1. 359
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්
04 prfcZeC~dy ( 04 Chapter )
kAlAm s>t&eyn` ehlfvn ebUd`D sAr Dr~m : ebUd`D QAn mAr~gy
(Buddhist Epistemology : Buddhist Valiues disclosed by Kalama Sutta)
QAn mAr~gy(Epistemology) yn<evn` adhs` krn`en` QAny l[bFm uedsAupeyA`gF
krgn`nA pfLfevtyf.ebAehA`vfx QAnvfBAgy(Theory of Knoledge)elsfn` h[Hdfn`evn`en`d
emymy.QAny l[bFm sHdhA pfLfgth[kf pfLfevtk` enAm[tfv p&kAVkrn kr[N< pfLfg[nFmx
y<k`tfshgt pdnmk` n[tfevyf. b<z smy QAny lbAg[nFmx an<gmnykrn pfLfevt
k=mk`d?emy vxhAg[nFmx p[rNf BArtFy QAn mAg% pfLfbHdvd trmk ehA` v[xhFmk`
avVYy.1
emhfdF QAnmAr~gy‘QAnvfBAgy’yn pdeyn`d a[t[mZ avs`TAvldF h[Hdfn`vFmx fya;`j p[h[dflf
krgt y<t=y.‘QAn vfBAgy’ynvden` aT%yvn>ey` kfsfymZp&s`t=tyk` mnsfn` d[k avebA`DekAx
E` pfLfbHdv mnsfn`krn vfV`el`SNyyf.emy Ek`trA zrkx aT%kTnmy s`vBAvyk` gnF.dr~Vn
y pfLfbHdvnfr~vcnyk d[k`evn<ey` dr~Vny yn< QAny pfLfbHdvv> QAnykfyf yn<yf. QAn
vfBAgy v>klF dr~VnvfSyx dk`vn kfxZx< sbHdtAvymt QAnvfBAgyx p&s`t=tvn`en`d b<d`Df
vfSyfk kr[N<y.E` an<v b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t menA`m>Lfk els vfV`el`SNy ekAx d[k`vFm QAn
vfBAgy nmZvn b[vZ p[h[dflfy.
b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t emZ aAkAreyn` vfV`el`SnykfrFm t=lfn` ukhgn`nA d[n<m pAdkekAxegn
E` t=lfn` m>LDr~m(Principales)egAwnHgAegn tfebZ.vfvfDg=r[k=l(Schools)bfhfv tfebZ.b<d`DfvfSyfk
p&s`t=t QAnvfBAgeyhflA vfV`el`SNy ekern`en`` adAl m>LDr~m hA g=r[k=l ek`$z&ekAxegn
y. a[t[mZvfx Epistemologyyn vcny sf^hl BASAevn`‘QAn mFm^sAv’yn a#T%eyhfd eyAdA
tfebZ.2emhf ‘mFm^sA’ yn`n‘vFm^sA’yn pdeyn` bfhfv<nkf.‘vFm^sA’yn< vfmr~Vny yn`nyf.ehvt`
gevZSNyekAx vfmsAb[lFFm yn`nyf.E`an<v QAnmFm^sAv ynvcney` a#T%y vn<ey`d‘QAny
pfLfbHdv vfmsAblA gevZSNy kfrFm yn`nyf.E` an<v QAnmAr~gy yn vdn sHdhA‘QAn vfBAg
1
kQ;k iudch iZoyd fn#oaO cSjk orAYkh"f.dv.u ux., ysus"Y@S ,Xld iuQmldrjsoHd,hSh uq|@Kd,h"
fmd,af.d,a,"1998" 103 msgqj'
2
bx.@sis isxy, u,,fialr YnzofldaIh"cS'mS u,,fialr"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1998"iuzmQrAK
fhka ixfYdaOs; kj ixialrKh"302 msgqj'
3 kQ;k iudch iZoyd fn#oaO cSjk orAYkh"f.dv.u ux., ysus"Y@S ,Xld iuQmldrjsoHd,hSh uq|@Kd,h"
fmd,af.d,a,"1998" 104 msgqj'

2. 360
y’hA‘QAn mFm^sAv’v[nf vdn` ebAehA` VAs`tF&y lfpfel`KNvl eydFtfebZ.ekes` vYvhArkLt`
in` l[ebn`en` b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t pfLfbHdv gevZSNykfrFm yn ar~Tymy.1
emZ VAs`t&Fy kRtfey`dF adAL vcnt=n atrfn`‘QAn mAr~gy’yn vcny mAtRkAekAxegn
a[t`et` QAn vfBAgy hA QAn mFm^sAv yn vcnedkxsAep`OSkv‘QAn mAr~gy’yn vcny
vwA phs<evn` et`r[mZg[nFemZ h[kfyAv a[tf nfsAy.Eemn`m ebUd`D sAr Dr~m pfLfbHd vfg&hy
t=LdF‘QAn mAr~gy’yn pdy BAvftAkfrFmt=Lfn` vfg&hvn avebA`Dkrg[nFemZ v[wf phs<vk`
s[lesn b[vfnf.
mn<SYyyA tmA jFvt`vn smAjprfsry an<v ymZ ymZ ed` pfLfg[nFmx h<r[ krvn<l[b
sfxfyf.emZ sAmAnY s`vBAvy hm<evhf p<d`glyA QAny l[bFm sHdhA an<gmnykL y<t=v> nfv[rdf
pfLfevt k=mk`d yn p&V`ny g[n EtrmZ uedYA`gyk` enAdk`vyf.Eeht` b<zsmy emZ pfLfbHdv
vfeV`S un$zvk` dk`vn<ey` nfrvdY QAny l[bFm Ehf m<KY prmAr~Tyk` b[vfnf.Eb[vfn`
b<zrjANn`vhn`es` VAs`tRvreyk= els hHzn`vAzn` QAnmAr~gy kver~d[yf vxhAg[nFemZdF
Evkx anY VAs`tRvr[n` kvrQAnmAr~g hHznAegn tfb<NAdyn`n vxhAgt y<t=y.2
ld,du iQ;@h jkdyS fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.h ms<snZoj .fjzIKhlrkakdjQ mrAfhaIlfhl`yg Bg
wjYHlr kakdjQ idOljYfhka .;yels w.kdu iQ;@foaYkdjlafjhs'3fuhgiudk Z{dkjsNd.Sh
2
Early Buddhist Theory of Knoledge,K.N.Jayatileka,(Motilal Banarisidass,Delhi)1980,p.170.
3
ld,du Ou!h"isrs iSj,S ysus"iuhjO!k fmd;ay,"fld<U"m@ia;djkdj"12 msgqj'

3. 361
1
mokulskahqla;jQ iQ;@foaYkd ;@smsglfha fj;akuzta fndfyda fkdjshhelshs' fuzksidu fmr wmros.
fndfyda W.;`kaf.a ksrka;r iuzNdjkdjg yd jspdrhg ,lajSug is|=jsh'ld,du iQ;@fhys oelshyelsjQ
jsYsIaGu ,CIKh jkqfha th nqoaOshg muKlafkdj usksidf.a Ndj ika;rAmKhg wjYHwuq|@jHo
fkduZoj tys wka;rA.;jk njhs'2
Ndjuh ika;rAmKh iZoyd i;rn@yau jsyrK b;du;a jsia;r iy.;j olajd we;'ld,du
iQ;@foaYkdj ms<snZoj mrAfhaIKh lrk W.;`kaf.a mrAfhaIK .@J:j, ud |=gq wvqmdvqjla jkqfha
Tjqka ld,du iQ;@h jsjrKh lr;snqfka talfoaYslj muKlajSu'3jsfYaIjYfhka f,djz;`rd nq|=jr
fhl`f.a Ou!hla jsjrKhlrk jsgyels;dla mqZM,a m@foaYhla lrd;ukaf.a jsjrKh me;srjSu ;`,ska
tu jsjrKfhahuzhuz wvqmdvq .enzfjzkuz yels;dla tu wvqmdvq uld.ekSug jevsbvlvla fuzuZ.ska
ksrAudKh lr.ekSug bvm@ia;djkdj ie,fia'
Tjqka ld,du iQ;@fhys jsjrKh lr;snqfka m@;sfCIams; oijeoEreuz pska;kwOsldrsh ms<snZoj
muKh' kuq;a mxpYS, m@;smodj"i;rn@yau jsyrKh"l`i, yd wl`i, uQ, i;rjeoEreuz pska;k
iykYS,;djh ms<snZoj ld,du iQ;@h b;du;a jsYsIaG f,i olajk lreKqldrKd tu jsjrKj,ska
b;du;a lK.dgqodhl f,i .s,sySf.dia ;snsKs'4fu ;;ajh;`< tajd mrsYS,khlrkakdjQ wh;`<
ld,duiQ;@h iuznJOfhka we;sjkafka yqfola nqoaOsjsIhsl"odrAYksl"m@dfhda.slFjfhka f;dr
foaYkdjla ms<snZoj we;sjkakdjQ yeZ.Suuh'
nq|=kajykafia ljo;a m@fhda.slFjfhka neyerg .sh Ydia;Djrfhl` fkdjSh';u Y@djlhkag
me;a;lgjS is;is;d isgSug fyda uecslafmkajSug Wkajykafia flosklj;a W;aiqlfkdjSh' Wkajyka
fiaf.a wrA:oelajSuz wkqj h:drA:l~Gm@dma;sh hkq(ksrAjdK m@;s,dNh) yqfola fud<h oshqKqlsrSu
muKlafkdfjz'fud<hhkq ;j;a tla YdrSrsl bJ|@shhla muKs'th we;`,; wka;rA.;jkqfhao
fjkiajkakdjQ osrdhdug NdckhjkakdjQ l`Kq fjkakdjQ idudkHYdrSrsl |@jHuh'
yDohjia;`j fyj;a yoj; hkqo YrSrhmqrd reOsrh ixirKhlrkq ,nkakdjQ ;j;a tla bJ|@shh
ls'tho fud<h fukau jskdYjS hkakdjQ idudkHYdrSrsl |@jHj,ska ksrAus;jQjls'nq|=oyu miikafka;a
oshqKqlsrSug Wmfoiafokafka;a fuz jskdYjShk l`KqjShk YdrSrsl|@jHfkdfjz'tu YdrSrsl|@jH msysg
fldg ls@hd;auljkakdjQ w;sYh ishquzjQ jsZ[aZ[dKuh"Ndjuh yeZ.Suz oekSuz moaO;sh flaJ|@fldg nsys
jkakdjQ idrOu! moaO;shhs'5 idudkH jHjydrfhaoS ukqIFjh fyj;a usksi;alu luska yeZoskafjkafka
o thhs'kuq;a ukqIH ;,fhka neyerj fjk;a ;,j,oSo fuu idrOu!moaO;sh l@shd;auljknj nq|=
iuh fya;`idOl iys;j fmkajdoS we;s ksid idrOu!j,g ukqIHOu!hehs mejiSfuz huzlsis iSudiys;
;Fjhla we;euzfofkl`g jegyShkqwe;'
1
w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,duiq;a;h nq'c'uq' 377-343 msgq
4'iodpdrd;aul Z{dkh ms<snZo fn#oaO ixl,amh"(kdmdk fmauisrs Wmydr ix.@yh-
1984)"mS'vS'fmauisrs"47msgqj
5'ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a fla'kdkhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"2001'
6'Early Buddhist Theory of Knoledge,K.N.Jayatileka,1980.pp.231 &259.
7.idrOu! wOHdmkh"ta'tia'nd,iQrsh"jsfcAiQrsh .@J: flaka|@h"kqf.af.dv"1997'

4. 362
kuq;a fndfydajsg idrOu! gslskagsl jO!kh lr;au ukqIHFjh oshqKqlrkafkahehs lshkq,efnz'
idrOu!hkays jO!kh ukqIHFjfhka fl<jrjkakla fkdfjz'th ukqIFjfhka foajFjh olajdo foajFj
fhka n@yauFjh olajdo n@yauFjfhka kej; bmoSu wjikalsrSu olajdo .ukalrkakdjQ l@uslm@;smodj
la Tiafia l@shd;aulfjz'fjk;a iuhjdohkays olsjkakdjQ idrOu! jO!kh fuys by;iZoykal<djQ
ukqIHFjfhka fyda foajFjfhka fyda n@yauFjfhka fl<jrjkakls'tnejska taajd wiuzmQrAKnejz nq|=
iuh mjihs'1
tfukau nq|=iufhys iZoykajk idrOu! jO!kh YdrSrsl|@jHhkaf.aa ixjO!khla fkdjknejska nq|=
iufhys iZoykajkakdjQ idrOrAuSh l~Gm@dma;shg m;ajkakdjQ iy m;ajqkdjQ ljru fyda W;`ukajyka
fiakulf.a tlS l~GM@dma;shg idOl t<jSuzjia YdrSrsl|@jHhkaf.a ixjO!kh f.kyer oelajsh fkd
yel'Wkajykafia,do fiiq idudkH ukqIHhka fuka urKhg m;afj;s'frda.SNdjhg"uyZMjSug m;a
fj;s'fjk;a YdrSrslWm|@jhkag uqyqKmd;s'urKfhka miqj ojilska"follska"i;sh;ska"uilska"
wjqreoaolska ;nd l,amhlsks|= kej; ish fN#;slYrSrh kej;m@lD;s u;alrf.k woaN~;f,i
usksiqka w;rg m@fjzYjSfuz yelshdjla Wkajykafia,dg ke;'2
tnZ|= wdYdjla hful`fj; fjhskuz thu ;uka ;ju idrOu! ksIaGdjg fkdmeusK we;snjg
idOlhls' nq|=oyfuz th Nj;Kaydj f,i olajd;sfnz'3nq|=iufhys olajkakdjQ idrOrAuSh ksIaGdj
ukqIHFjfhkq;a Tnzng .ukalrkaklajk nejska tu idrOrAuSh ksIaGdj W;a;rS;r ukqIHOu!
kdufhka oelafjz'tuksid nq|=iufhys iZoykajkakdjQ OHdk"iudOs"ud.!M, jeks idrOurAuSh ksIaGdj
ka W;a;rS;ridrOu! kdufhka yZ|=kajd;sfnz'f,#lsl ,dNm@fhdack fjkqfjka fuu W;a;rS;r ukqIH
Ou! yqjdoelajSu mjd b;d my;a kskaos; jQ fohlaf,i nq|=iuh wjOdrKh lrhs'4
ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@yjkakdjQ idrOu! yqfola nqoaOsjsIh muKla wruqKqlr.;a fohlafkdj by;
iZoyka l< W;a;rS;r ukqIHOu! lrd iuzm@dma;jSug wjYHlrkakdjQ pska;kuh l`Y,;djh ukqIH
hdyg ,ndoSfuz wruqKska foaYs;jQ iQ;@foaYkdjls'tuksid th jsjrKhl< hq;af;ao tu wruqK is;
;ndf.k th bgqjSug wjldY ie,fikakdjQ jd;djrKhla iliafldgoSfuz yeZ.Sfuks'5
p&Ag`ebUd`D cfn`tnps<bfm pfLfbHd vfmsFmk`krn mhAcAr~y ek`.En`.jytflk mhtA tt`y<gey`
cfn`tkyfn` p&DAnekAxs`t=nkx ebdAdk`vyf.EnmZ smZp&dAyvAdF(Traditionalists),b<d`DvAdF
(Rationalists) sh an<B+tfvAdF(Exprrientalists)vVeynf.6
emyfn` smZp&dAyvAdFh<(Traditionalists) vVeyn` s[lekn<ey` m<HPmnfn`m pfxksmZp&dAeyn` hA
vfvrNyn` egn` QAny l[b>,evZdey` aDfkArypfLfgt` bm<Nn` emZ ekAxsx g[en`.mj~ODfm
nfkAy II,sn`dks>t&ey` pLm<pfrfs hHzn`vAtfebn<ey` ‘an<s`svfkA’yn nmfnf.V&[tfeyn`,a[sFemn`,
pfxk smZp&dAeyn` QAny lbn ayyf.E` s<tmy QAny ov<n`egn` avDArNyevZ.sn`dk s>t&ey`
1
;@smsglfhka fy<sjk nqoaO prs;h"Wvqydjr wdkkao ysus"weia'f.dvf.a iy fydaorfhda"fld<U"2000"32msgqj'
2
tu 83msgqj'
3
ucACOsu ksldh"pQ<iSykdo iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'159msgqj'
4
md' md"nq'c'uq'
5
w' ks' 1"NrKavq ld,du iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"500msgqj'
6
Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.170.

