3. Most scientific Least scientific PHYSICS CHEMISTRY ANATOMY GEOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY SOCIOLOGY Can you decide which of these sciences is MOST and LEAST scientific in their methodology?
4. Most Physics Chemistry Anatomy Geology Psychology Sociology Least This implies that there is one form of science that applies rigorous methods but another that is less rigorous. HARD AND SOFT SCIENCES HARD SCIENCE SOFT SCIENCE
5.
6.
7.
8. All smelly socks attract mice If it doesn’t then we can amend the theory or perhaps reject it If it does we can add more knowledge to the theory Hypothetico – deductive model Place dirty socks in a glass jar for a few days Operationalise the variables Gather empirical data Test the hypothesis Knowledge of theory is built, refined, amended No mice!!!! Smelly socks DON’T attract mice
9.
10.
11. PHENOMENOLOGISTS People think for themselves and have reasons for their behaviour Sociologists shouldn’t be concerned with ‘cause and effect’ but instead looking at how people try and make sense of their world The social world cannot be measured objectively
12. 3 POSITIONS Science should be studied as a social construct There is always going to be unpredictability's so it is no different to any other science Although our methods are not quite the same as natural sciences its close enough
13.
14.
15.
16. What colour are swans? White? Logical positivism is aimed at description rather than explanation. For example ….. No amount of observing white swans can support the contention that all swans are white . The observation of a single black swan is enough to disprove the theory. The fact that a black swan exists leads to the certainty that ‘all swans are white’ as false
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. PARADIGM Once a new theory comes along a ‘shift’ occurs The earth is flat Its round I tell you! There then follows a period of revolutionary science and a dominant paradigm emerges
23. K uhn proposed two phases in science. 1. 'normal science‘ -one theory remains dominant despite occasional challenges by dis-confirming studies which are resolved within that theory. 2. The dis-confirming evidence then accumulates until the theory can no longer be maintained and is overthrown. This is the second phase- a revolutionary shift. Kuhn spoke of paradigm rather than theory. A science (e.g. physics, biology) has a interconnected set of assumptions and methods. PARADIGM
![Learning objectives ,[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)