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Making Emergent Creativity
데이터 , 미래 그리고 현재

                             Haklae Kim, PhD. , Feb. 2013
Introduction
Data, Data, and Data




 Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zfwuwD4tkM   2
Quick Summary
Open Data vs Linked Data

 Open Data starts with making available the data that you already have, in whatever format.



                              •   Equal access for all
    Open Data                 •   Licensing, legal issues
                              •   Transparency
                              •   Changing the way government works

                              •   URIs
                              •   HTTPs
    Linked Data
                              •   RDF vocabularies
                              •   Standards




                                                                                          3
Best Practices
London 2012: Open Data Olympics




                                  4
Today
This Presentation .....

Conceptual overview   Case Studies   The Semantic Web   What We Will Do




                                                                      5
Definition
What is Open (Government) Data?

                  “Open”
                                        freely
                  material (data) is open if it can be
                  used, reused and redistributed by
                  anyone


                  “Government data”
                               produced or
                  data and information
                  commissioned by government or
                  government controlled entities.

                                      Source: Open Knowledge Foundation, 2010




                                                                         6
• Transparency
• Participation
• Collaboration




“My administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of
openness in Government.” – Barack Obama
 “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies – Transparency and Open Government” Jan 2009
Today
This Presentation .....

Conceptual overview   Case Studies   The Semantic Web   What We Will Do




                                                                          8
9
http://www.practicalparticipation.co.uk/odi/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Open-Data-Impacts-Timeline-Draft-0.1.png
Case Studies
   Top 10 Apps: Data.gov.uk




 Where Does My Money Go               OurProperty.co.uk                  OpenlyLocal.com                PlanningAlerts.com




                                                                                                                       10
Source: Telegraph, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/7044147/Data.gov.uk-Top-Ten-Apps-so-far.html
Public Sector Dataset
The State of Open Government Data




                                    Source: http://tinyurl.com/44rub56

                                                             11
Open Data Strategies
Open data instruments
“The application of the four types of instruments by the five countries is depicted – the larger
the circle the more instruments are applied” – Huijboom & Van den Broek, 2011.



       Education and training                                       Voluntary approaches


                 US
                  US
                                          AU
                                           AU      ES
                                                    ES        UK
                                                              UK            DK
                                                                             DK
                              DK
                              DK
                       UK
                        UK          ES
                                     ES                  AU
                                                         AU          US
                                                                     US


                                                                           ES
                                                                            ES
                              DK
                               DK         ES
              US
              US                           ES
                                                                AU
                                                   DK
                                                    DK          AU
                        AU
                         AU
                                                                          UK
                                                                           UK
                                   UK
                                   UK                     US
                                                          US
       Economic instruments                                        Legislation and control

                                                                                             12
Critical factors
    Drivers and barries of open data policy implementation

  11       Strategies and experience in front runner countries   Closed government culture


  22       Political leadership                                  Privacy legislation


  33       Regional initiatives                                  Limited quality of data


  44       Citizen initiatives                                   Limited user-friendliness/information overload


  55       Market initiatives                                    Lack of standardization of open data policy


  66       Emerging technologies                                 Security threats


  77       European legislation                                  Existing charging models


  88       Thought leaders                                       Uncertain economic impact


  99       Possibility of monitoring government                  Digital divide


  10
   10      Budgets cuts                                          Network overload



Source: Huijboom and Van den Broek, 2011                                                                       13
Today
This Presentation .....

Conceptual overview   Case Studies   The Semantic Web   What We Will Do




                                                                      14
Let’s Start
Web in Transition
“a steady progression from a document-centric Web to one that is data-centric, including the mediation of semantics”




                                                                                           (Source: Mike, 2007)


                                                                                                           15
Introduction in Plain English
Linked Open Data




 Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uju4wT9uBIA   16
Overview
The Semantic Web & Linked Data
“The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on the web. It is about making links, so that a
person or machine can explore the web of data.  With linked data, when you have some of it,
you can find other, related, data” - TBL.