5. 363
dF emZ k&my QAny l[bFmx s<zs< enAvn bv avDArNykryf.E` kr[N< htrk` pdnmZkr
egny.EnmZ
(a)zs`s<tmZ’pf ehAtf-hrf d[n<mk` edn a[sFmk` vfyh[kfyf.
(aA)zs`s<tmZ’pf ehAtf-v[rdf d[n<mk` edn a[sFmk` vfyh[kfyf.
(a[)tTA’pf ehAtf-Ees`d vfyh[kfyf.
(a{)aHOd`HOdTA’pf ehAtf-an` ay<rk`d vfyh[kfyf.
stYtAv g[n s`TfrvVeyn` shtfk vfyenAh[kfnfsA V&[tfy ast=x<dAykiegn<mZ mHgkf.emZ
smZp&dAy vAdF k&myxm a[t=HPvn QAnmAr~g syk`(6)k` ld,duiQ;@fhaoS m@;afCIamlr ;sfnz.
z
(a)an<s`sv-a[sFemn` QAny l[bFm.
(aA)prmZprA-prmZprA kTAevn` QAnyl[bFm.
(a[)pfxk smZpd^-aAgmfk epAt ptx g[LepnnfsA pfLfg[nFm.
(a{)itfkfrA-emZ vnAhF emes`y[yf kF pmNfn` pfLfg[nFm.
(i)smeNA enA gr{-apeg` V&mNyn`vhn`es` emes` pvsAa[t[yf kFpmNfn` pfLfg[nFm.
(I)BbZbr{ptA-s<zs<kmZ slkA pfLfg[nFm.1
emZ k&m sym V&[tfyx ayt`vn atr E` QAnmAr~g pfrfp<n` stY l[bFmx p&mANfk y[yf
b<zsmy pfLfenAgnfyf.mfn` an<s`svyn<evn` d[k`evn`en` kfsfymZ aAcAr~y prp<rkx ehA` mtvAd
prmZprAvkx ehA` m>LDr~m pd`Dtfykx an<r{p ehA` V&vNy mADYekAxegn Eym p&mANy
ekAx pflfg[nFmyf.2
emm k&my QAnmAr~gyk` els b<zsmeyhfdF sArDr~m gNeyhflA eyAdAenAg[enn`en`
kvr eh`t=vk` nfsA d[yf vfmsA blm<.stY ehvt` yTAr~Ty (yTAB+t QAnds`sn lbAg[nFm
b<zsmeyn` nfr~ed`Vvn sArDr~mFy nfS`XAvvn b[vfn`) d[kFm b<zdhemZ ek`$z&&Fy sArDr~my b[vffn`
E` os`es` aenk=t` sArDr~m epLg[s`vFemZdF emAnm ay<rkfn`vt` Eyx bADAvk` a[tfenAvfy
y<t=yf.3ymZkfsf vfDfk&mykx (Theory) bADAvk` El`levZnmZ,Em vfDfk&my eyAdAkrn< lbnkxy<t`t
sr~vsmZp>r~N#vyx pt`vFm sfz enAevZ.Eemn``m sArDr~m gevZSNeyhflA eyAdAgn`nA k&mevZd
yd emhfdF sArDr~myk`(ebUd`D QAn mAr~gy :Epistemology) els s[lekn atr(nfr~vANy:
nferA`D sty:ebUd`D sArDr~myk`vnvfx Ey p&tYOSkfrFmx eyAdAgn`nA k&mevZdyd:mAr~g sty
d sArDr~myk` vn`nAk` emn`) Em k&mevZdyx b[h[rfn` bADAvk` El`levZnmZ Em k&mevZdy nfsf
ay<rfn` BAvftAkr avsAn nfS`XAvx p[mfNfy enAh[kf vn< a[t`et`y.
emhfdF k&mevZdy vnAhF QAnmAr~gy vnb[vfn` QAnmAr~gyx bADAvn` El`l kLh[k`ek`
ekes`d[yf esAyAb[lfy y<t=y.QAnmAr~gy vnAhF eBUtfkv>vk`enAevZ.Ey aADYAt`mfk hA menA`
vfdYAt`mkv>vkf.4 aADYAt`mfkt#vyn`x bADAvk` aADYAt`mfk t#vyn`egn`m pmNf.kfsfymZ bAhfr
edyk` mt d[wfv dRS`Xfmy vVeyn` El`Mg[nFm vfvRt mAnsfkBAvyx bADAvkf.Eyfn` mns
aAvRtevZ.aAvRt mns aADYAt`mfk k+X p&Ap`tfyx bADAvkf.QAnmAg%yx bADAvk`vn`en` s[bvfn`m
1
wx.`;a;r ksldh 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"377-343 msgq'
2
u' ks' 2"ikaol iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"322msgqj'
3
iq' ks"wgzGl j.a.h"nq'c'uq'"ud.kaosh iQ;@h"264msgqj'
4
oS'ks' 3"nq'c'uq"mdGsl iq;a;"20msgqj'iufKda f.da;fuda ZCodKjdfoda wyuzms ZCodKjdfoda'
odKjdfoda

6. 364
emZ aAvRt mAnsfk t#vyyf.kAlAm s>t&ey` ihtfn` d[k`evn QAnmAr~g symaAvRt mAnsfk
s`vBAvyn` b[vfn` asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gb[vZ b<zsmy dk`vyf.
a[sFm(an<s`sv) yn< V&vNy bAhfr aDfkArfyk`mt El`Mg[nFmt=lfn` aAvRtmAnsfk s`vBAv
ykx pt`vFmyf.aAvRt mAnsfks`vBAvykdF nfsfay<rfn` p&HJ`HJAv hA sArDr~m pfbfHdFmx enAh[kf
vn an`demZ s`vBAvyk` s`vBAveyn`m apeg` mns ur[mkregn pvtF.E` t#vy yxet`
‘an<s`svy’sAr~Tk hA sv%smZp>N% QAnmAr~gyk` els pfLfg[nFm b<zsmeyn` b[h[rkrn<
l[ebZ.1
I LHgx‘prmZprA’yn QAnmAr~gyd kAlAm s>t&ey`dF QAny pfbfdvFmx enAh[kf QAn
mAr~gyk` els slkA p&tfeOS`pekAx tfebZ.prmZprA yn< pArmZprfkv !kegn En<lbn
aAkl`p pd`Dtfykf.emm pArmZprfk aAkl`p hrfd v[rdfd kfyA mnfn<lbn mfn<mZ dN`wvfyy<t`et`
b<d`Dfmy hA p&eyA`gfk ps<tly mfs Ey pArmZprfkv p[vetn edyk`y yn mfN<mZdN`w pAdk
ekAxegn enAevZ.pArmZprfkv p[vetn ekAyfed`t` nfv[rdfy[yf Ehf El`bg[nFm vfvRt mAnsfk
#veyn` b[h[rvFmkf.mAnsfk aAvRtbvk`,yxt`vFm k`,vhl`BAvyk` emZt=lfn`jnft krn< lbyf.E`
yxet` sArDr~m ut`pdny kr g[nFemZ k&mevZdyk` els b<zsmy b[h[rkrn< l[ebZ.2
emZ yxet` ymZ ekenk=x iht d[k`v> an<s`sv hA prmZprAyn QAnmAg%edk b<zsmy
mHgfn` p&tfeOS`pft QAnmAr~g edkk`nmZ b<zsmey` sHdhn` dhmZ ekAxs` EdA smAjy d[n
gt`et`‘an<s`svy’ mAr~geyn` enAevZd Ey Dr~m s^gnA mAr~geyn` aAcAr~y vAdyvVeyn`
(eT`rvAdy:vfBj~jvAdy) pvt`vA egn p[mfnFm‘prmZprA’yn QAnmAr~g edkm b<zsmy mHgfn<t`
BAvftyx egntfebnvA en`d yn<evn` ymZ vfmtfyk` s[kyk` hxg[nfyh[kfy.nm<t` b<zsmy
‘an<s`svy’hA‘prmZprAy’p&tfeOS`pkrn`en` Ey Ekm p&mANyekAx pfLfg[nFmyf.b<zsmy
‘an<s`svy’hA‘prmZprAy’yn k&mevZdyn` edk QAny l[bFemZ p>r~vgAmF p&tfpdAvk` elsx
an<mAny p&mANy ekAxegn pfLfg[nF a[tt` b<zsmey` prm nfS`XAv p>r~N p&tYOS p&mANy
dk`vA itA a{tx vffhfdF tfebn`nk` nfsA d[wfels Eemn`m mtvAdFv‘an<s`svy’ hA‘prmZprAy’
yn k&mevZdyn` edk g&hNy kfrFmx an<bl enAed`.3
ffjosl iusm@odfhys jeo.;a Z{dfkdmdhlajQ Y@e;shhkak fn#oaO orAYk iuzm@odfhys wkqiaij
hkak fhdod we;af;a tu ffjosl iuzm@odh.; Y@e;shyeZoskajSughs'ukqIHFjh blaujQ w;smrsY`oaO
cSjs;.;l<" foaj;ajfhys,d .sKshq;`jQ"wkdosu;a ld,fhysjQ m@Z{d,dNSjQ iDISkaf.a m@;sNdZ{dkfhka
my<l< Z{dkialJOh f,ihs"Y@e;sh fkdfyd;a wkqiaijh ms<s.ef.kafka.md<s iZ.s idys;Hfha tu
jpkh fhoS we;s;eka ;eka.ek mrSCIdlrkjsg"ffjosl iuzm@odhg wh;a Ydia;Dkajsiska jsfYaI.re
Fjhlska wkqiaijh ms<s.;anj fmfkkakg ;sfnz'4nq|=rcdKkajyafia iQ;@dka;lsysmhlu wkqiaij
1
u' ks' 2"pxlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"636msgqj'f;ms f; n@yauKdkx mqnznld bifhd uka;dkx l;a;dfrda uka;dkx
mj;a;dfrda'fhiusox t;rys n@yauKd fmdrdKx uka;mox .S; mjq;a;x iusys;x ;okq.dhka;s"
;okqNdika;s"Ndis;ukqNdika;s"jdps;ukqjd fpk;s'
2
Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.231.
3
u' ks' 2"pxlS iQ;@h"nq'c'uq"656msgqj'mZCp fLd bfuz Ndroajdc"Ouzud osgzfGjOuzfuz oajsOdjsmdld' ioaOd reps
wkqiaifjd wdldrmrsjs;lafld osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s'
4
u' ks' 2"pxlS iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"656msgqj'

