value is not necessarily corrupt just because
it is admired by dominant group→ it can be
authentic moral concern

                   30

More Related Content

What's hot (19)

Social problems theory (other source)
Social problems theory (other source)Social problems theory (other source)
Social problems theory (other source)
 
Theories of deviance 1
Theories of deviance 1Theories of deviance 1
Theories of deviance 1
 
Deviance
DevianceDeviance
Deviance
 
Deviance
DevianceDeviance
Deviance
 
Friedman: chapter one
Friedman: chapter oneFriedman: chapter one
Friedman: chapter one
 
Deviant behavior
Deviant behaviorDeviant behavior
Deviant behavior
 
Deviance, social problem and
Deviance, social problem andDeviance, social problem and
Deviance, social problem and
 
Cjus 4411
Cjus 4411Cjus 4411
Cjus 4411
 
Social Deviance
Social DevianceSocial Deviance
Social Deviance
 
Deviant Behavior Sumugat
Deviant Behavior SumugatDeviant Behavior Sumugat
Deviant Behavior Sumugat
 
Merton's theory
Merton's theory Merton's theory
Merton's theory
 
Chapter 7
Chapter 7Chapter 7
Chapter 7
 
Deviance and social control
Deviance and social controlDeviance and social control
Deviance and social control
 
Theories of Deviance
Theories of DevianceTheories of Deviance
Theories of Deviance
 
N4 Interpersonal relationships and social interaction, FET Colleges, South Af...
N4 Interpersonal relationships and social interaction, FET Colleges, South Af...N4 Interpersonal relationships and social interaction, FET Colleges, South Af...
N4 Interpersonal relationships and social interaction, FET Colleges, South Af...
 
Deviant behaviorrr
Deviant behaviorrrDeviant behaviorrr
Deviant behaviorrr
 
Social Control and Social Sanctions
Social Control and Social SanctionsSocial Control and Social Sanctions
Social Control and Social Sanctions
 
Crime and Deviance - Functionalist Approach
Crime and Deviance - Functionalist ApproachCrime and Deviance - Functionalist Approach
Crime and Deviance - Functionalist Approach
 
Social control and deviance
Social control and devianceSocial control and deviance
Social control and deviance
 

Viewers also liked

Health Tech Investment Presentation
Health Tech Investment PresentationHealth Tech Investment Presentation
Health Tech Investment Presentationchrisboue
 
Related Work
Related WorkRelated Work
Related Workrmeyer231
 
Friedman: chapter 4
Friedman: chapter 4Friedman: chapter 4
Friedman: chapter 4sophiemomo
 
Software Tools that Empower Healthcare
Software Tools that Empower HealthcareSoftware Tools that Empower Healthcare
Software Tools that Empower Healthcarechrisboue
 
John Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The Unreasonable
John Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The UnreasonableJohn Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The Unreasonable
John Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The Unreasonablesophiemomo
 
Autonomy, Social Disruption, And Women
Autonomy, Social Disruption, And WomenAutonomy, Social Disruption, And Women
Autonomy, Social Disruption, And Womensophiemomo
 
Bogdan Mircea Tomescu Presentation
Bogdan Mircea Tomescu PresentationBogdan Mircea Tomescu Presentation
Bogdan Mircea Tomescu PresentationMircea Tomescu
 
Romantic Love and Personal Autonomy
Romantic Love and Personal AutonomyRomantic Love and Personal Autonomy
Romantic Love and Personal Autonomysophiemomo
 
Cultural Minorities And Womens Rights
Cultural Minorities And Womens RightsCultural Minorities And Womens Rights
Cultural Minorities And Womens Rightssophiemomo
 

Viewers also liked (12)

cars
carscars
cars
 
Health Tech Investment Presentation
Health Tech Investment PresentationHealth Tech Investment Presentation
Health Tech Investment Presentation
 
Related Work
Related WorkRelated Work
Related Work
 
Friedman: chapter 4
Friedman: chapter 4Friedman: chapter 4
Friedman: chapter 4
 
TEAM
TEAMTEAM
TEAM
 
cars
carscars
cars
 
Software Tools that Empower Healthcare
Software Tools that Empower HealthcareSoftware Tools that Empower Healthcare
Software Tools that Empower Healthcare
 
John Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The Unreasonable
John Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The UnreasonableJohn Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The Unreasonable
John Rawls And The Political Coercion Of The Unreasonable
 
Autonomy, Social Disruption, And Women
Autonomy, Social Disruption, And WomenAutonomy, Social Disruption, And Women
Autonomy, Social Disruption, And Women
 
Bogdan Mircea Tomescu Presentation
Bogdan Mircea Tomescu PresentationBogdan Mircea Tomescu Presentation
Bogdan Mircea Tomescu Presentation
 
Romantic Love and Personal Autonomy
Romantic Love and Personal AutonomyRomantic Love and Personal Autonomy
Romantic Love and Personal Autonomy
 
Cultural Minorities And Womens Rights
Cultural Minorities And Womens RightsCultural Minorities And Womens Rights
Cultural Minorities And Womens Rights
 

Similar to Autonomy And Its Discontents

Deviance and Social Control.pdf
Deviance and Social Control.pdfDeviance and Social Control.pdf
Deviance and Social Control.pdfsatudas149
 
UCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptx
UCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptxUCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptx
UCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptxMarkCatipon
 
Charles horton cooley
Charles horton cooleyCharles horton cooley
Charles horton cooleyRajanBagale3
 
The Physical Self.pptx
The Physical Self.pptxThe Physical Self.pptx
The Physical Self.pptxCarlDeTorres1
 
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...Rula alsawalqa
 
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy Of NeedsMaslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy Of NeedsGOPIKA NAIR
 
208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf
208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf
208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdfJohnLexterLeonador
 
Social Influence .pptx
Social Influence .pptxSocial Influence .pptx
Social Influence .pptxUneezaRajpoot
 
Consumer as individual
Consumer as individualConsumer as individual
Consumer as individualsaurabh mishra
 
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdfenculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdfJohnCarloLucido
 
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)Angelyn Lingatong
 
Week 2.1 - Self Concept.pptx
Week 2.1 - Self Concept.pptxWeek 2.1 - Self Concept.pptx
Week 2.1 - Self Concept.pptxJoemarToling
 
A CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISM
A CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISMA CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISM
A CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISMMaria Perkins
 
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptxenculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptxJohnCarloLucido
 
Human relation IN NURSING
Human relation IN NURSINGHuman relation IN NURSING
Human relation IN NURSINGNursingSpark
 
Social Interaction
Social InteractionSocial Interaction
Social InteractionMG M
 

Similar to Autonomy And Its Discontents (20)

Deviance and Social Control.pdf
Deviance and Social Control.pdfDeviance and Social Control.pdf
Deviance and Social Control.pdf
 
UCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptx
UCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptxUCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptx
UCSP PPT Q2 W1.pptx
 
Relationship awareness theory
Relationship awareness theoryRelationship awareness theory
Relationship awareness theory
 
Charles horton cooley
Charles horton cooleyCharles horton cooley
Charles horton cooley
 
Core Ethical Standards
Core Ethical StandardsCore Ethical Standards
Core Ethical Standards
 
The Physical Self.pptx
The Physical Self.pptxThe Physical Self.pptx
The Physical Self.pptx
 
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...
 
Self and Self presentation
Self and Self presentationSelf and Self presentation
Self and Self presentation
 
Juan Zane Crawford
Juan Zane CrawfordJuan Zane Crawford
Juan Zane Crawford
 
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy Of NeedsMaslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
 
208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf
208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf
208417-1566390284092-Concept-of-Needs-Problems-Provision.pdf
 
Social Influence .pptx
Social Influence .pptxSocial Influence .pptx
Social Influence .pptx
 
Consumer as individual
Consumer as individualConsumer as individual
Consumer as individual
 
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdfenculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pdf
 
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)
Enculturation and socialization lecture (monday)
 
Week 2.1 - Self Concept.pptx
Week 2.1 - Self Concept.pptxWeek 2.1 - Self Concept.pptx
Week 2.1 - Self Concept.pptx
 
A CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISM
A CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISMA CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISM
A CRITIQUE OF MORAL RELATIVISM
 
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptxenculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
enculturationandsocializationlecturemonday-211013035146.pptx
 