                                             5      Stars Open linked data

                                                      ★   Make your stuff available on the Web

                                                    ★★    Make it available as structured data

                                                 ★★★      Use open, standard formats (instead of excel)


                                               ★★★★       Use a open data format – URLs, descriptions

                                             ★★★★★        Link your data to other people’s data




                                                                                                 17
Overview
Growth of Interlinks
… Linked Data provides the means to reach the goal of the Semantic Web
– “the emergence of a Web of Data”




   2007-05-01   2007-10-08     2007-11-10    2008-02-28    2008-03-31




   2008-09-18   2009-03-05    2009-03-27     2009-07-14    2010-09-22
                                                                         18
Structured Wikipedia                        Multimedia Content




     DBpedia                                           BBC



            Commercial Product                         Government Data




     Best Buy                                        UK Gov


                     October, 2011                                       19
295 interlinked datasets, approximately 31 billions triples
Question
What is the Semantic Web for?




               Standards         Inference




                Search          Intelligence

                                               20
Case Studies
Google’s Semantic Search
 People should be able to ask questions and we should understand their meaning, or they should be able to talk
 about things at a conceptual level. ... A lot of people will turn to things like the semantic Web as a possible answer to
 that.“ - Google Vice President of Search Products & User Experience Marissa Mayer




  an initiative launched on 2 June 2011 by Bing, Google and Yahoo! 
  to "create and support a common set of schemas for
  structured
  data markup on web pages ."


  Freebase is an open, Creative Commons licensed repository
  of structured data of almost 22 million entities. An entity is a single
  person, place, or thing connected by a graph .




  The Knowledge Graph is a collection of information sources that
  help discern a user’s specified intent with each individual query.
  The graph is actually an encyclopedia with structured              http://schema.org/docs/full.html
  information obtained from the web. (currently, 200 million
  entities)
                                                                                                                 21
Case Studies
Apple’s Siri
 Ask Siri how Apple recorded the best quarter in history for a tech company, and her answer should be: " Me ."



 Siri (Speech Interpretation and Recognition Interface ) is            Knowledge Navigator (1987)
 an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator which       a concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John
 works as an application for Apple's iOS.                              Sculley in his 1987 book, Odyssey.

 A Brief History
 - In December 2007 Siri, Inc. was formed by Dag Kittlaus (CEO),
 Adam Cheyer (VP Engineering), and Tom Gruber (CTO/VP
 Design).
 - Siri Inc. went after funding and by November 2009 it had
 secured $15.5 million investment, resulted in the creation of the
 first Siri application, which debuted on the iPhone 3GS in February
 2010.
 - Siri acquired by Apple; iPhone becomes the Virtual Personal
 Assistant




                                                                       (Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRH8eimU_20)

                                                                                                                              22
Case Studies
Active Ontology
 A processing formalism where distinct processing elements are arranged according to ontology notions;
 an execution environment.
                                                          Basic concepts
                                                           * Ontology : A data structure
                                                              - Formal representation for domain knowledge
                                                              - Classes, attributes, relations
                                                           * Active Ontology : A processing environment
                                                             - Processing elements arranged according to ontology notions
                                                             - Communication channels

                                                                                      P   movie



                                                               P     genre          P      actor          P      rating



                                                              rule set
                                                                   rule
                                                                     rule
                                                                       rule
                                                                      condition
                                                                        condition
                                                                          condition
                                                                        action
                                                                          action
                                                                            action
                                                                                                   (Baur et al., 2007)
                                                                                                                   23
Why
Linked Data and Open Government Data




                                       24
Linked Data life cycles

1               2              3                4               5                   6

      data          modeling       publishing       discovery       integration         use cases
    awareness




thedatahub      Neologism      Google Refine        VoID        LATC 24/7         datacatalogs

LOD cloud       DataCube       RDB2RDF              DCAT        duke              data.gov

                prefix.cc                           Sindice     Sig.ma            data.gov.uk

                                                    CKAN
Introduction in Plain English
IBM Watson




 Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uju4wT9uBIA   26
Today
This Presentation .....