7. 365
i;Hh jspdrhg ,lalr;s'jsjdorys;j ms<s.;hq;`jQ wfm#reIhjQ tu wkqiaiji;Hh n@yauhdjsiska
BYajrhdg W.kajk,onj ffjoslfhda ms<s.ks;s'
nq|=yq fuz u;h jspdrhg ,lal<y'n@yauhd .ek l:dl<;a tjekafkl` oelshfkdyelsnj;a"
tfyhska fuz ms<s.ekSu idjoHnj;a"Wkajykafia m@ldY l<y'n@yauhd oelshyelsoehs Wkajykafia
m@Yakl<y'(n@yud ilalus osgzfGd) (os'ks'1"238msg"PTS) n@yauhdisgskafka fldysolshdj;a Tjqka
fkdokakdnj pxlSiQ;@fhys iZoykah' n@dyauKhka f.a ffjosl .reFjhg iqNiQ;@fhaoS nq|=rcdKka
jykafia myr.i;s'ffjosln@dyauKhka fuz OrAuh m@;HCI jYfhka fkdo;aksid th wkqiaijjYfh
ka .;aksid ms<s.; fkdyelsnj Y`NiQ;@fhaoSlsh;s'Wkajykafia tysoS wdpdrjsoHd;auljYfhka iFjh
kaf.a l`i,drdOkh iZoyd fuzOrAuh m@fhdackj;a fkdjknjo iZoyka lr;s'
ta iZoyd ;ukajsiskau m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka fuz OrAuh o;hq;`njlsh;s'(u'ks'1"199msg"PTS)
ffjosl b.ekajSuz i;Hf,i nuqKka ms<s.;a;;a Tjakq th m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka m@;HCIlr
fkdue;'wkqiaijh Z{dfkdamdhhla jYfhka ms<s.;fkdyelsnj ikaoliQ;@fhys ;drAlslj ikd:lr
we;'n@yaihdu fuzz OrAufhys ksrAud;Djrhdjqj;a ta n@yauhdf.ka weiQfoh iuyrjsg fydZoska iaurK
fhys mej;`kd fjkak;a mqZMjk' tfukau tfia fkdfjkak;a mqZMjk'(u'ks'1"520msg"PTS)tuksid
wkqiaijh i;H fyda wi;Hjsh yelshs'fufia lreKq olajk nq|=rcdKkajykafia wkqiaij hk Z{dk
udrA.h m@;sfCIamlr;s'wkqiaijh m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;ud wkHhkaf.ka fkdwid
m@;Hd;au jYfhka ;ukajykafiau jsYajfhys h:drA:h oek oel OrAuh foaYkdlrknjo m@ldY
l<y'(u'ks'111"186msg"PTS)
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.;j mej;tk nj;a"ta ms<snZoj ishZM b.ekajSuz wjsjdofhka ms<s.;hq;`nj;a n@dyauKhkaf.a u;h
hs' tys ljfrl`jqj;a uyd n@yauhd jsiska m@ldYlrk,oaola hhs mdruzmrsl ms<s.ekSuhs'wkaOhka
msrsila je,lafia tld msgqmi tld hdu nZ|=h fuz ms<s.ekSu'fuho fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.hg wkqj
idjoHh'tho nq|=r|=ka jsiska m@;sfCIamlrk ,oafoa tnejsks'1
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smZp&dA yyf.emhfdF t&fpfxky QAnyl[bFemZ mAr~gyk` en`d[yf ekenk=x sftfyh[kfyf.nm<t`
b<zsmy t&fpfxkyt=lfn` lbn d[n<m p&tYOS p&mANyk` els enAs[lek`.b<zsmey` QAnvfBAgey`
V&Avk an<B+tfey` ekLvr atF$z&y p&tYOSy EnmZ ar~ht`Pl VAOSAt`krNyyf.Eyx t&fpfxk
prfVFlny udvZvk` vfyh[kf nm<t` t&fpfxk prfVFlneyn` l[ebn V&[tmyQAny pmNk` m Ix
p&mANvt` enAevZ.m>Lfkv t&fpfxk prfVFlneyn` V&[tmyQAny lbAgn`nA sd`DAn<sArF p<d`glyA
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krgt y<t=y.2
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8. 366
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smZp&dAy b<zsmy pfLfgn`nA atr Em an<mAnQAny pmNk` h<z Ekm p&mANy els
pfLfg[nFm b<zsmy p&tfeOSp kryf.
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vFmyf.1Ey kfsfymZ dRS`Xfmy aAvrNyk`d b<d`DfvfSyvD%ny sFmAvkx ekAx<kr t[bFmk`d evyf.
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QAnmAr~gyx, QAnvfBAgyx ehA` QAnmFmA^sAvx in` avkAVyk` enAs[les`.b<d`DfvfSyfk
kr[N<vD%ny vFmx avkAVyk` s[lesn`en` Ix sFmAvk` ehA` p[nvFmk` enAm[tf kl`hfy.
BfOS>n` vhn`es`lA vfSeyhf vfnynFtf(b<d`D vYvs`TA mAlAv) p[nvFmt=lfn` sfzvn<ey`t`, un`
vhn`es`lAeg` b<d`DfvfSyfk vD%nyvFmx avVYmAnsfk ps<tly a[hfrFmk` en`d[yf emhfdF ekenk=
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es` vfsfn`m pNvAa[tf nFtfrFtf vYys`TAmAlAvx adAL vfVAl nFtfey` sfx k=wAm nFtfy dk`vA
m<HP VfOSA sm>hym)QAnmAr~gyx bADA vn p[nvFmZ un`vhn`es` sfzkr n[t.3Eels sfzkr
enAm[tfbv pmNk`enAv un`vhn`es` VfOSApNvA a[t`et`d Ebz b<d`DfvfSyfk vD%nyx upkAr
yk`vn prfdf sAmAnYp<d`gleyk=eg` v[rdf h[sfrFmZ avmkrvA E` v[rdfh[sfrFmZt=lfn` b<d`DfvD%ny
x vfyh[kf wys;lr |=Yafm@arKSh wksgq blp{mZ iuZzmQrAKfhkau ivt`jk whqrsks'4
v[rdfh[sfrFmZhxg[nfyh[kf p&DAnm>lAV&edkvn ky hA vcny s^vrkrg[nFmt=lfn` mns
s^vr krgth[kfbv emhf m>LDr~myyf.5E` s^vD%nyvnAhF p<d`gl aADYAt`mfk hA eBUtfk
Vk`tfy E`krAVfkr s^vD%ny ek`$z&kregn uprfm vfvRt mAnsfkt#vyk` a[tfvnaAkAreyn`
eydvFmkf.6ebUd`D vfneyhf ak[pbv,a[v[t` shftbv yn`enn` adhs`krn`en` E`vA mAnsfk
s^vD%nyx,vfvRtmAnsfk s`vBAvyx,hA sfet` p&BAs`vry mt=kfrFmx bADAvk`vn bvyf.7cft`t
s^vD%nyxbADAkArFvnnfsAm E`vAyfn`v[LkFmx b<zrzn` VfOSApdp[nv>h.8emhfdF s[lkfyy<t=
v[dgt` kr[Nvn<ey` emmVfOSApd(ekenk=eg` cft`t s^vD%nyx hA uprfm mAnsfk p&BAs`vry
1
iq' ks"wgzGl j.a.h"mrugzGl iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"252msgqj'
2
Man and Law "Dhamma",K.N.Jayatileke,p.78.
3
u' ks' 1"llpQmu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"312msgqj'wdrdOhsxiq j; fu NslaLfj NslaLq tlx iuhx ps;a;x-k fu NslaLfj
'wdrdOhs x-
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idjldkx
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9. 367
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smZb<zvreyk=x pmNf.1 ehvt` b<d`DfvD%ney`(QAnmAr~gey` ut`kRS`X Ply smZmA smZb<d`D#vy
b[vfn`)uprFm tlyx pt`v<nAv> ut`trFtr mn<SYeyk=hx pmnk` tmn`eg` ihlm b<d`DfprfpAky
mHgfn` tvt` ebAehA` mn<SYyn`hx cft`t s^vD%nyx eyA`gYtAvy l[ebnprfdf hA Eyx El`l
vn bADAvn` ivt`vn prfdf vYvs`TAmAlAvk` sks`kfrFemZ h[kfyAv a[t.
uprfm b<d`DfprfpAkyvnAhF smZmA smZb<d`D#vy b[vfn` b<zvr[m vfnyvYvs`TAvn` pnvn`nAh<
evt`. ar~ht` V&Avkyn`eg` b<d`DfmxZxm smZmA smZb<zvr[n`x sAep`OSkv phLmxZxmk pvtfn
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VfOSAvn` p[nvFemZ evns`kfrFemZ s^eVA`Dny kfrFemZ h[kfyAvk` smr~T bvk` n[t.
pLm< Dr~m s^gAynAevZdF K<d`dAn<K<d`dk VfOSApd smZb$Deyn` g[xHPv mt=v> avs`TAevZ mhA
kAVYp mhA rhtn`vhn`es` E`vA evns` enAkfrFmx gt` tFrNy hA iht vfs`trkrnld
cft`ts^vD%ny pfLfbHd vfg&hy mnAvt=lny evyf.tmn`vfsfn` pNvn ld`dAv> vYvs`TAvpvA s<zs<
prfdf kAelA`cft s^eVA`Dn vlx lk`kfrFmx b<zrzn`zn` nfdhspvAlbAenAg[nFmx EdA mh
kAVYpetr[n` a[t=HP s^G mN`wly gt`tFrNy itAmnfv[rdf Ekk`vn<ey` E`vnvfx E`kAr~yy
nfv[rdfv ix<kfrFmx trmZ b<d`Df prfpAkyx pt` kfsfevk= mhepALv emn`v> atfgmZBFr p&QApAx
vykfn` ehbf sfvZ pfLfsfMfyApt`v>, b<zrzn`eg`m smZm<K V&Avkv> EdA Em mhA s^GsmZemZlnyx
shBAgFv> pn`sfyyk` mhrhtn`vhn`es`lA atr enAsfxf nfsAbv pvsn`en` un`vhn`es`lA hA
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h[k`ek` un`vhn`es`xm ehA` un`vhn`es` v[nfm tvt` smZmA smZb<zvryn`vhn`es` nmkxm
pmNf.2
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dk`vn>ey`‘itfkfrA’(Prologue)yn`nyf.emyfn` d[k`evn prfdf yemk` ymk` kF pmNfn` pfLfg[nFmyf.
p>r~veyhf v> pmNfn` s{m edyk`m‘eEtf hAsfk#vy’p&mANekAx pfLfg[nFm enAkLy<t= edykf.
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c^kF bm<NAd evZdey` eEtfhAsfk#vy QAnmAr~gyk`els pfLfgt` bm<eNkf.3oh< b<zrzn`x eyAm<
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mruzmrdh msgl iuzmodh ;F:j n@dyauKd tlx fhk ksgzGx .pzPka;s"bouzj ipzpx fud>uZ[aZ[ka;s bONjx
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4
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miai;s'ucACOsfudms k miai;s'mpzPsfudms k miai;s'tjfuzjfLd Ndroajdc wJOfjKq mux uZ[afZ[a
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10. 368
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iuyrjsg th ft;syd isl jkakg;a mqZMjks'ft;sydisl fkdjkakg;a mqZMjks'iuyrjsg th lsishuz
ft;sydisl i;Hhlajqj;a fkdjq j;a mrSCIKhla fkdlr i;Hwi;H;djh lgl:djg muKla iSud
fldg ms<s.ekSu b;slsrdhkafkka woyia fjhs'kuq;a fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.orAYkfhys funZ|= lgl:d
ms<s.ekSula fkdue;'tnejska b;slsrd hkako us:HdZ {dfkdamdhhla yegshg nq|=kajykafia jsiska
m@;sfCIamlrk,oS'
vfeV`Seyn`m sArDr~m pfLfbHdv s[lkFemZdF sArDr~mvnAhF kfsfymZ aAgmk`t=l pArmZprfkv
p[vetn kfsfymZ aAkl`p pd`Dtfyk` nfsA aAgmZt=lx an`tr~g&hNyvF tfebn s{m vfV`vAsyk`m
sArDr~m smHg t=lnykrn`nxyAm enAkL y<t`tkf.s{m aAgmkm sdAcAryx(Moral)1 sAep`OS
kv sArDr~myn`hfatfrfk`tyk` an`tr~gtvn b[vfn` sArDr~m eEtfhAsfk#vym p&mANekAx
vfnfV`cyn`x lk`kfrFm enAkL y<t=y.kAlAm s>t&y mHgfn` epn`vAedn`en` s{mvfxm nfdhia uki
lska udkisl jsjD;Ndjhlska hq;`j idrDr~m vfnfV`cykx p[mfeNnelsyf.nfdhs` cfn`tny ek`$z&
ekAxgt` ig[n`vFmk` kAlAm s>t&eyhf aAvRtmAnsfk tt`vykx ekAeht`m !k=lk`enAl[ebZ.
Eb[vfn` aAvRt mAnsfk s`vBAvykx ps<tly sks`kredn aAcFr~N aAkl`p(itfkfrAy-
Prologue) QAnmAr~gyk` els b<zsmy enApfLfgnF.Ey asmZp>r~N k&mevZdyk` b[vfnf.QAnmAr~g
ey`dF p>r~vgAmFv p&tYOSy lHgAvFemZ upk&myk` elsx(itfkfrAy) epUrANfk#vy BAvftAkfrFm
vrdk` enAevtt` Ey Ekm p&mANyk`kr E` os`es` dRS`Xfgtv El`bg[nFm aAvRt mAnsfk
mxxmkx mHg pAdn`nk` b[vfn` Ey b<zsmy mHgfn` p&tfeOS`pfty.
smZp&dAyvAdFn`x(Traditionalists) ayt`vn ILHg ekAxsvn kAlAm s>t&ey` d[k`evn(smeNA
enAgr{-Cousultattions of Preceptor) tmn`eg` VAs`tRvryA kF edyk`y yn VAs`tRn`vhn`es`
p&mANekAx g[nFm QAnmAr~gyk` vVeyn` pfLfg[nFm b<zsmy p&tfeOSp kryf.2a[t[mZvfx a[t[mZ
ekenk=x b<zrzn`d emm VAs`tRRn`vhn`es` kfynt[nx eyAdAgt h[kfen`d[yf s[kyk` a[tfvfy
h[kfy.Eyx s<zs< pfLft=r emZ p&V`nym mt=kr 5vn prfcZeC~dey`dF dk`vA a[tfb[vfn` n[vt Ey
emhf enAdk`vmf.(5 prfcZeC~dy bln`n.)
wdpdrAhu;hg f.#rjfhka hulams<s.ekSu iufKda fkd .re hkafkka woyia lrhss'.`rejrhd
flfrys oevsf.#rjfhka Tyq lshkiEufohlau wOdk.@dySj wjspdrfhka ms<s.ekSu nq|=iufha Z{dk
udrA.hg wkqj wkqu;fkdl<yelalls'3nqoaO ld,Sk Igz Ydia;Djreka yd Wrefjz, ldYHm"koS
ldYHm yd .hdldYHm hk ;`kanE cgs,hka.ek fn#oaOidys;Hfhys iZoykajk l:dmqj;a fuhg
fydZoksoiqkls'tkuz ;u.`rejrhd flfrkatk u; isoaOdka;jYfhka f.k mqoa.,hd yd iudch ;`<
frdamKhlsrSug W;aiyf.kwe;'fuz ld,fhys jeo.;alujQfha YsIHixLHdj wkqj .`rejrhdf.a
;;ajh uekSuhs';udjgd jevsu ixLHdjla YsIHhska /ialrf.k ;udf.a ms<sfj<g Tjqkao yev
1
wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj"ixia'csf;aka|@fudaydka"mrs'iajrAKd jsfcA;`x."wOHdmk m@ldYk fomdrA;fuzka;`j"
n;a;ruq,a,"1996'ixjrAOkh"csf;aka|@ fudydka"155msgqj'
2
w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a; nq c uq"337-343msgq'
3
ld,du Ou!h"isrs iSj,S"iuhjO!k uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1961"44msgqj'

