Human genome project[1]

Human Genome Project By: Amanda Medina

Basic Principles of Genetics
Allele- The different form of a gene-sometimes referred to as a “trait”
Simple trait- caused by interaction of only one set of alleles
Complex trait- caused by a interaction of a series of allels
Simple Traits of Alleles
Simple trait- eye color
Complex- height

Dominant VS. Recessive Alleles
Traits from dominant allele are always the ones seen in a person even if a recessive trait is present
Traits due to a recessive allele are present only when 2 recessive alleles are present

Dominant Traits
Brown eyes
Tongue rolling
Hair on back of fingers
Detached earlobes
Tip of pinky bends in ward toward ring finger
Thumb crossing ~> left over right

Recessive Traits
Blue eyes
Smooth chin
Absence of freckles
Straight hair
Attached earlobes

Co-Dominant Alleles
When the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive
Both traits are seen
*Heterozygous chickens have both black and white feathers (The alleles for feather color are co-dominant)

Explain How the Alleles of 2 Parents Combine to Express Traits in Offspring?
Children inherit a set of alleles- one from each of parent
The 2 combined alleles determined the traits
The trait that shows up the dominant trait

Human Genome Project (HGP)
Started in October 1990
Was completed on June 26 , 2000
(2 years earlier than expected)
Goals:
To Identify all the 30-35,000 genes and make them available for biological study.
Determine the complete sequence of DNA in the human genome.
Help understand and eventually treat many of the 4,000 genetic diseases.

Social Implications
Genetic engineering
The HGP product will allow us to determine the genetic basis of many physical and psychological traits of a person creating the possibility of changing those traits by a genetic intervention.
How will society view a person once it is known that that individual has a certain gene.

Ethical Implications
How will they use the genetic information?
What challenges will result from screening for diseases once results are known?
Example: Will the patient’s relatives be informed that they too may be affected by the disease?
Cloning? Do we interfere with God’s plan?
Do we put ourselves in a position to play God by use of genetic manipulation.

Legal Implications
Who owns the genes and the other pieces of DNA once collected?
Will patenting DNA sequences limit their accessibility and prevent them from being used the way they were intended?

GINA ( Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008)
Protects Americans from being discriminated against by health insurance companies and their employers based on their genetic information.
This law was necessary because if insurance companies were to find out the results of some of these tests, many people would be denied health care coverage or charged excessively higher fees.
Employers might also not hire someone who tests positive for a disease because they might miss days of work or not be able to work as hard.

Single Gene Disorder
Caused by a mutation (when DNA is damaged or changed) of a specific gene in the person’s DNA.
Can be passed on to their children
Most understood of genetic disorders (based on recessive/dominant genes)
Rare but affects millions of people
Genetic testing is available

Examples of Single Gene Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs disease
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Chromosomal Abnormalities
Present in 1 out of every 50 births.
Caused by an error in the number of chromosomes.
Presents with both mental and physical birth defects.
Examples:
Down Syndrome: when children are born with 3 chromosomes of ’21’
Turner Syndrome: Girls that are born missing an X chromosome.
Klinefelter Syndrome: Boys born with 2 or more X chromosomes.
Lets play a game
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/predictdisorder/
( the game is at the bottom)

Down Syndrome

Multifactorial disorders
Is the largest class of genetic disorders.
Does not fit a simple pattern
Is caused by interaction between several genes, drugs,viruses and environmental factors.
Ex: Congenital Heart disease
Spina Bifida
Cleft lip/palate

Genetic Counseling
Consists of testing each parent’s genetic make up to reveal if the baby is at risk of having a genetic or inherited disease.
Parents who have knowledge of genetic diseases in their families can find out if they run the risk of carrying the disease and passing it down to their baby.

Karotypes
Definition: is a complete set of chromosomes.
Studying karotypes can help determine if there is a genetic birth defect present by seeing if there are
Too many or too few chromosomes
Missing pieces of chromosomes
Mixed up pieces of chrosomes

References
Britannica.com
Geneticalliance.org/ws_display
Reproductivegenetics.com
Marchofdimes.com/babybirthdefects
Ornl.gov/sci/techresourses/human_genome.
Pregnancy.com

Argument 1: Opinions
75% don’t want Human Cloning to happen
“ I wouldn’t want human cloning because it’s against nature and it would be creepy to see a clone walking on the same street as me”
-Melinda S., NJ
25% want human cloning
“ I want human cloning because if some one dies and you have their clone, it’s like they never left.’’
-John C., CA

Argument 2: Religion Reasons
34% don’t want human cloning because of religious reasons.
The people closer to god say its disturbing God’s Plan

Argument 3: People who want Human Cloning
I believe people that want human cloning think that its like organ cloning but it’s not we are cloning a human body not an organ

Argument 4: what I think
I am against cloning because it is disturbing nature and it would be creepy finding a clone of me walking on the same street as me

Human genome project[1]

by somsscience7

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Human genome project[1] Presentation Transcript