Conceptual overview   Case Studies   The Semantic Web   What We Will Do




                                                                      27
Reality Check
Data.gov in crisis




 Data.gov, along with a number of other data-related sites of the government
 such as USAspending.gov and Apps.gov, are slated to be shut down due to
 budget cuts. The current annual budget of $37 million will be reduced to $2
 million. – (Guardian April 11)
                                                                               28
Reality Check in Korea
고려 사항

11 정부의 역할 : 시스템 구축 vs 생태계 구축              - 통제가 아닌 효율적인 서비스 지향
                                          - 데이터 공개 및 연계를 위한 로드맵 수립


                                         - 정부기관의 데이터 소유 인식 전환 필요
22 데이터 플랫폼 : 정부 vs 민간 vs 커뮤니티            - 자발적인 참여와 소비를 촉진하는 전략 필
                                         요


33 데이터 민감성 : WikiLeaks vs Open Data       - 데이터 범주에 따른 차별화된 공개 전략
                                          - 데이터의 활용에 따른 최적화된 서비스 모
                                          델

44 서비스 범위 : Domestic vs International     - 서비스 범위에 따른 구축비용 / 운영 모델
                                          - 국제 표준에 기반한 데이터 접근 서비스
                                          제공

55 데이터 내용 : 통계 / 수치 데이터 vs 정보형 데이터 기반 시각화에 한정된 모델 지양
                                - 통계
                                - 데이터 특성에 맞는 기술 적용 모델 수립


                                                 - 지능적인 데이터 매쉬업 지원을
66 데이터 형식 : human-readable vs machine-readable   위한 데이터 모델링 검토




                                                                 29
Conceptual Architecture
 Vision of Government Open Data
 “realise significant economic benefits by enabling businesses and non-profit organisations to build
 innovative applications and websites using public data.”




                                                                                             30
(Ding et al., 2012)
Conceptual Architecture
 Roadmap of linked open government data
 “the combination of machine power and human power and deliver higher-quality data to a wide
 range of data consumers via visualization, mashups, and more.”




                                                                                         31
(Ding et al., 2012)
Summary
Data on the Web


  Data is information about things



  Data is something machines can process



  Data drives applications (e.g. web sites, mobile services)



  Data is relations among things


                                                               32
What We Will Do
Interdisciplinary Collaboration




                    Difficult



 Concluding Remarks
 Hope is not a strategy and the “change” has been
 change for the worse, and not better.              33
What We Will Do
Interdisciplinary Collaboration




                    Difficult



 Concluding Remarks
 Hope is not a strategy and the “change” has been
 change for the worse, and not better.              34
References
  - Charles Baur, Adam Cheyer, Didier Guzzoni, Active, a platform for building intelligent software
  - Noor Huijboom and Tijs Van den Broek, Open Data: an international comparison of strategies, European journal of ePractices,
    March/April 2011
  - Li Ding, Vassilios Peristeras, and Michael Hausenblas, Linked Open Government Data, IEEE Intelligent Systems, May/June 2012

  - Page 1: http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/diagrams/websci/Marius%20Watz%20-%20Web%20Science%20artwork.png
  - Page 4: http://www.go-gulf.com/60seconds.jpg
  - Page 9: http://cloud.frontpagemag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/obama11.jpg
  - Page 27: http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c0168e5ccdd81970c-800wi
  - Page 29: http://programminggeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Programming-Geeks-Web-Science.jpg
  - Page 29: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C0Kyck90Djo/T4KZTg3k1XI/AAAAAAAAAsE/RUp165S0FCQ/s1600/Commitment.jpeg

  Page 2 Case Studies

  - http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/aug/03/london-2012-olympics-open-data
  - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19050139
  - http://london2012.nytimes.com/results
  - http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/interactive/2012/jul/23/could-you-be-a-medallist
  - http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/2012/aug/13/olympics-2012-data-journalism
  - http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/interactive/2012/jul/26/london-2012-price-olympic-games-visualised