11. 369
.eiajSu tl< isrs;hs'tuksid fuz wmf.a .`rejrhd wmjsiska mQckSh hhs hkwrA:fhka Tyqf.a ishZM
u;hka fukau yeul@shdjlau wjspdrfhka i;Hhehs ms<s.ekSuhs'tfy;a iajlSh m@Z{d,dNhg fuh
wys;lrnj;a tuksid m@Z{djleu;s mqoa.,hd fuh;a w;ay<hq;`nj nq|=rcdKka jykafia foaYkd
l<y'1
edvfyn`egn` vfm<k`tfy aep`OSAkL y<gy eevdfk cfn`tAevn`d,yAgeyn` vfm<k`tfy esv>y<gy
b&Ah`mN cfn`tAevn`d,aADYAt`mfk vVeyn` sn`tAngt s^vry pArfV=d`Dfy hA QAnymHhfn`
vfm<k`tfy aep`OSAkL y<gy upnfSd` cfn`tneyn`d pfLfbfM<evZ.2k&fyAvn`eg` vfnfV`cypflfbHd bAhfr
sADk ivtlmfn` p<d`glyAeg` vxfnAkm(sArDr~m-Values)avDArNyvFemZ n[M<r[v mfn`epen`.
Eeht` aAt`mvAdF dRS`Xfy nfsA emZ s^kl`py ebehvfn` aw<pAw< shftvfy.3at`mvAdFbvnfsA
QAnyx sFmAvk` p[nvfn.Ey aAvRt mnskf. EhfdF QAnmAr~gy sFmAshftvfy.QAn mAr~gy
vD%nyvFemZ m>LDr~m vnAhF sFmArhft aDfkArFBAveyn` kfsfm ay<rkfn` etArvFmyf.nm<t` aAt`m
s^kl`py smHg tmA yn<evn` p<d`glAt`verA`pNyvFm smHgm pfxtx vfhfedn`nx tfb> QAnmy
p&BAv h[kfLF tmAyn<evn` aDYAyerA`pNy krgt` mn:kl`pftyvxA s^ek`$z&nyvFm nfsA QAn
mAr~gey` sFmAshftbv emZ mHgfn` nfr{pfty.emhf p&tfPlyv>ey` QAney` vD%ny sFmAvF emZ
upnfSd` sFmAevn` obZbx b<d`DfvD%nyk` sfzenAvF QAnmAr~gy a[NhfxFmyf.4
upnfSd` yn`enhf ar~Ty an<v g=r[vryAegn` rhes` g=r[m<S`xf vVeyn` lbAednig[n`vFmZ
hdAl nfsAm QAnmAr~gFy aAvRt s`vBAvyk` gn`nA ldF.5rhsYbv nmZ aAvRt mAnsfk
tt`vyyf.emZ mHgfn` QAny p[tfrFyAmx iwk` lbAenAed`.QAny vD%nyvFmxnmZ kfsfz bADAkArF
tt`vyk` aAvRt tt`vyk` rhftv nffdhes` Ey p[tfrFyAmx iwkwtfbfyy<t=y.6nm<t` ihtkF
tt`vy yxet` E` avs`TAv udAenAv> nfsA,b&Ah`mN smZp&dAey` QAnmAr~gyx upnfSd`y<geyn`
obZbx yA enAh[kfvfy.7
emhf a[tf aw<v pfrfm[sFmZvs` emZ y<gey` vfp`lvkArF nfdhs` mtDArF nv aAgmfk smZp&dAyk`
BArtey` bfhfvfy.Ey V&mNsmZp&dAyyf.8SxZVAs`tRvr[ an`tr~gt vn`en`d emm V&mN smZp&dAyx
smZp&dAyx yf.V&mN smZp&dA yyn`eg` kAr~yBAry v>ey` b&Ah`mN smZp&dAy t=Ltfb> aw<pAw<
zr~vltA mHg hrvA ov<n`eg` evZd aDfkAr my cfn`tny mHgfn` aAvrNyvtfb> QAnmAr~gy
tvzrxt` vD%ny kfrFmx avkAV slsAdFmyf.emZ VAs`tR vr[n`egn` eejn mhAvFr h[r ess<
ay nAs`tfkvAdF, akfrfyvAdF,eBUtfkvAdF cfn`tA idfrfpt` kLh. eejn mhAvFr kfrfyjdos
Ydia;Djrfhl` f,i idudkHfhka oelafj;;a Wkajykafiaf.a orAYkh jQ kfrfyvAdya[t=lt`vn<ey`
1
u' ks' 1"Tmuzu j.a.h"uyd idfrdmu iq;a;"477msgqj'b;sfLd NslaLfjz khsox n@yauprshx ,dN ilaldr
isf,dldksixix"k is,iuzmod ksixix"k iudOsiuzmodksixix"k Z[dKoiaikdixix'hd p fLd whx NslaLfj
xix"k
wl`mamd fpf;djsuq;a;s"t;oF:usox NslaLfj n@yauprshx't;x idrx't;x mrsfhdidkka;s'
2
Ndr;Sh orAYkh"1jk ldKavh"wOHdmk m@ldYk fomdrA:fuzka;`j"1970"305-310msgq'
3
'tu''292 msgqj'
4
'tu' '295 msgqj
5
ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"29msgqj'
6
ffjosl hq.fhka fn#oaO hq.hg"jehsfyafka mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1964"
29msgqj'i;HiH i;Huz" Ofu! ryiHuz"fjodka;%".`yHdfoY%"mrux .`yHuz'
7
The Thirteen Principal Upanishads,Oxford University press,London,1921,p.142.
8
Ndr;Sh b;sydih 1"tpz'gS'niakdhl"1993"54-55msgq'

12. 370
1
p<bZebZkteh`t=vAdy xyf. emZan<v V&mN nAmeyn` g[enn aAgmfk smZp&dAyt=l ar~Tvt`
smZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk` idfrfpt`enAv<n<bv p[h[dflfy.emZ yxet` b<zrzn` kAlAms>t&ey`dF
‘smeNA enAgr[-Cousultations of Preceptor)’yn<evn` VAs`tRp&mANfk#veyn` g[nFm p&tfeOSp
keL` Ees` VAs`tRn`vhn`es`t` asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gfkeyk`v sfxfydF oh< an<gmny krn`nAv>
V&Avkyn`x ekes`vt` smZp>r~N QAnmAr~gy lbAgt enAh[kfb[vfnf.2
I LHgx kAlAm s<t&ey`dF asmZp>r~N QANmAr~gyk` els p&tfeOSpekAx a[t`et`‘BbZbr{ptA
vy (Potentiatity)’EnmZ ehAHdy[yf tmAeg` dRS`Xfyx v[xehn b[vfn` QAnmAr~gyk` krg[nFm
yf.3emhf a[tf vrdvn`en` tmAdkfn ehAHdbv tmn`eg`m cft`t p&eOS`pnykf.emZ yxet` tm sfet`
sfet` a[tf r[cfar[cf bv, str agtf s`vr{py sh p>r~v s^kl`pmt pdnmZv emm cft`t
p&eOS`pny n` sks`vFmyf.Evfx ymZkfsf p&s`t=yk` hrfd v[rdfd kfyA Em p&s`t=ty sRj<v
nfrFOSNyekAx vfmsnvA evn<vx sfzkrn`en` Em p&s`t=tyeds ihtkF tmAeg`
cft`tp&eOS`pny nm[tf pAx kN`nAwfyt=lfn` Eeds b[lFmyf.emZ mHgfn` yTAr~Tdr~VnyvnvA
evn<vx adAL p&s`t=ty pfLfbHd vfkRtfv<n< menA`cft&yk` mnes` pfLfbfM<evZ.
fmm k&fyAvlfynfsA mns aAvrNyvFmkx lk`vn atr b<d`Dfmy k&fyAvlfykx Ey bADAvkf.
vfprFt dRS`Xfyk` tmAeg` mnes` hxg[nFmx tm s^kl`pmy eh`t= udvZkrg[nFm mHgfn` mnes`
p[h[dflfbv n[tfevZ.sArDr~m pfLfbHdv a[tfkrgn`nA vfnfV`cyn` nfv[rdf E``vA enAvFm krNekAx
egn jFvn p&tfpdAv ar~Tvt`krg[nFmx enAh[kfevZ.4
NjHrEm;d hkak nq|=r|=kaf.a jspdrhg ,lajS m@;sfCIamjQjls'm@jSKhkaf.a u;h uska woyialrhs'
lsishuz Ys,amhla.ek iuyrmqoa.,hka olajkl`Y,;djh wkqj Tjqka lshkyeu fohlau wjspdrfhka
ms<s.ekSuhs' fuhg fya;`j hulalshk mqoa.,hd wkqj iuyreka ta lshkfoa ms<s.kakg leu;sjSuhs'
iuyrjsg wm hula ms<s.kafka Tyqf.a ndysrm@isoaOsh wkqjhs'iufKda fkd .re hkafkysoS tu ndysr
m@isoaOsh ms<s.kakg is|=fjhs' fuzjd fufia ms<s.kakg fya;`j tfia ms<s.;afoa we;euzjsg i;Hjshyelshs'
tfy;a wi;HjSugo mqZMjk'tksid fuzjd Z{dfkdamdhf,i fn#oaO orAYkh fkdms<s.kshs'jevsfokd
hulams<s.;a muKska fkdjsuid ms<s.ekSula fn#oaO orAYkfhys fkdue;shs'iuyr wd.usl l;!Djreka
g irAjZ{;dZ{dkhfkdue;sksid ta whf.a uqjska .s,sfyk ishZMjpk i;Hhehs ms<s.;hq;`hehs iuyre
lsh;s'
fuz wkqj hula nqoaO jpkhkuz th iqNdIs; jpkh hhs iuyre lsh;s'thg fya;`j nq|=r|=kao
irAjZ{nejsks'irAjZ{hkk nq|=r|=kajsiska sjsOdldrf,i js.@y fldgwe;'irAjZ{jSu fyda fkdjSu
js.@yhg wkqjmj;S'th ;udg .e<fmknj iZoykafldgwe;'wfkla wd.uz j, irAjZ{ hkak ish,a,
1
w' ks";s;a:dh;k iq;a;"fn#'iuz'ixia'"598msgqj'mqnzfn l;x fLd mk NslaLfj idrf;d mpzpd .pzP;x k
fyd;s Pkafod jd jdhdfudjd box jd lrKshx boxjd wlrKSyka;s'b;s lrKShdlrKSfh fLdmk ipzpf;d
f:;f;d wkqm,nzNshudfk uqgzGiai;Skx wkdrlaLdkx jsyr;x k fyd;s mpzp;a;x iyOuzusfld iuKjdfod'
2
oS' ks' 2"Wmd,s iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"60msgqj'
3
w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;"uydj.a. ld,du iq;a;"nq c uq'"377-343 msgq'
4
u' ks' 1"iSykdo j.a.h"pQ< iSykdo iq;a;"159msgqj'fofjudp NslaLfj osjzGsfhd'Nj osgzGs p jsNj osgzGs
p''fm'''iuqohZ[p wF:.uZ[p wiaidoZ[p wdoSkjZ[p ksiairKZ[p h:dN~;x kmamcdkka;s"'''fm'''k
mrsuqpzpka;s cd;shd crdh urfKk fidflys mrsfofjys |=lafLys fodukiafiys Wmdhdfiys'k mrsuqpzpka;s
|=laLiaud;s jodus'

13. 371
olS hkwrA:fhka f.kwe;'tfy;a iEufudfyd;u we;s irAjZ{njla ;ukajykafiag fkdue;snj
nq|=rcdKkajykafia m@ldYl<y'ks.KaGkd:mq;a;yg iEufudfyd;lu mj;akd irAjZ{njla we;s
nj lshhs'tfy;a tnZ|= irAjZ{njla fkdue;snjo th ms<s.;fkdyelsnjo ;ukajykafiag tnZ|=
irAjZ{ njla fkdue;snjo th ms<s.;fkdyelsnjo ;ukajykafiag tnZ|=irAjZ{njla fkdue;snjo
f;jscAcd jpzPf.d;a; iQ;@fhys iZoykalr;s'(u'ks'1"481msg"PTS)
;ukajykfia ieujsgu irAjZ{ hehs lshku;h m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=kajykafia hfula ud irAjZ{
hehs lshhskuz Tyqug wi;Hfhka fodaIdfrdamKh (wnzNdpslaLkh) lrknj;a"hfula ud ;@sjsoHd
okafkahehs lshkafkakuz th kshu;;ajh m@ldYlsrSula hehs lsh;s' fuzz u;h ;yjqrelrk idOlh
lakuz mgsiuzNsodu.a. yd l:dj;a:qjhk miqld,Sk lD;Skays (inznZ[aZC|+ inznoiaidjS)yer iZ.s
idys;Hfhys lsisu;ekl nq|=rcdKkajykafia yeZoskajSug irAjZ{hk jpkh fkdfhoSuhs'
ihtkF eh`t=nfsA BbZbr{ptAvy ehvt` yhpt`y[yf s^kl`pny krgn`nAcft`t s^kl`pyn`
mfN<mZ dHw< ekAxegn sArDr~m vfnfV`cyx lk`kfrFm prfp>N% QAnmAr~gFy kxy<t`tk` enAvnbv
b<zsmy pvsA Ey b[h[rkryf.ihtfn` sAkcZCAkL ekAxs` sfyl`l ayt`vn`en` smZp&dAy
vAdFn`xyf.1
I LHg ekAxs b<d`DfvAdFh<y(Rationalists) emZ ekAxsx v[exn`en` p[rNf upnfSd` eBUtfk
vAdFn`, s^VyvAdFn`,eBUtfkvAdFn` hA aAjFvkyn` atrfn` v[wf edenk=t`y.tr~ky hA an<mAny
emAv<n` vfsfn` QAnmAr~gyels pfLfgnF.emZ pfrfs hHzn`vA tfebn`en`‘tk`kf vfm^sF’nmfnf.tr~ky
mHgfn` lbn QAny pfrfp<n` QAnyk` h[xfyx pfLfgn`nA ekAxsyf.E` cfn`tAmy QAny ov<n`
egn` avDArNyevZ.sn`dk s>t&ey`dF emm k&myd QAnyl[bFmx enAs<zs<bv avDArNykrtfebZ.
E`d kr[N< strk` pAdkkr egny.2
(a)s<tk`tf tmZ’pf ehAtf-hrf d[n<mk` edn tr~kyk` vfyh[kfy.
(aA)zt`tk`tfkmZ’pf ehAtf-v[rdf d[n<mk` edn tr~kyk` vfyh[kfy.
(a[)tTA’pf ehAtf-Ees`d vfyh[kfyf.
(a{)aHOd`HOdTA’pf ehAtf-an` ay<rk`d vfyh[kfy.3
stYtAv g[n s`Tfr vVeyn` shtfkvfy enAh[kfnfsA tr~kyd ast=x<dAyk d[n<mZ mHgkf.
emZ b<d`DfvAdF k&myxm a[t=HPvn QAnmAr~g strk`(4)kAlAm s<t&ey`dF asmZp>r~N QnmAr~g
vVeyn` slkA p&tfeOS`p kr tfebZ.E`vAnmZ
(a)tk`k eh`t=-tr~kyx EkHgb[vfn` pfLfg[nFm.
(aA)ny eh`t=-nYAn>k+lb[vfn` pfLfg[nFm.
(a[)aAkAr prfvftk`k-ay<r[ vfsfn` pfLfg[nFm.
(a{)dfxZXf nfj~ODAnk`Kn`tf-tm dRS`Xfyx EkHgy[yf pflfg[nFm.
1
Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.170.
2
u' ks' 2"ikaol iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"322msgqj'
3
u' ks' 2 ikaol iq;a; nq c uq 322 msgqj