Human relation IN NURSING
Human relation IN NURSINGHuman relation IN NURSING
Human relation IN NURSING
 
Social Interaction
Social InteractionSocial Interaction
Social Interaction
 

Recently uploaded

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 

Autonomy And Its Discontents

  • 1. Autonomy and Its Discontents In Autonomy, gender, politics. pp.45-70
  • 2. Chapter Structure This chapter offers a negative defense of autonomy by responding to 6 critical challenges, including: • AU is impossible because there are no selves 1. AU is impossible because human actions are merely links in chains of interpersonal interactions 2.AU is impossible because people cannot understand themselves accurately 2
  • 3. Chapter Structure 3. AU is possible, but not genuinely valuable: positively harmful 4. AU is possible and genuinely valuable, but has been in practice restricted to elite social groups 5. AU is possible and valuable,but can be distorted in practice into something harmful 6. AU is incompatible with other moral goods 3
  • 4. There are no selves AU is self-determination. If there were no selves, then there would be no selves who could determine themselves I shall argue that there are good reasons for having some confidence at the outset that the assumption of selves is not entirely misguided. 4
  • 5. Defend FP’s self OB1: the doings of selves are events that can be traced causally back to prior events or conditions that are ultimately external to the selves, esp. the socially interconnected nature of human community could undermine the discreteness of human selves RE: 1. the feature of separate embodiment can be separated discursively. self also have some degree of coherent unity as a separate entity 5
  • 6. Defend FP’s self 2. we must accept the existence of selves if we wish to accept certain moral practices 3. practical near impossibility of extricating ourselves from modes of thought and language that embody this assumption assume the existence of selves, and •→ nearly all human beings are selves. 6
  • 7. 1. Actions are links of interpersonal interaction individual autonomy is actually socially embedded: others would involve in when one either makes choices or exercises AU competency this criticism could lead to 2 directions: 1. Because AU is socially embedded, AU is not genuinely AU 2. reconceptualize AU in terms of its connection with social relationships ★ 7
  • 8. Metaphysical Concern ultimately not really mine: my wants and commitments are traceable, at least in part, to causal conditions outside of and other than myself if the causal chain does not begin with the agent herself, then in what sense is it she who does the determining of herself? 8
  • 9. RE to MC compatibilist answer: AU is a matter of degree and requires agents simply to harbor the capacities for certain sorts of reflection and agency, however these were acquired or interconnected with the agency of others. (p.37) those reflective and practical capacities together with wants and desires must constitute a self who plays a determining role in the processes leading to behavior. causal embeddedment doesn’t undermine its character as the kind of causal stage in the process 9
  • 10. understand themselves accurately challenges the presumption that selves can reliably understand their own wants or values. Selves are not transparently accessible to themselves. the impossibility is due to human inability to achieve the degree of self- understanding and thereby the self- reflection, that the ideal of autonomy requires. 10
  • 11. 2 sources Psychoanalysis theorize that whole dimensions of the self are opaque to the self: misinterpretation or inaccessible to conscious reflection Social psychology: Lee Ross, Richard Nisbett: the major flaw is a misguided conception about what 'best explains human behavior': situationism, not dispositionism 11
  • 12. RE to PA PA is widely contested. Relying for empirical support mainly on clinical cases, P does not seem to warrant the view that human self-understanding in general is always flawed in ways that render autonomy impossible. 12
  • 13. RE to SP Ross and Nisbett conceded that we can have a great deal of predictive reliability on people we well known. But they insisted that our accurate everyday prediction of behavior are based on implicit knowledge of situation rather than knowledge of character attributes. Thus, RN's account does not preclude accurate self understanding. It requires us to rethink the evidentiary basis for such understanding. 13
  • 14. 3. Might be harmful The idea of autonomy is excessively individualistic, and ultimately harmful. achievement of isolated social atoms and promote independence, disconnection from interpersonal involvement with others.→ interpersonal distancing and adversaries by leading persons to regard one another as threats. 14
  • 15. Who is hurt and What is the harm the possessor of autonomy: by detaching themselves from social relationship, they abandon or destroy the relationships on which they had been depending for identity, survival and flourishing 15