                                                                                                                         35
For more information
contact Haklae Kim via

haklae.kim@gmail.com
Twitter: haklaekim

Or read up on the
sonagi blog at:

http://blogweb.co.kr

http://thedatahub.kr

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데이터, 미래 그리고 현재

  • 1. Making Emergent Creativity 데이터 , 미래 그리고 현재 Haklae Kim, PhD. , Feb. 2013
  • 2. Introduction Data, Data, and Data Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zfwuwD4tkM 2
  • 3. Quick Summary Open Data vs Linked Data Open Data starts with making available the data that you already have, in whatever format. • Equal access for all Open Data • Licensing, legal issues • Transparency • Changing the way government works • URIs • HTTPs Linked Data • RDF vocabularies • Standards 3
  • 4. Best Practices London 2012: Open Data Olympics 4
  • 5. Today This Presentation ..... Conceptual overview Case Studies The Semantic Web What We Will Do 5
  • 6. Definition What is Open (Government) Data? “Open” freely material (data) is open if it can be used, reused and redistributed by anyone “Government data” produced or data and information commissioned by government or government controlled entities. Source: Open Knowledge Foundation, 2010 6
  • 7. • Transparency • Participation • Collaboration “My administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of openness in Government.” – Barack Obama “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies – Transparency and Open Government” Jan 2009
  • 8. Today This Presentation ..... Conceptual overview Case Studies The Semantic Web What We Will Do 8
  • 10. Case Studies Top 10 Apps: Data.gov.uk Where Does My Money Go OurProperty.co.uk OpenlyLocal.com PlanningAlerts.com 10 Source: Telegraph, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/7044147/Data.gov.uk-Top-Ten-Apps-so-far.html
  • 11. Public Sector Dataset The State of Open Government Data Source: http://tinyurl.com/44rub56 11
  • 12. Open Data Strategies Open data instruments “The application of the four types of instruments by the five countries is depicted – the larger the circle the more instruments are applied” – Huijboom & Van den Broek, 2011. Education and training Voluntary approaches US US AU AU ES ES UK UK DK DK DK DK UK UK ES ES AU AU US US ES ES DK DK ES US US ES AU DK DK AU AU AU UK UK UK UK US US Economic instruments Legislation and control 12
  • 13. Critical factors Drivers and barries of open data policy implementation 11 Strategies and experience in front runner countries Closed government culture 22 Political leadership Privacy legislation 33 Regional initiatives Limited quality of data 44 Citizen initiatives Limited user-friendliness/information overload 55 Market initiatives Lack of standardization of open data policy 66 Emerging technologies Security threats 77 European legislation Existing charging models 88 Thought leaders Uncertain economic impact 99 Possibility of monitoring government Digital divide 10 10 Budgets cuts Network overload Source: Huijboom and Van den Broek, 2011 13
  • 14. Today This Presentation ..... Conceptual overview Case Studies The Semantic Web What We Will Do 14
  • 15. Let’s Start Web in Transition “a steady progression from a document-centric Web to one that is data-centric, including the mediation of semantics” (Source: Mike, 2007) 15
  • 16. Introduction in Plain English Linked Open Data Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uju4wT9uBIA 16
  • 17. Overview The Semantic Web & Linked Data “The Semantic Web isn't just about putting data on the web. It is about making links, so that a person or machine can explore the web of data.  With linked data, when you have some of it, you can find other, related, data” - TBL. 5 Stars Open linked data ★ Make your stuff available on the Web ★★ Make it available as structured data ★★★ Use open, standard formats (instead of excel) ★★★★ Use a open data format – URLs, descriptions ★★★★★ Link your data to other people’s data 17
  • 18. Overview Growth of Interlinks … Linked Data provides the means to reach the goal of the Semantic Web – “the emergence of a Web of Data” 2007-05-01 2007-10-08 2007-11-10 2008-02-28 2008-03-31 2008-09-18 2009-03-05 2009-03-27 2009-07-14 2010-09-22 18
  • 19. Structured Wikipedia Multimedia Content DBpedia BBC Commercial Product Government Data Best Buy UK Gov October, 2011 19 295 interlinked datasets, approximately 31 billions triples
  • 20. Question What is the Semantic Web for? Standards Inference Search Intelligence 20
  • 21. Case Studies Google’s Semantic Search People should be able to ask questions and we should understand their meaning, or they should be able to talk about things at a conceptual level. ... A lot of people will turn to things like the semantic Web as a possible answer to that.“ - Google Vice President of Search Products & User Experience Marissa Mayer an initiative launched on 2 June 2011 by Bing, Google and Yahoo!  to "create and support a common set of schemas for structured data markup on web pages ." Freebase is an open, Creative Commons licensed repository of structured data of almost 22 million entities. An entity is a single person, place, or thing connected by a graph . The Knowledge Graph is a collection of information sources that help discern a user’s specified intent with each individual query. The graph is actually an encyclopedia with structured http://schema.org/docs/full.html information obtained from the web. (currently, 200 million entities) 21