14. 372
kAlAm s>t&ey` sHdhn`vn emm QAnmAr~g strm‘tk`kf vfm^sF’ehvt` tr~ky mHgfn` lbn
QAny pfrfp<n` QAnmAr~gyk`els pfLfgnF.Eeht` b<zsmy pfrfp<n` stYy l[bFmx ihtkF QAn
mAr~g str asmt` ehyfn` tr~ky QAny l[bFemZ Ekm mAr~gyels p&mANykr g[nFm b<z
smy b[h[rkryf.1
emm b<d`DfvAdF(Rationalists) ekAxsx ayt`vn kAlAm s>t&eyhf epenn QAnmAr~gyk`
vn<ey`‘tk`k eh`t=(Logical Implication)’nmZ tr~ky Ekm QAnmAr~gy vVeyn` pfLfgt`
2
ekAxsyf. b&Ah`mN smZp&dAy yxet` upnfSd`y<gyt=L bfhfv> Em b&Ah`mN smZp&dAey` yAgy hA
yQy ynedekhf amAn<Sfk mn<SY hA s#vGAtnvlx vfr[d`Dv vferA`DAkl`p egAn<kLpfrfs
ov<n`eg`‘tr~ky’upeyA`gFkrgt`h.stY vVeyn`m upnfSd`y<gyt=L bfhfv> aAgmfk kN`wAymZ
upnfSd` a[t[mZ ig[n`vFmZ p&kAVkL ay mns eBUtfk p&s`t=tyk` vVeyn` s[lk+h.3CAe$dA`gY
upnfSdey` p&DAn dAr~VnfkyA els s[lekn ud`dAlk aAr[NF (egUtm) sRSfvryA emZ mty
d[r{ aeykf.oh< mns aAt`meyn` evn`v> eBUtfk z&vYyk` vVeyn` hHzn`vA tfebZ.4
emm adhs` upnfSd` ig[n`vFmZt=lfn` mt=v<en` s#vGAtn vfm<k`tfy p[t+ hf^sAvAdF b&Ah`mN
ig[n`vFmZvlx vfr[d`DvFmx Em ig[n`vFmZvlx phrg[sFmx prm sArDr~myk` avfhf^sAvk`els
ov<n` vfsfn` s[lk+b[vfnf.5nm<t` eBUtfkvAdF rAm<vk`pfx sArDr~mpfLfbHd kfsfz aAcArvfdYAt`mk
ps<bfmk` bl enAp[v[t`evn bv ov<n`x v[xhFmk` enAvfnf.emZ nfsA sArDr~mFy pOSeyn` emZ
upnfSd` ig[n`vfmZ asmZp>r~Nels s[lek`.V&mN smZp&dAy atrfn` ajftek`skmZbl d[r{
eBUtfkvAdF dr~Vnyd ayt`vn`en` emm ekAxsxyf.6
cAr~vAk dr~Vny mHgfn`d emm eBUtfkvAdFig[n`vFmZVk`tfmt`vfy.7kAlAms>t&ey`dF emm
ig[n`vFmZ pffrfp<n` QAnmAr~gels pflfenAgn`en` sArDm% vD%ny sHdhA in`kfsfz pfx<vhlk`
enAs[lesn h<z eBUtfkvAdF ig[n`vFmk`b[vfnf.tr~ky g=r[krgt` tvt`ekAxsk` v>ey` s^Vy
vAdFn` ehvt` s[ky pAdkkr sfy ig[n`vfmZ idfrfpt`kL aAgmfk smZp&dAyyf.
V&mN smZp&dAy atrfn` s^jy ebl`lxZXfp<t`t VAs`tRvryA embHz aAgmfk ig[n`vFmk`
idfrfpt`kL ekenkf.8oh<eg` ig[n`vFmZ amrAvfk`eKZpvAdy nmfn` h[Hdfn`evn aeQyvAdF,s^VyvAdF
aeQyvAdF,s^VyvAdF s`TAvryk` a[s<r[ kLAv> dr~Vn mAr~gyk`vfy.QAnmAr~gy vVeyn`
oh<BAvftAkL s^VyvAdF s`TAvry kfsfz sArDm% vD%n k&fyAvlfykx t=w< enAzn` ig[n`vFmk`
1
w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a. ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgqj'
2
u' ks' 2"ikaol iq;a;"nq'c'uq"322msgqj'
3
Ndr;Sh oY!kh"kdrdjs, Ouzur;k ysus yd yevsmkak, mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"jsoHd,xldr hka;@d,h"le<Ksh"
1950"14msgqj'
4
Pdkafoda.H WmksIoh"1'1'1"Tusf;H;oCIruqo.S:uqmdiS; Tus;shH+oa.dh;s ;fiHdm jHdLHdkuz'
5
ixCIsma; Ndr;Sh orAYkh"weuz'ysrshka;"wOHdmk fomdrA;fuzkafjz m@ldYkh"fld<U"1970"xixmsgqj'
6
oS' ks' 1"iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"96msgqj'k;a:s uydrdc oskakx k;a:s hsgzGx k;a:s yq;x"k;a:s iqlg
|=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld"k;a:s whx f,dfld'k;a:s mfrd f,dfld'k;a:s ud;d'k;a:s ms;d'k;a:s i;a:d
Tzmmd;sld k;a:s f,dfl iuKn@dyauKd iuzu.a.;d iuzud mgsmkakd fh bux p f,dlx mrx p f,dlx ihx
wNsZ[aZ[d ipzPslFjd'mfjoka;s'
7
pdrAjdl orAYkfhys wdoS l;Djrhd ms<snZo jsjsO u;hka mj;S'flfiafj;;a uq,afmf,a WmksIoa iDISka w;r
ihq.ajd ffrCp kuz iDIsjrfhlq jQ nj;a fudyqf.a b.ekajSuz fN#;sljdoS pska;khg mokuzjQ nj;a i,lkq
,efnz'
8
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15. 373
vfy.Eyfn` p&DAn vVeyn` sfzekr[en` dRS`Xfg&hNy kfrFemn` v[LkFsfxFm
pmNf.sArDm%vD%nykfrFemZ kfsfz pflfevtk` idfrfpt` enAv> nfsAm emm ig[n`vFmZ QAn
mAr~gyk` els asmZp>r~N aAvRt v[s<N< mAnsfk mxZxmk` bfhfkrvn`nAv> mtvAd vfy.
EmnfsA QAnmAr~gyk`els emm s^VyvAdFn`eg` ig[n`vFmZ asmZp>r~Nb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&y
mHgfn` E`vA b[h[reker~.emm ekAxs ayt`vn<ey`d b<d`DfvAdFn`vn(Rationalists)tr~ky hA
an<mAny p&mANekAxgt` pfrfsxyf.b<d`DfvAdF ekAxs ayt`vn ILHg ekAxsvn<ey` aAjFvky
n`y.aAjFvkeyA` akfrfyvAdy ek`$z&ekAxgt` aeh`t=kvAdy s^sAr V=d`DvAdy v[nf ig[n`vFmZ
d[r{h.aAjFvkeyA` pArmZprfk g=r[vr[n` tfedenk= g[n vfV`vAs kLh.nn`dvcZc,kfs s^kfcZc,
yn p>r~v g=r[vr[n`x ant=r[v ov<n`eg` Dm%y p&cArykL etevnf g=r[vryAv>ey` V&mN
smZp&dAyxayt` mk`KlF egA`sAly.
aAjFvkyn`eg` nAykyAels h[Hdfn`evn mk`KlF egA`sAl pfLfbHdv eejnyn`eg` ps`evnf a^gy
v> BAgvtF s>t&eyhfsHdhn`evn`en` mk`KlF egA`sAl pfHw<sfHgA v[LdFemn` jFvfkAv egngfy p<d`gl
eyk= bvyf.mk`KlF egAsAl idfrfpt`kL nfytfs^gtfvAdy (Determinism)mHgfn` p<d`gl s`vcZC$dtA
vy(Free Will)p&tfeOS`pvn b[vfn` vfvRt mAnsfkt#vykx E` mHgfn` bADAvnbvt` emes` aAvRt
mAnsfkbv eh`t=ekAxegn sArDm% pOSeyn` mfnfs<n` agtfgAmFkrvn dhmk`bvt` kfyA b<z
rzn` itA tdfn` emm QAnmAr~gy p&tfeOS`pkL ay<r[ a^g=t`trnfkAey` dk`nx l[ebZ.‘mk`KlF’
nmZ emA`Gp<r[SyA mfnfs<n`al`ln ekmnk`v[nfyyf EhfdF b<zrzn` dk`vAtfebZ.1a[t[mZ vfx sAmAnY
epAzjntAv atr emAh<eg` Dr~my ebehvfn` jnp&fyv pvtfn`nx a[tfbv iht b<zrzn`
emAh<eg` Dr~myx mfnfs<n` vsHgvgfybv dk`vnld sHdhn an<v epen`.
;rAlh ;j;a Z{dfkdamdhls'yq|=flaj, ;rAlhu u;msysgd Z{dkh ,oyelshehs nq|=kajykafia fkd
jod<y' tuksid ;rAlhu;Z{dkh,enSu nq|=r|=kag wNsu;fkdfjz'ml`Olpzpdhk bosrsm;alf<a ;rAlh
u; f.dvkeZ.`Kq orAYkhls'2;lalmrsydlfoa i;HjSug wi;HjSugo bvwe;'tfy;a i;Hh ks;ru
;rAldkQl~,hs'fn#oaO orAYkfha w.hlrkafka m@;HCIKfhka m@;Hd;aufjzokShjYfhka ,nd.kakd
Z{dkhhs'(mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnda jsZ[aZC|+yS;s)Y@e;shg yd wdma;hg nq|=iuh myrfokafka tnejsks'3
;rAlfhka fyda Y@e;sfhka fyda wdma;fhkafyda fkdj hulams<s.;hq;af;a Z{dkhu fufyhjdnj;a
nqoaOjpkh mjd tfia Z{dkh fufyhjd ms<s.;hq;`nj;a"ld,duiQ;@fhys iZoykalr;s'fn#oaO
b.ekajSuz wkqj ;rAlYnzofhka .uHjk wrA:lsysmhlawe;'4nq|=iufhys ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlrkafka
thska lskuzwrA:hlskao hk nj jsuishhq;`hs'thg fya;`j nq|=iufhyso ;rAlh ;rAlh tla;rd iSus;
m@udKhlg Wmfhda.Slr.kakdnejsks'tkuz fn#oaO Ndjkdl@u.ek lshkjsg m@:uOHdk .;
1
w' ks' 1"tll ksmd;h"nq'c'uq'rd.x NslaLfjz wZ[afZ[a talmq.a.,uzms iukqmiaidus'fhd tjx nyqck ys;dh
mgsmkafkd nyqck wiqLdh nyqf;d ckiai wkJ:dh wys;dh |=laLdh fojukqiaidkx h:hsox NslaLfjz ulaL,S
fuda> mqrsfida'
2
oS' ks' 1"iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"98msgqj'kF:s kF:s yka;djd >df;;djd fid;djd idfj;d jd jsZ[aZ[d ;d
jd jsZ[aZ[dfm;d jd fhdms ;sKafyk i;af:k iSix csJo;s'k fldps lZ[aps cSjs;d fjdfrdfm;s' i;a;kakx fhj
i;a
ldhdkx wka;frAk i;a:x jsjrukqm; ;S;s'
3
kQ;k iudch iZoyd fn#oaO cSjk orAYkh"f.dv.u ux., ysus"Y@S ,xld iuQmldr jsoHd,hSh uq|@Kd,h"
fmd,af.d,a,"1998"115 msgqj'
4
u' ks' 2"ikaol iq;a;"nq'c'uq"322msgqj'

16. 374
mqoa.,hdg ;u is;`js,s yiqrejd.ekSfuzoS ;rAlh wjYHnj iZoykalr;s'(oS'ks 1"73-75'182-183'
u'ks'1" 159'181&435-436 w'ks'1"53&188msg P.T.S.)
ta wkqj ;rAl Ynzofhka .uHk wrA:lsysmhla we;'thska fn#oaO orAYkd.; Z{dkudrA.h
ms<s.kafka lskuz wrA:fhkao $
(w);rAlh hkq wodk.@dySfkdjknjhs'fuz wrA:fhka nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlhm@;sfCIamfkdlr;s'ud
wkqiaifjzk hk ;kays fuka wjspdrj;af,i .ekSfuzoS ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlr;s'
(wd)ifya;`lnj(iksodkx imamdgsydrshx)hk wrA:h ;rAlkfhka .efkhs'imamdgsydrshx nqoafOda
Ouzuxfofia;s' hkqfjka fhfokksid ifya;`lnj fn#oaO orAYkfhys ms<s.efkhs'tuksid ifya;`lnj
hk wrA:fhkao nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIamfkdlr;s'1
(we)jspdrmQrAjl jsoHd;aulnjo ;rAlfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;`fjhs'fuz wrA:fhkao fkdfjz fn#oaO
orAYkfha ;rAlh m@;sfCIam lrkafka'2
fn#oaO orAYkfhys ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlrkafka l`ukwrA:hlskao hkakg fydZou ksorAYkhla
ikaol iQ;@fhys ths'tawkqj fmfkkafka th lsishuz m@d.dkQN~; ks.duS;rAll@uhla wkqj pska;k
Yla;sh fufyh jSfuka tla;rdl@shd moaO;shla wkqj ,efnkaklanjhs'm@d.dkQN~;j ;rAlfldg jsjsO
ks.ukf.k h:dfndaO ;;ajh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.;fkdyelsnj nq|=rcdKkajykafia jod<y'ud
;lalfya;` hkafkka thhs Wkajykafia foaYkdlf<a'tu wrA:fhka ;rAlh m@;sfCIamjsh'ks.duSf,i
;rAl lsrSfuka iuyrjsg wfmaCIs; i;Hfhys Pdhdud;@hla fyda ,efnkakg;a mqZMjk'iuyrjsg fkd
,efnkakg;a mqZMjk'tuksid ;rAlh iuyr jsg i;H jkakg;a bvwe;'wi;Hfjkakg;a bvwe;'
tnejska nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIaml<y'
b<d`DfvAdF(Rationalists)ekAxsx ayt`vn kAlAm s>t&eyhf asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk` els
p&tfeOS`pkL ILHg smZp&dAynmZ‘nYAy eh`t=(Nomological Implication)’yn nYAy pdnmZkr
ymZkfsf p&s`t=tyk` pfLfbHdv sArDm% vfnfV`cykx EleMn`nAv> smZp&dAyyf.nYAy p&mANkrgn`nA
QAnmAr~gy nYAydr~Vnyyf.3nYAy VbZdey` p[t=r[N<(vYAp`t)aT%ynmZ‘p&mANy mHgfn` aT%
prFOSNy’yn<yf.elA`keyhf dty<t= sfyl`lm p&tY OSAdF ct=r~vfD p&mANyn`egn` prFOSAkrn
ehyfn` emZ dr~Vny nYAy nmfn` p&sfd`Dy.Em ct=r~vfD p&mANnmZ,p&tYOSy,an<mAny,upmAn hA
VbZdyyf.4an<mAn p&mANeyhfEn p&tfQAdF pHOd`cAvyv vAkYeyA`m‘nYAy’VbZdey` vfeV`SAr~T
yyf.5p&tYOSeyhf nYAyyx avkAVyk`n[t.nYAeyhf p[v[t`man<mAneyhfmy.
p&tYOS aAgm edkfn` dk`nAld edy an<v ap&tYOS edyd an<mAneyn` avebA`Dkrnehyfn`
an<mAn sADkv> nYAy an`vFOSAyyfd an`vFOS vVeyn` pvt`nA ehyfn`‘an`vFOSFy vfdYA’y[yfd
1
u' ks' 1"uyd hul j.a.h"uyd ipzpl iq;a;"nq'c'uq"584msgqj'jsjspzfpj ldfuys jsjpzp wl`if,ys Ouzfuys
ijs;lalx ijspdrx jsfjlcx mS;siqLx mGux COdkx WmiuzmcAc jsydisx'
2
u' ks' 1"Tmuzu j.a.h"pQ< idfrdamu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"488msgqj"bO n@dysuK NslaLq jsjspzfpj ldfuys jsjspzp
wl`if,ys Ouzfuys ijs;lalx ijspdrx jsfjzlcx mS;siqLx mGuCOdkx WmiuzmcAc jsyr;s'whuzms fLd n@dyauK
Ouzfud Z[dKoiaifkk W;a;rs;frd p mKS;;rdp'
3
kHdh NdIHh"1'1'1"m@udffKr:!mrSlaIKx kHdh%'
4
kHdh orAYkh"wCImdo kHdh iQ;@"1'1'3"m@;HCIdkqudk Wmudj Ynzo'
5
kHdh iQ;@"1'1'32'