  • 16. RE 1. If my earlier argument is right in holding that persons depend on social relationships for the development of autonomy competency, then autonomy need not require disconnection from others 2. If she takes this approach, then she will not be hurt by AU, but by her loneliness 16
  • 17. Who is hurt and What is the harm those with whom she interacts: Some who seek autonomy might pull away from relationships on which others depend for survival or for the satisfaction of basic needs RE: these wrongs arise only when the autonomy seeker is someone who has responsibilities to care for or protect others, or to sustain committed relationships with those others on which they rely emotionally disconnect/ responsible: mere social disconnection involves no failure to fulfill responsibilities to others 17
  • 18. Idealizing individualistic AU certain sorts of [autonomous]economic and political behavior which lead some people to behave in ways that may have an oppressive impact on others who do not behave in those ways. Ex. rational economic man 18
  • 19. Idealizing individualistic AU RE: 1. AU choice and actions are those that accord with the deeper wants and values the acting person has reflectively reaffirmed and that are partly caused by those self-reflections. nothing necessarily requires aggressive competitiveness 2.Since autonomy is not the only morally valuable ideal, such choices, even when made autonomously, are always open to moral criticism in other terms 19
  • 20. AU= superintendence Walker: One becomes accountable for managing oneself. Yet accountability, suggests Walker, is accountability to others. RE: Not all conceptions of autonomy connect autonomy to the capacity for accountable self-superintendence in accord with the normative requirements of others 20
  • 21. 4. in practice only to elite social group For someone’s actions to cohere in autonomous, she has to have options to behave in ways that accord with what she wants or values It seems that substantial degrees of autonomy have historically been largely accessible only to those with an array of significant alternative life prospects and the education or training to reflect on such things. 21
  • 22. 4. in practice only to elite social group 2 aspects of this problem: 1. the good of autonomy has been restricted to a privileged few 2. this social good has become available to the privileged few through the exploited labor This line of criticism challenges the fairness of social institutions in which autonomy gas been embedded as an ideal. 22
  • 23. 4. in practice only to elite social group RE: the ideal of AU can be reformulated so as to make it relevant to subordinated and oppressed live. Strategy: reconceptualize AU in light of the experiences, wants, and commitments of members of disadvantaged groups. those who previously lacked opportunities to be AU should become participants in conversation about AU The core nature of AU as self-reflective agency can include goals of social progress 23
  • 24. 5. be distorted into something harmful some substitutes of AU may not be as similar to AU as they first appear. Critics of AU may legitimately wonder whether AU is tarnished by its practical association with inferior substitute. 24
  • 25. distortion in substitutes similarity: An autonomous person is self-sufficient in ruling her life, and being independent of the rule of others. the shortcoming of worshiping I and S: they are often reduced to the activity of earning an income→ cut back on welfare→ women and the poor suffer severe material deprivation 25
  • 26. 2 responds to troubling substitutes abandon AU altogether for practical purposes work harder to clarify the distinction between AU and the other values mistakenly substituted for it Critics of AU opt too quickly for the first alternative 26
  • 27. Clarification Everyday notion of independence and self- sufficient: financial independence→ NOT demanding that each person live by her own values→ NOT constitutive part of philosophical sense of AU→ AU is independence of mind or behavior. Thus, it is to criticize AU by the problem of FI. The public wants welfare recipients to find and hold income-holding job whether or not this is what autonomy all about 27
  • 28. distortion in application AU be carried to excess: 1. undertake no action until she reflected substantially: such results are hardly grounds for dismissing AU for everyone 2. reflect on choices and actions exclusively in terms of her own wants: AU overrides other values: 2 sense 1. substantive sense→ selfish 2. procedural sense→ compatible with caring deeply about the well-being of others 28
  • 29. 6. incompatible with other moral goods This is an argument I do not reject. I do not claim that AU is a supreme value. Sometimes other value will be more worthy of pursuit than autonomy. ex. basic material well-being 29
  • 30. Criticisms taken together attack on the value of AU seems an inappropriate way to challenge liberalism. The problem with L, at least sometimes, are problem with practices that are grounded in something other than liberal principles, ex. racism, sexism trap: go against master’s tools just because they are those of the master.→ an ideal or value is not necessarily corrupt just because it is admired by dominant group→ it can be authentic moral concern 30