  • 22. Case Studies Apple’s Siri Ask Siri how Apple recorded the best quarter in history for a tech company, and her answer should be: " Me ." Siri (Speech Interpretation and Recognition Interface ) is Knowledge Navigator (1987) an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator which a concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John works as an application for Apple's iOS. Sculley in his 1987 book, Odyssey. A Brief History - In December 2007 Siri, Inc. was formed by Dag Kittlaus (CEO), Adam Cheyer (VP Engineering), and Tom Gruber (CTO/VP Design). - Siri Inc. went after funding and by November 2009 it had secured $15.5 million investment, resulted in the creation of the first Siri application, which debuted on the iPhone 3GS in February 2010. - Siri acquired by Apple; iPhone becomes the Virtual Personal Assistant (Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRH8eimU_20) 22
  • 23. Case Studies Active Ontology A processing formalism where distinct processing elements are arranged according to ontology notions; an execution environment. Basic concepts * Ontology : A data structure - Formal representation for domain knowledge - Classes, attributes, relations * Active Ontology : A processing environment - Processing elements arranged according to ontology notions - Communication channels P movie P genre P actor P rating rule set rule rule rule condition condition condition action action action (Baur et al., 2007) 23
  • 24. Why Linked Data and Open Government Data 24
  • 25. Linked Data life cycles 1 2 3 4 5 6 data modeling publishing discovery integration use cases awareness thedatahub Neologism Google Refine VoID LATC 24/7 datacatalogs LOD cloud DataCube RDB2RDF DCAT duke data.gov prefix.cc Sindice Sig.ma data.gov.uk CKAN
  • 26. Introduction in Plain English IBM Watson Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uju4wT9uBIA 26
  • 27. Today This Presentation ..... Conceptual overview Case Studies The Semantic Web What We Will Do 27
  • 28. Reality Check Data.gov in crisis Data.gov, along with a number of other data-related sites of the government such as USAspending.gov and Apps.gov, are slated to be shut down due to budget cuts. The current annual budget of $37 million will be reduced to $2 million. – (Guardian April 11) 28
  • 29. Reality Check in Korea 고려 사항 11 정부의 역할 : 시스템 구축 vs 생태계 구축 - 통제가 아닌 효율적인 서비스 지향 - 데이터 공개 및 연계를 위한 로드맵 수립 - 정부기관의 데이터 소유 인식 전환 필요 22 데이터 플랫폼 : 정부 vs 민간 vs 커뮤니티 - 자발적인 참여와 소비를 촉진하는 전략 필 요 33 데이터 민감성 : WikiLeaks vs Open Data - 데이터 범주에 따른 차별화된 공개 전략 - 데이터의 활용에 따른 최적화된 서비스 모 델 44 서비스 범위 : Domestic vs International - 서비스 범위에 따른 구축비용 / 운영 모델 - 국제 표준에 기반한 데이터 접근 서비스 제공 55 데이터 내용 : 통계 / 수치 데이터 vs 정보형 데이터 기반 시각화에 한정된 모델 지양 - 통계 - 데이터 특성에 맞는 기술 적용 모델 수립 - 지능적인 데이터 매쉬업 지원을 66 데이터 형식 : human-readable vs machine-readable 위한 데이터 모델링 검토 29
  • 30. Conceptual Architecture Vision of Government Open Data “realise significant economic benefits by enabling businesses and non-profit organisations to build innovative applications and websites using public data.” 30 (Ding et al., 2012)
  • 31. Conceptual Architecture Roadmap of linked open government data “the combination of machine power and human power and deliver higher-quality data to a wide range of data consumers via visualization, mashups, and more.” 31 (Ding et al., 2012)
  • 32. Summary Data on the Web Data is information about things Data is something machines can process Data drives applications (e.g. web sites, mobile services) Data is relations among things 32
  • 33. What We Will Do Interdisciplinary Collaboration Difficult Concluding Remarks Hope is not a strategy and the “change” has been change for the worse, and not better. 33
  • 34. What We Will Do Interdisciplinary Collaboration Difficult Concluding Remarks Hope is not a strategy and the “change” has been change for the worse, and not better. 34
  • 35. References - Charles Baur, Adam Cheyer, Didier Guzzoni, Active, a platform for building intelligent software - Noor Huijboom and Tijs Van den Broek, Open Data: an international comparison of strategies, European journal of ePractices, March/April 2011 - Li Ding, Vassilios Peristeras, and Michael Hausenblas, Linked Open Government Data, IEEE Intelligent Systems, May/June 2012 - Page 1: http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/diagrams/websci/Marius%20Watz%20-%20Web%20Science%20artwork.png - Page 4: http://www.go-gulf.com/60seconds.jpg - Page 9: http://cloud.frontpagemag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/obama11.jpg - Page 27: http://www.patentlyapple.com/.a/6a0120a5580826970c0168e5ccdd81970c-800wi - Page 29: http://programminggeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Programming-Geeks-Web-Science.jpg - Page 29: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C0Kyck90Djo/T4KZTg3k1XI/AAAAAAAAAsE/RUp165S0FCQ/s1600/Commitment.jpeg Page 2 Case Studies - http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/aug/03/london-2012-olympics-open-data - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19050139 - http://london2012.nytimes.com/results - http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/interactive/2012/jul/23/could-you-be-a-medallist - http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/2012/aug/13/olympics-2012-data-journalism - http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/interactive/2012/jul/26/london-2012-price-olympic-games-visualised 35
  • 36. For more information contact Haklae Kim via haklae.kim@gmail.com Twitter: haklaekim Or read up on the sonagi blog at: http://blogweb.co.kr http://thedatahub.kr