17. 375
1
nYAy VAs`t&y hHzn`vn< l[ebZ. emhf p&tYOSy p&mANyk` vVeyn` nYAyvAdFn` p&mAN kr
gn`nA nm<z Ehf aw<pAw<kmZ shfty.emAv<n`eg` p&DAn p&mANy els g[enn`en` an<mAnyyf.
nYAyx an<k+lv> an<mAnyyf. nYAy vnAhF s^kl`pFyb[vfn` mAnsfk aAvRtbvk` p[en`.EmnfsA
emAv<n` p&mANkrgn`nA kfsfz p&s`t=tykfn` p>N%mAnsfk vfksftbvk` a[tfkrvFemhflA asmt`vn
b[vfn` emAv<n` idfrfpt` krn`nAv> QAnmAr~gy smZp>r~N QANmAr~gyk` els b<zsmy pfLf
enAgnF.
sArDm% vD%neyhflA emZ QAnmAr~gy ast=x<dAyky.Eemn`m an<mAn p&mANy BAvftA ekAx
QAny gevZSNykfrFemZdF Ix BAvftAkrn ld nAmyk`nmZ tr~kyyf.tr~kyx amtrv‘vAd’
nAmeyn` g[enn tr~myx s<zs< eh`t= idfrfpt`kfrFmd kr a[t.emes`ehyfn` kAlAm s>t&ey`
dk`vn aAkAryx sArDr~m pfbfHdvFm sHdhA avVYkrn cfn`tn nfdhs p>r~NvVeyn` nYAy
g=r[ekAxgt` emZ kN`wAymZ t=lfn` p&mANy enAkrnldbv epen`.
khfya;` nq|=rcdKkajykafia jsiska m@;sfCIams; wgfjks Z{dfkdamdhhhs'khfya;` ms<snZoj jsuiSfuz
oS jsfYaIfhka wmf.a wjOdkh ffck ima;Nx.SkHdh(wfkaldka;jdoh) yd wkqudkm@udKhflfrys
wjOdkh fhduql<hq;`h'2ffckYdia;D jO!udk uydjSr nq|=r|=ka Orudk ld,fhysu ush.shnj
ld,duiQ;@fhysu iZoykajnejska Wkjykafiaf.a iuld,slfhl` jYfhka Tyqf.a bekajSuflfrys
ie,ls,a, fhduqlsrSu jeo.;ah'ffck ima;Nx.Skho Tyqf.a foaYkdjls'iHdoajdohhkqo fuhgu
jHjydrjkakls'ffckd.u f.dvkeZ.S we;af;a tu iHdoajdoh fkdfyd;a ima;Nx.S kHdhu; nj
(iHdoajdfodNs ffckd.u imnScuz)ffck orAYkidrkuz lD;shg wkqj ks.ukh l<yelshs' wfkla
w;g iHdoajdoh wfkaldka;njo iZoykal<hq;`hs'
wfkaldka; isoaOdka;h tys mokuh'(iHdoajdo uxcrS'ldrsld5)(iHdos;s wjHhx wfkaldka;
dka
foHda;lx l;%iHdoajdfod wfkaldka;jdfoda ks;H wks;HdoS wfkalOrAu Ynff,l jia;` wNm@m.u
b;s)iHdoa wia;s(hula ta iajrEmfhkau jSu)iHdoa kdia;s(hul fkd;snSu)iHdoa wjla;jHh(huzlsisjla
fjzkuz thg ysus;;ajh lsjfkdyelsnj fkdfyd;a wksrAjpkShnj)iHdoia;s kdia;Hjla;jH(hula
we;snjla fyda ke;snjla fyda lsjfkdyelsnj)fuz ima;Nx.S khhs'
f,#lsl pska;kh oshqKqjSug(bO f,dal pska;dh)usi mrf,dj oshqKqj iZoyd(mrf,dal pska;dh)
fuzjd fya;` fkdjknj;a"funZ|= m@udKhkaf.ka t<fUk pska;k ksYaps; jYfhka i;Hhehs ks.ukh
l< fkdyelsnj;a" idudkH Z{dkhusi mQrAKm@;HCIZ{dkhla fuzuZ.ska fkd,efnknj;a"tuksid
Z{dfkdmdhf,i fuzjd .;fkdyelsnj;a fn#oaO u;hhs'
Z{dfkdamdhhla jYfhka ;;ald,Sk iuyrodrAYkslhkajsiska wkqudkho ms<sf.k we;'mgspzp
iuqmamdoh jsia;rlrk iuyrwjia:dj, wkajhZ{dkh.ek iZoyka fjz'ld,hla ;siafia m@jD;a;jQ
isoaOshl taliajrEmh foin,d th wkd.;ld,fhys is|=fj;ehs fuhska woyialrhs'fn#oaO orAYk
fhys wkqudkhg ,efnk;ek wkqudk iQ;@fhys iZoykafjhs'tludkhla wkqj ;j;audkhla .ekSu
1
kHdh Ydia;@uz"kHdh iQ;@"1'1'1"m@;HdCId.udNjHduSCIs;iHd lajSCIK ukajSCId";hd m@j;!k b;Hd
;ajSlaIsls'kHdh jsoHd'
2
u' ks' 3"foajoy iq;a;"nq'c'uq"3msgqj'

18. 376
wkqudkhhs'flfkla ;uka.ek is;uska wkqka.eko tfiau is;hskuz thidjoH jQjlanj nqoaOjpkfhys
iZoykaj we;'(u'ks'1"97msg P.T.S.)wkqudkfhka wjsmrS;Z{dkh fkd,efnz'bka ,efnkafka idudkH
Z{dkh muKls'th ,sx.iuznJOhwkqj ixjdlHdkqidrfhka ,efnk oekquls'
nq|=iuh ms<s.kq,nkafka YdlaId;aZ{dkh usi wkqfuzh Z{dkhla fkdfjz'nq|=kajykafia fn#oaOZ{dk
udrA.fh ka wfmaCIdlf<a mrsZ{dk"myd;nzn"ipzPsld;nzn"Ndfjz;nzn"wdoS jpkj,ska fmfkk mrsos
wmg ks.ukhl< yelafla fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.h orAYkfhka m@;Hd;auf,i idlaId;alD;jQ w;SJ|@sh
orAYkZ{dk iuzm;a;sh nq|=ka jykafiaf.a tlu wNsm@drA:s;drA:hnjhs'tuksid wkqudkh nq|=ka
jykafiaf.a jspdrhg ,lajsh'
wdldrmrsjs;lal hkako nq|=kajykafiaf.a jspdrhg ,lajQ ;j;a Z{dfkdmdhhls'lsishuzfohla
iuznJOfhka tyswdldrlsysmhla muKlan,d js;rAlkfhysfhoS huz huz ks.ukj,g t<eUSu wdldr
mrsjs;rAlkfhka wfmaCIs;h';j;ajsOshlska lshf;d;a lsishuz m@Yakhla ms<snZoj taldxislf,i n,d
iuia;hlaf,i ks.ukj,g t<USuhs'nq|=r|=ka fuh tla;rd wNsksfjzYhlaf,i i<ld m@;sfCIamfldg
we;'id;sNsCIqqjf.a jsZ{dkjdoS oDIaGsh nq|=kajykaafia m@;sfCIamlf<a(jsZ[aZ[dKx ikaOdj;s ixir ;s
wkZ[aZ[x)fuzksidh'tuksid fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.hg wkqj wdldrmrsjs;rAlh ms<s.;hq;` Z{dkm@fNaoh
la fkdfjz'
b<d`DfvAdF(Rationalists) ekAxsx ayt`vn kAlAms>t&y mHgfn` asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk`els
p&tfeOS`pft by; QAnmAr~gy vn<ey`‘aAkAr prfvftr~kn(Diver sification of thought)’ehvt`
kl`pnAvx an<r{pvn ed` QAnmAr~gyels pfLfg[nFmyf.emhfdFd kl`pnAvx an<r{pvned`
1
tmAeg` sftfn` tr~ky egA`crkregn sp&mAN krgnfyf.
b<zrzn` p&AgAn<B+t tr~knymHgfn` tmAeg`kl`pnAvx an<r{pvned` sArDm%yk` elsfn` pfLf
g[nFmd s^y<k`t s^kl`pnyd QAnmAr~gyk` elsfn` p&tfeOS`pkLh.mk`nfsAdyt` un`vhn`es`x
an<v tr~keyhf mfN<mvn`en` sp&mANtAv mfs stYyenAevZ.EmnfsA ymZkfsf tr~knyk`
sp&mANv>pmNfn` Ey stYy[yf adhs`vn`en` n[t.Ees`m Eb[vfn` Ey sArDr~m vD%nypfNfs
ivhl`vn QAnmAr~gyk` elsfn` pfLf g[enn`en`d n[t.2
Evfx ekenk=x emes` g[xHPvk` a[tfvfy h[kfyf.EnmZ kAn`tAvx ar~ht`PlyVAOSAt`kfrFmx
pvA h[kfyAvk` a[tfbv b<zrzn` pvA pfLfegn tfbfydF kAn`tAvx p[vfd`d lbAdFemZdF b<zrzn` m[lf
bvk` d[k`vFmxt`,aS`Xgr[Dm% nAmeyn` vfnyx atfer~k vYvs`TAvk` BfOS<NFn` ekerhf pmNk`
k&fyAt`mk kfrFmxt` b<zrzn` ut`s<kv>ey` EdA BArtFysmAjDm% atr l[bFtfb> smAjyFy s`TAny
‘aAkAr prfvftr~k ny’kfrFmt=lfn` bvt`,p[vfdf s^s`TAvt=lx aAgn`t=k kAn`tAvk` BfOS<Nfyk`
els bHdvA bAhfr smAjey` a[yx hfmfvtfb> p<r[SADfptYy yxet` kAn`tAv vfsFemZ smAj avVY
tAvy s[lkfl`lxegn (eyA`gYy[yf sftA)kAn`tAv E`t=lfn` avtk`es`r[vx lk`kfrFmt` sfzkrtfebZ
1
w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377- 343 msgq'
2
ldrAkagshdkq orAYkh ms<snZo jspdrmQrAjl wOHhkhla"tia'cS'weuz'jSrisxy"le<Ksh jsYajjsoHd,hSh
m@ldYkhls"1998"iiimsgqj'

19. 377
yn`n n>tn pV`cAt` nvYvAdFn`egn`(The Part of Post modernism)ekAxsk`v> s`t&FvAdFn``
(Femanism)nHgntr~kykf.
ov<n` dk`vn`en` BfOS<n` vhn`es` lAx yxt`vvfsFemZ ekAn`ed`sfy aS`Xgr[Dm%vl an`tr~gtey`
hry bvyf.E` yxet` p[vfdfsmAjy t=ld BfOS<Nfyk` els p[vfdf bfmxpt` kAn`tAv bAhfr smAj
ey` a[yxhfmfv tfb> sAmAjfk tt`vyx an<r{pvm p<r[SBfOS>n`x yxt`kr t[bFemZ v<vmnAevn`
b<zrzn` k&fyAkLAy yn ecA`dnAv ov<h< El`l krtf.
s<nFt esA`pAk v[nf ay BfOS<s^s`TAvx an`tr~g&hNy kfrFemZdFt`,k=lvAdy pn`tfeB`dy
smAj asADArNy v[nf kr[N<vldF E`vAx Eerhfv b<zrzn` k&fyAkL aBFt aAkAryt` emm
BfOS<NF p[vfd`d smZb$Deyn` k&fyAkL aAkAryt` smZp>r~Neyn`m Ekfenkx prs`pr vferA`DFbv
ov<h< epn`vAedtf. kAlAm s>t&eyhfdF b<zrzn` nfdhs` cfn`tny pfLfgt`tt` ihtkF t#vy yxet`
Em s`vBAvy dk`nx enAl[ebnbv ov<h< v[wfzrxt` avDArNy krtf.1
emyx dFmx a[tfpfLft=r itAmt`m ehAHdfn`‘ebUd`D smAjvfdYA p&evZVy’yn g&$Tey` 96pfx<evZdF
Dr~m es`n ehxZxfaArcZcf mhtA m[nvfn` smZpfN`wnykr dk`vyf.2kAn`tAvn` BfOS<nFn`vVeyn`
aBfnveyn` p[vfdf s^s`TAvt=lx an`tr~g&hny krvA g[nFemZdF p&AeyA`gfk sAmZp&dAyfk BfOS<
smAjey` aAkl`pyn` sks`kfrFemZ avVYtAvy pfLfbHdv mhAvAr~y DFres`kr dk`vn kr[Nk`,
BfOS<NF p[vfd`d p&mAdkfrFemZ eh`t=v vVeyn` mhAcAr~y nn`des`n rt`npAl3 up<xA dk`vyf.
EnmZ kAn`tAv p[vfdfkfrFm sms`tp[vfdf s^vfDAnyekerhf blp{h[kf aAkAry g[n
sftAb[lFmyf. b&h`m cyY%BAvy prmaAgmfknfS`XAv vVeyn` s[lekn E` vnvfxt` aArmZBv
p[vt=nAv> p<r[SpOSey n` pmNk` smn`vftv> Bfk`S< s^s`TAevZ sAm>hfk yhpt sHdhA
kAn`tAvvffsfn` ymZ ymZ k[pvFmZ kLy<t=vtfbfnf.p[vfdfpOSyt=L s`vkFy nFtYAn>k+l p[v[t`m
thv<r[kfrFmpfNfs axZXgr[ DmZm p[nvFmx emZ kr[N blp{bv epen`.axZXgr[DmZmvl
p&DAnm arm<N BfOS<NFn`eg` kAyfk hA mAnsfk s<rOSftBAvy a[tfkrlFmyf.4
E` mfsk kAn`tAvAdFn`(Femenism)kfynAkAreyn` b<zrzn`‘aAkArprfvftk%ny’kfrFmnfsA
5
enAevZ. E` t=L g[bZvn<ey` sArDm% s^rOSNy sHdhA m>Lfk ps<bfm els QAnmAr~gy pfrfsfzv
pvt`vAg[nFm pfNfs krnld av^k ut`sAhykf.6yeTA`k`t kr[eNhflA b<zrzn` emZ ay<rfn`
s[lkflfmt` enAv<nAnmZ vr~tmAny vnvfx b<zss<n vnsA d[mFemZ ecZtnAevn` y<t=v sfzr[
esAymfn` sfxf anYsmyvAdFh< BfOS<n`eg` hA b<zrzn`eg` p<r[SBAvyt` BfOS<NFn`eg` kAn`tA
1
Gothama the Man,Sakya or Buddhist Origins,A Manual of Budhism,Outline of Buddhism,Early
Buddhist Theory of Man Perfected jeks lD;Skays fydakrA ue;sKshf.a;a"rSia fvzjsvzia ue;sKshf.;a yd
rdOd l@sIaKkaf.a;a nq|=oyfuz we;euz ixl,am ms<snZojjQ wkjfndaOd;aul m@ldY wvx.`h'
2
fn#oaO iudcjsoHd m@fjzYh"OrAufiak fygzgswdrpzps"tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"2001"96msgqj'
3
Buddist Sociology,Nandasena Ratnapala,pp.70-72.
4
Md' md"NslaLqKS jsNx.h"mdrdcsld ldKavh"nq'c'uq'"1-3 msgq'
5
rSgd weuz';DDIagz ue;sksh mjikqfha nq|=r|=ka ldka;djkag mejsoao ,ndoSug is;d isgsfha wdkkao ysushka nq|=
r|=kafj;ska th b,a,disgSug fmrd;`j njhs'wdkkao ysushkaf.a wdhdpkh ksid u fkdjknjhs'weh olajkafka
nq|=iiqk uq,isgu mqreIflaJ|@Sh jHdmdrhla f,i mej;snjhs'
6
vhkd fnda,agz ue;sKsh nq|=r|=ka ia;@Skag oafjzIlrkafkl`nj b;d wdfjz.YS,sj m@ldYlrhs'weh tfia m@ldY
lrkafka tl, mrsirh ms<snZoj nq|=r|=ka i,ldne,Sfuka miq.kq,enQ we;euz ;SrK ms<snZoj wkjfndaOfhks'