Editor's Notes

  1. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/diagrams/websci/Marius%20Watz%20-%20Web%20Science%20artwork.png http://www.slideshare.net/dataspora/s-4455027 (big data)
  2. http://www.go-gulf.com/60seconds.jpg
  3. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/aug/03/london-2012-olympics-open-data http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19050139 http://london2012.nytimes.com/results http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/interactive/2012/jul/23/could-you-be-a-medallist http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/2012/aug/13/olympics-2012-data-journalism http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/interactive/2012/jul/26/london-2012-price-olympic-games-visualised
  4. This show the state of open government data, I will show you this map later.
  5. http://www.go-gulf.com/60seconds.jpg
  6. http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/philosophy/jw/reasoning/club/rcl.jpg http://proniit.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/112944254_3f5212215a.jpg
  7. http://wiki.eclipse.org/images/1/1c/Schema-org_2.0.100.png
  8. http://wiki.eclipse.org/images/1/1c/Schema-org_2.0.100.png
  9. http://www.go-gulf.com/60seconds.jpg
  10. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/apr/05/data-gov-crisis-obama http://siteanalytics.compete.com/usaspending.gov+data.gov/# http://www.data.gov/metric
  11. http://linkedgov.org/news/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Diagram_-_the_problem-1.png.scaled1000.png http://linkedgov.org/news/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Diagram_-_the_project.png http://linkedgov.org/why-do-we-need-linkedgov/
  12. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C0Kyck90Djo/T4KZTg3k1XI/AAAAAAAAAsE/RUp165S0FCQ/s1600/Commitment.jpeg
  13. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C0Kyck90Djo/T4KZTg3k1XI/AAAAAAAAAsE/RUp165S0FCQ/s1600/Commitment.jpeg