20. 378
BAvyt` upk&mVFlFels BAvftyxegn E` mHgfn` b<zss<n ekerhf mhjnyAt=L klkfrFmk` a[tf
vn aAkAreyn` mtvAdFmy p&cAryk` egnyAmx pvA ehAHdfn` iwkwtfb>bv,b<zrzn` aS`Xgr[Dm%
pnvAtfbfydFt` ymZ ymZ avs`TAvl emZ pfLfbHd mhjn ud`eGA`SN p[nn[Hg=N< aAkAry pfLfbHd
vfvfD etArt=r[ vfnyg&$Tvl sHdykajSu;`,ska ikd:fjz.
sAmAnY smAjy ebAehA`zrx anYyn` vfSeyhf vfvfDastY etArt=r[ p&b$Dkrmfn` E`t=lfn`
ymZkfsf mAnsfk vf$dnyk` l[bFmx p<r[zv sfxf pfrfsk`bv b<zrzn` vxhAegn sfxfb[vfnf ps<v
a[tfvfyh[kf vrdkx klfn`m pfLfymZ eyAdAt[b<evZ.1
kAlAm s>t&y yxet` aAkArprfvftr~kny ehvt` tmAeg` s^kl`pyx EkHg b[vfn` pfLfg[nFm
yn kr[N sArDr~mFy pOSeyn` smZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk` enAevtfyf yn adhs d[rFmx eh`t=v
k`vn>ey` emZ mHgfn` aAvRt mAnsfks`vBAvyk` s[kesnb[vfnf.
aAvRt mAnsfk s`vBAvyk`t=ldF QAnmAr~gyx iwk` a[tf enAevZ.idfn` ihtkF udAhrNyx
sAep`OSkv kAn`tAvx p[vfd`d il`l> s[enkfn`m aS`Xgr[Dm% rhftv lbAzn`en`nmZ Ey
aAkArprfvftr~kny elsx g[enn`n kf.eh`t=v b<zrzn` kAn`tAvx ar~ht` Plyx
pt`vFmxh[kfbv pfLfegn tfbFmy.idfn` a[yx ar~ht` Plyx pt`vFmx h[kfnmZ il`l> s[enkfn`
p[vfd`dlbAdFemZ kfsfz g[xHPvk` enAvfnf.nm<t` vfcAr p>v%kv in`obZbxd kl`pnAkrb[lFemZ
Vk`tfyk` b<zrzn`t=L v>b[vfn` pV`cAt`kAlFnv emmgfn` a[tfvfyh[kf smAjmy hA p[vfdf
s^s`TAvx sfzvfyh[kf ant=r un`vhn`es` klfn`m zx<evZ vfvRt mAnsfk s`vBAvyk` pfbfzn
mAnsfk s`vBAvyk` un`vhn`es`hx tfb>b[vfn` aAkArprfvftr~knyx an<v un`vhn`es` kl`pnA
keL`n[t.2
b<d`DfvAdFn`x(Rationalists)x ayt` kAlAm s>t&eyn` p&t`eOS`pft QAnmAr~gyvn<ey` dfxZXf
nfj~ODAn k`Kn`tfyyf(Coincide the Aspects).ehvt` tmAeg` dRS`Xfyx EkHgy[yf pfLfg[nFm QAn
mAr~gyk` vVeyn` asmZp>r~N Ekk`bv dk`vAtfebZ.dRS`Xfy yn< v[s<n< mAnsfk s``vBAvyyf.mns
v[esn`en` ymZymZ kr[N< mt dRS`Xfy eh`t=evn` vn mAnsfk aAvrNynfsA stYd[kFemZ iwkw
a[hfrFyyf.mAnsfk s^vD%nyx Ey bADAvkf.ymZkfsf mAnsfk ps<tlyk`t=ldF QAny glAy{mx
sFmAp[nv<vehAt` bADAvn` mt= v<vehAt` Ey b<d`DfvfSyfk vVeyn` asAr~Tk QAnmAr~gyk`
els slkn< l[ebZ.(u'ks'1"133 msg"P.T.S.)
BASAv hA tr~kny mADYyekAx a[tf vfkl`pny d`vft`v crNy pdnmZ ekAxegn
a[tfvAk` emn`m dRS`XfcrNy p&tY<ps`TAny ekAxa[t.3emZ an<v dRS`Xf nfpdvFm vfkl`pney`
aT%k&fyAkArF#vy vVeyn` pvtF.aAt`m g&hNyd anAt`m g&hNyd dRS`XfvfSyx Ekes`
1
fcda;sh OSrfialr uy;d fn#oaO wdrdusl md,kh kuz .@J:fhaoS olajkafka md;sfudlaLfha ijk LJOlh yd
NslaLqKS LJOlhfol wjidk LJOlfol nejska tajd ;@smsglhg miqj tl;`lrk,o njhs'fuhg idOlf,i
pq,a,j.a. md,shg ix.dhldfjz jdrA;dj tl;`jSu olajd;sfnz'
2
rSgd weuz' ;DDIagz ue;sKsh mjikafka nq|=r|=ka l`ukdldrhlska fyda mqreIdOsm;Hh m@shlrkafkl`jS kuz
wIaG.reOu! mKjd fyda NsCIqKS Ydikh we;slsrSug l@shdfkdlrk njhs'
3
fyrla,Sgia(orAYkjdoh"2 l,dmh)"tia'cS'tuz'jSrisxy"le<Ksh jsYajjsoHd,hSh m@ldYkhls"1962-63"
27msgqj'

21. 379
1
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vfvfD p<d`glyn` atr vfvfDv pvt`nAb[vfn` vfvfDg=Neyn` y<t= dRS`Xfsm<dAy k&mvt`v
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2
mty.aAyY%mAr~gey` arm<N sv%dRS`Xf p&hANyyf.
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mAr~gey` avsAn b<d`Dfmy smZp&Ap`tfy:prfpAky emyyf.dRS`Xfy,dRS`Xf s`TAny,dRS`Xf aDfS`XAny,
dRS`Xf pr~yY<s`TAny hA dRS`Xf sm<s`TAny pfLfbHd yTA tt`vQAny Ekvr l[bFm asFr[y.Em
nfsA k&mvt` dRS`XfnfvArNy hA p&hAny pfNfs b<zrzn` vfsfn` aAyY%mAr~gy ed`VnAkrn ldF.
aAyY%mAr~gy yn< ebUd`D QAnmAr~gyyf. pLm<vrx p<d`gleyk= dr~Vn smZpt`tfy lbn`en`
emkF ebUd`D QAnmAr~gy smZp>r~NkfrFemnf.pLm<evnf pfyvr esA`tApt`tf QAn dr~Vn B+mfy
els DmZms^gnFp&krNey` dk`vAtfebZ.‘ktemZ DmZmA ds`sen`n phAtbZbA? ct`tAerA` dfxZXfgt
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s`vBAvy els s[lekn dRS`Xfg&hNy hA E`eh`t=v nfsAm hxgn`nA sfet` vfpfLfsrs`vBAvy
(vfcfkfcZCAv) zr[vynbvyf.3prfkl`pft vVeyn` lebn s#vp<d`glAdF dRS`XfnfvArny pfNfs
t&flOSNAdF dRS`XfnfvArn vfDFn` b<zrzn` vfsfn` upeyA`gFkrgn`nA ldF.4Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&y
mHgfn` tmAeg` ehA` an<n`eg` ehA` kfsfm aAkArykfn` dRS`Xfy aDfkArykrgn`nAv> mAnsfkp&eOS`p
n p&tfeOS`pkrtfebZ.emZ mHgfn` Z{An mAr~gy aAvrNyvnb[vfnf.aAvrNyv> QAnmAr~gy sFmA
shfty.stY dr~Vny enAevZ.sArDm% pfbfdvFemZ h[kfyAevn`d y<t=enAevZ.Eb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&ey`dF
dRS`Xfy asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk` els slkAivtlfy y<t=bv ed`VnAekAxtfebZ.5
sArDr~m gevZSNeyhflA eyAdAgt` QAnmAr~gyan<v vfn`tkyfn` vg%kLvfx etv[nfekAxs
x ayt`vn`en` an<B+tfvAdFh<y(Experientialists).6mDYkAlFn hA m{tkAlFn ebAehA` upnfSd`m<nf
vr[n` a[t[mZ aAjFvkyn` sh eejnyn` emZ ekAxsx ayt`evZ.emZ an<v b&Ah`mN smZp&dAey`
avsn`ekAxs`v> mDY hA m{t kAlFn upnfSd` m<nfvr[n`d V&mN smZp&dAyx ayt` aAjFvk hA
eejn v[nf ekAxs` sfxFemn`d p[h[dflfvn<ey` an<B+tfvAdFn`(Experientialists) b&Ah`mN hA V&mN
yn smZp&dAyd`vey`m nfdhs` adhs` gr[kLAv> ebAehA`pfrfsk` emZ smZp&dAh oajfhau jQ njhs.
tfukau fuz ia:rh i;Hhg fndfyda wdikakj sfxfyh.
1
Ndr;Sh orAYk b;sydih(ffjosl WmksIoa)"vS'fcA'lZMmyk"rdcH NdId fomdrA;fuzka;`fjz m@ldYkh"
fld<U"1963"1msg'
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3
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4
u' ks' 2"w.a.sjpzPf.d;a; iq;a;"nq'c'uq"256msgqj'|=lafL f,dfl m;sgzfGd'
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oS' ks";sl ksmd;h"ld,du iq;a;"fn#'iuz'ixia'"638msgqj'
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u' ks 2"ix.rdj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"738msgqj';;@ Ndroajdc"tfl iuKn@dyauKd mqnzfn wkkqiaif;iq Ouzfuiq
iduxfhj Ouzux wNsZ[aZ[dodh ipzPslFjd osgzGsOuzudNsZ[aZ[d fjdidk mrdusmm;a;d wdoS n@yauprshx
mgzcdkd;s"f;diyuiaus'

22. 380
emAv<n`vfsfn` an<dt` QAnmAr~gy ebUd`D QAnmAr~gyx sAep`OSkv pmNk` asmZp>r~N
Ekk`els s[lkfnf.n[tehAt` b<zsmeyn` prfbAhfrv ebAehA`zrx dfy<N< smZp&dAykx ayt`
QAnmAr~gyk` tfb<en` emZ ekAxsxy.1
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kN`wAym pfLfbHd s>t&vfvrNy emhfdF slkAb[lFmavVYy.3mj~ODfm nfkAy II,s^grAv s>t&eyhf
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tmAvfsfn`m vfeV`Seyn` avebA`Dkr sAOSAt` krgt` QAnyk`an<v b&h`mcr~yAv p&kAVkrn
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5
VAOSAt`ekAx Eyx ELMvfsfmf yn<evnf.’
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sdhA p&mANvt`enAevZ’.yn`nyf.edednAeg`m QAnmAr~g Ekm bv mfn`epen`.Etk=zv<vt` BAvnA
mAr~geyn` axsmvt ps<kr pfyvrk` idfrfyx tbn`nx sfzht` tv<s`t=mA smt`vfy.Ees`m tvt`
a^Vykfn` E` pfyvr atfvfVAl cfn`tn vfp`lvyk`;prfvt%nyk` elsh[Hdfn`vfyh[k`ek` smT
cfn`tneyn` vfps`snA vfn`tnyx p&vr~tnyvFemZ k&fyAvlfyd emZt=L g[bZvn b[vfnf.6
sfzht`tv<s`t=mA ud`dkrAmp<t`teg` ig[n`vFm an<gmnykeL` h<zpfLfg[nFmZ mAt&eyn`(ek`vl^
sd`DA mt`tek`n) QAny p&kAVenAkrn nfsyf.7QAny uedsA h<zBAvnAmy p&QAv upeyA`gF
krgt` pfrfsx ayt`v<vt` b<zrjANn`vhn`es` ov<n`eg` QAnyx sFmAenAvF idfrfyx gmn`kL
VAs`tRvryAy.emZ an<v b>zrjANn`vhn`es` an<B+tfvAdF(Experientialists) ekAxsx ayt`v>evk=v<vt`
emkL p&kxvsfxf an<B+tfvAdFn` atrfn` uss`m b<d`Dfmy prfpAkyxpt`vsfxf ud`dkrAmp<t`t pvA
‘envsHOd`HOdAnAsHOd`HOdAytny’yn ar{pAvcr strvn DYAneyn` tmn`eg` QAnmAr~gey`
8
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p[mfNfyt` in`d s{hFmkx pt`enAvF QAnmAr~gey` tv ebAehA` idfrfyx yA h[kfbvd[n rAm
1
oS' ks' 1"n@yaucd, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"22msgqj'wdma;ukajdh mOdkukajdh wkqfhda.ukajdh wmamudoukajdh
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wkqiair;s'
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2
Lq' ks"PpzpJO j.a.h"nq'c'uq'
3
Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.356.
4
ucACOsu ksldh 2"ix.rdj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"754msgqj'wNscdkdus fLd mkdyx ms;`ilaliai luzukaf; iS;dh
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fndOdh'
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Lsmamfuzj ;x Ouzux ihx wNsZ[aZ[d ipzPslFjd WmiuzmcAc jsydisx'
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u' ks' 2"ix.rdj iq;a;"nq'c'uq"756-758msgq'
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u' ks' 1"Umuzu j.a.h"wrshmrsfhqik iq;a;"nq'c'uq"405msgqj'k fLd rdfud bux Ouzux flj,xioaOd
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rdfud
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u' ks' 1"Umuzu j.a.h"wrshmrsfhqik iq;a;"nq'c'uq"405msgqj'tjx jq;af; NslaLfj Woaofld rdumq;af;d
fkjiZ[aZ[dkdiZ[aZ[dh;kx mfjois'

23. 381
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zr~vlv> egUtmyn` vhn`es` epr ymZ mhNbm<N< ekenk` at`tkflmTAn<eyA`gF upk&myx
ayt`v> tFv&v> kx<kzk`evZdnAvn` vfn`dh<nmZ Ey h<edk` evZdnAvx pmNk`m sFmAv>vk`bv et`r[mZ
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v>h.(at`t srNA anHOd`HOdsrNA) mfnfs` cfn`tn itfhAsey` asmsm b<d`Dfmetk`v> b<zrjANn`
vhn`es` emm m>LDr~my itAm ehAHdfn` kAlAms>t&ey`dF p[h[dflfkL es`k.
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t[nkmy.3kAlAmeynf,aAr^cfeyn` ehA` prmZprAevn` p[mfNfnfid fyda ‘fufyu,q’ hk lgl:d
ksid ehA` emZ apeg` pfxk(aAgmfk g&$T)smZp&dA’yf sftFemn` ehA` tr~k eh`t=evn` ehA` ny
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apeg` g=r[y’ynh[HgFemn` ehA` enApfLfgn<.4ymZvfexk emZed` ayhpt`y.ak=sly vrdyyf obxm
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24. 382
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25. 383
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fuysoS uydpdrAh fla tka ch;s,l uy;d Early Buddhst Theory o Knowledge hk lD;shysoS
nq=iufhys wOsldrh ms<snZo lreKq jeo.;afjz ta uy;d iZoyka lrk mrsos nq|=iuh ;`< wOsldrhg
wh;a ia:dkh meyeos,s lsrSfuysoS wm wjxlju wmf.kau m@Yak ;`kla wid tajdg ,efnk ms<s;`re
wkqj ta ms<snZoj wmu ksjeros ;SrKhlg meusKSu jeo.;a nj olajd ;sfnz tlS m@Yak kuz fuzjdh
1 nq|=iuh fyda nq|=kajykafia l,ska meje;s iuzm@odhhkaf.ka huz u;hka wOsldrhu; ms<sf.k weoao$
2 fjk;a iuzm@odhhkays wOsldrh foig nq|=iuh fy<dwe;s oDIaGsh fyda wdl,amh ta wdldrfhkau
nq|=iufha b.ekajSuz foigo fhduqfldg ;sfnzo$
3 fuz fojk m@Yakhg fok ms<s;`r fkdi<ld nq|=r|=ka ms<snZo wOsldrh u; Wkajykafiaf.a Y@djlhka
lsishuz u;hla ms<s.kq ,en ;sfnzo$
fuu m@Yakfoi ne,Ql< jegfykqfha tlS m@Yak b;d ;shqKq jspdrd;aul uqyqKqjrla f.k we;snjhs.
TzkEu jspdrYS,S pska;lfhl`;`< we;sjsh yelswdldrfha jsurAYkd;aul .egZM ;`kla nq|=iuh wrUhdo
fla tka ch;s,l uy;d olajhs fuz .egZM ;`k;`< nq|=iuh wfma fohla fjk;a wd.usl b.ekajSuz wfma
tajd fkdjk foaj,a hk wdldrfha wOdk.@dyS pska;kfhka usoS iajdOSk wmCImd;S jsurAYkd;aul
pska;khlg fuz uZ.ska u.fy<sfmfy<s lrfohs.
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; pska;k wOsldrhka j,x.`jkqfha nq|=iufhka mrsndysr fjk;a b.ekajSuz flfrys muKlao ke;skuz
tajd tf,iskau nqoaOfoaYkd iZZoyd j,x.`jkjdo hk ldrKh ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduqfldg we;snjla
o fmkShhs.huz fyhls;a ld,duiQ;@.; foaYkd jx.`jkqfha nqoaO foaYkd yer wkafoaYkd flfrys
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wd.usl idia;Djrfhla foaYkdlrkq ;nd foaYkd lr;shs isysfkkqZ|= fkdis;sh yels;ruz iajdOSk
wmCImd;S jsjrKhla ukqIHnqoaOshg jgskdlula ,nd|=kafka nq|=r|=ka nejsks.ta ld,duiQ;@h foYkd
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.;jkakdjQ b.ekajSuz ms<snZoj fjz.fnfyjska fn#oaO odrAYksl pska;khg wkq.;j ;`,kd;aulj
ngysr u;o jsuiqug ,lalrkakdjQ fuz .@J:h ;`,ska fy,sjkafka by; nq|=r|=ka m@;sfCIam lrk,o
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26. 384
1
jsiska rps; The Theory of Knowledge jeks lD;shlgo jvd fuz;`, nq|= oyfuz mokuo fy,sfjz.
tkuz hula taldka; fldg oelajSfuz we;s idjoH;djhhs.hula ;j fohlg idfmaCIl nj usi
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fuz lreK b;du iqZM ksoiqkla udrA.fhka meyeos,s l<yelsh tkuz ld,duiQ;@fhys msg; iuzm@od
h fyj;a wd.usl ,shjs,s iZoykajSu pska;k wOsldruh jQjla f,i f.k nq|=iufhys nqoaOfoaYkdo
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foaYkdj uZ.ska lshefjk woyi idfmaCIfldg fkdj taldka; fldg .kakd ;eke;af;l`g wkqj kuz
th tfianj fmfkkq we;.tfy;a tfia ie,lSu hqla;shqla; fkdfjz fuysoS wd.usl ,shejs,sj, iZoyka
jQ muKska hk jpkhla we;.
tkuz fuysoS m@;sfCIam lrkafka wd.usl ,shejs,sj, ;sfnk ishZM foau fkdj we;euz tajdnj
fmfka.fuys iSudj fld;ko hk m@Yakhla u;`fjz fuys iSudj kuz m@fhda.slFj hhs m@dfhda.sl
jYfhka wrA:dkajs; foj,ao wd.usl ,shjs,s;`, .enzjsh yelsh m@fhda.sl fkdjk foaj,ao .enzjsh
yelsh.nq|=iuh fuysoS m@;sfCIam lrkafka m@fhda.sl fkdjkakdjQ foaj,ah.nq|=iufhys wd.usl
,shejs,sj, wka;rA.k jkakdjQ foa m@fhda.slFjfhka wkQk jQ ksid tajd fuz hgf;a m@;sfCIam
fkdfjz.fuf,i m@fhda.slFjfhka neyerjk wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a j,g nq|=iuh iS,nzn; mrudi
hkqfjka jHjydr lrhs.tfukau th oi ixfhdachkago we;`,;a tla ixfhdackhla jYfhka olajd
;sfnz.ta m@fhda.sl fkdjkakdjQ foa ms<smeoSu uZ.ska wrA:dkajs; wdOHd;ausl ksIaGdjlg meusKsh
fkdyels w;r tfia meusKSug ndOdldrS jkakdjQ fohla jYfhkao ms<sf.k ;snqKq ksidh.
ld,duiQ;@fhys m@ldYjkafka nq|=oyuska m@;sfCIams; oijsOjQ pska;k wOsldrfhka iukajs; Z{k
udrA. muKs.fndfydajsg jsh;`ka f,aLlhka nq|=iufhka ksrAosIaG Z{dkudrA.h fyda Z{dk jsNd.h
fyda Z{dkuSuxidj ms<snZoj idlpzPdlsrSfuzoS ld,duiQ;@fhka m@;sfCIams; pska;k wOsldrh muKla
bosrsm;a fldg ish jsurAYkh wjika lr;s kuq;a i;Hfhkau mq|=iufhka bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ Z{dk
udrA.h tf;lska wjika flfrAo$ ke;.th jkdyS nq|=iuh tmd lshQ foahhs.lrkakglshQ tfiafkdue;s
kuz wkq.ukh lrkakg lshQ foa fkdfjz
nq|=t|=ka ks;ru hula jsfjzpkh lf<a thg jsiZ|=ulao bosrsm;a lruskah.tnejska nq|=iuh tlg
m@p,s;j meje;s fiiq iuhjdohkag jvd irAjiuzmQrAKFj fhka hqla;jQjla jsh.fjk;a iuh
jdohkaf.ka bosrsm;a lrk,oaodjQ wd.usl lsIaGdj fnfyda|=rg tal foaYsl jQjls.fuz ksid tajduZ.ska
bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ b.ekajSuz uZ.ska nqoaOsh yd Ndjuh hk wxY folskau iukajs;jQ l~Gm@dma;shla
lrd<Z.d jsh fkdyelsjS ;snsK.tlaflda tjdhska ,efnkafka nqoaOsuh lreKq muKls.tlaflda Ndjuh
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jYfhka iu:OHdk jeks ;;ajhla muKs.Tjqkaf.a wd.usl jevms<s fj< w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.h yd
lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h w;r foda<kh jkakla jS ;snqK.tfukau Ydiaj;jdoh yd WpzfPAojdoh w;r
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1
The Theory of Knowledge,A.D.Woozley,London,1959

27. 385
oeka wm fidhd hdhq;af;a ld,duiQ;@fhka m@;sfCIam l< fulS pska;k wOsldrh fjkqjg oDIaGs nsys
lrjkakd jQ l@ufjzohka fjkqjg ienjskau th wmf.a ;sfnkakdjQ oDIaGs yd u;` we;sjsh yelaldjQ
oDIaGs m@ydKh msKsi bosrsm;a lrkakdjQ l@ufjzoh l`ulao hkakhs.nq|=iuh jsr;s fyj;a je<lsh hq;`
wxYh uq,ska bosrsm;a lrk w;r iudodk fyj;a jevshhq;` wxYh miqj bosrsm;a lrkq ,nhs.fuz
hgf;a ishZM pska;k wOsldrhka fkdue;s ;;ajhla ukfiys m@;sksrAudKh lr.ekSu iZoyd uki
msrsis|= lsrSfuz l@shdj,shlg ,lal< hq;`nj fmkajdoS ;sfnz.i;a;lskau pska;kuh wOsldrhkaf.ka
uki jshqla; lr.ekSfuz l@ufjzoh kuz isf;ys pska;khg n,mdkq ,nkakdjQ neyerska tk yd uki
wNHka;rfhka we;sjkakdjQ ishZMu m@;sfrdaOhkaf.ka uki ksoyia lrjd.; hq;`h.tfia jSug uki
m@n, jQ mdrsfYdaOk l@shdj,shlg ,lal< hq;`nj nq|=iuh fmkajdoS ;sfnz.fuh Wmudjlska meyeos,s
lrf;d;a ksrka;rfhka wmsrsis|= foa jegSu ksid ls,sgsjS we;s fros lvla uekjska fidaod msrsis|=
lr.ekSulg iudkh.
i;a;lskau flfkl`g ld,duiQ;@fha oelafjkakdjQ ishZMu pska;k wOsldrhkaf.ka uq,qukskau je<lS
isgSug kuz fy;u ;ukaf.a udkisl mjs;@;djh by; lS wkaouska we;slr.;hq;` nj nq|=ysushka
jsiska fmkajdoS ;sfnz.msrsis|= ukila we;a;dg muKla ld,duiQ;@fhys oelafjk wkaoug ishZMu
wOsldruh pska;khkaf.ka f;drj lghq;`l< yelsfjz.ta ;dla wm fldmuK psk;k wOsldrfhka
.e<jS wmf.a pska;kh fufyjSug ;e;a l<;a wm fkdoekqj;aju pska;k wOsldrfha f.d|=re njg
m;afjz.ug lsis|= oDIaGshla ke;ehs mjikakdo orkafka ;j;a tla oDIaGshla nj Tyqu fkdoksh.
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fuz;a tjeks fohla nj o;hq;`h.oDIaGSka jkdyS b;du;au ishquzh fld;ruz ishquzoehs lshf;d;a
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;uka orkafka oDIaGshla lshdj;a ta ork ;eke;a;d fkdoksh.fuhg idfmaCIlj wdfjzok
s
mCIfhys,d kuz Ndjuh .`Khka b;dm@lgh flfkl`g ;ryla meusKsl< ta mqoa.,hdg muKla
fkdj Tyq wjg isgskakkago Tyqf.a uqyqfKa brshjq fjkiajSu wOHhkh fldg ta nejz o< jYfhka
jgyd.; yelsjkq we;.fiiq Ndjuh ;;ajhkajk ffu;@sh BrAIHdj ldudYdj jeks ;;ajhkao ta
mqoa.,hdg muKla fkdj wjg isgskakkago Tyqj jsOsu;a f,i wOHhkhfldg oek.; yelsh.kuq;a
huz mqoa.,fhl`f.a oDIaGs.;sl iajNdjh jkdyS tfia fiiq mqoa.,hka muKla fkdj ;ukag mjd
yZ|=kd.; fkdyelsh. tla;rd |=rlg fuz ;;ajh wkqih uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkafka hehs mejish yelsh
osgzGdkqih uZ.ska fuh b;d fydZoka m@ldYhg m;afjz.
fuz ksidu fldmuK oDIaGs.;sl jqj;a ta mqoa.,hd is;kqfha ;uka isgskqfha lsis|= oDIaGshla rys;
j isgsk njhs WodyrKhla f,i jrA;udkfhys ksoyia pska;lhka hkqfjka ;ukag ;ukau jHjydr
lr.kakd mqoa.,hka mjikafka ;uka lsis|= oDIaGsjdohla ms<s fkd.kakd njhs.th;a tla;rd oDIaGsh
la nj ienjskau Tjqka oks;ao$we;af;kau oDIaGsfhys ienE iajNdjh thhs.oDIaGsh ks;ru tlS mqoa.,
hdf.a pska;kh ish .@yKhg .ksh.tfukau ta ksidu oDIaGshla hkq ks;r pska;k ksoyig ndOd
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ldrS jkakdjQo iDcq yd wkshuz f,i pska;kh flfrys wOsldruh n,mEula lrkakdjQo fohls.
nq|=iufha fuu oDIaGsuh n,mEu wjsoHdj f,io fudayh f,io uspzPdosgzGs f,io we;euz jsg ilaldh

28. 386
ogzGsh f,io wiausudkh f,io rZM yd ishquz jYfhka tajdfha l@shdldrAFjhg wkqrEmjk mrsoafoka
jsjsO kuz Ndjs;d lruska yZ|=kajd oS ;sfnz.
fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h jsYaf,aIKhjk whqre
;@sjsO l`i, ;@s YsCIdj wdhH! |=relghq;`pska;k ima; jsY`oaOsh
uQ< wIaGdx.sluZ.
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iuzud luzuka; msgl iuzmodfkak" lxLdjs;rK
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iuzud i;s wdldrmrsjs;laflak" oiaik jsY`oaOsh"
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msrsmqka iuzud Z[dK NjH;dh" oiaik jsiqoaOsh"
(m@Z{dj) iuzud jsuq;a;s iufKda fkd .re' Z[dKoiaikjsY`oaOsh'
tfia kuz oDIaGsh |=rel< fkdyels fohlao$ ke; oDIaGsh wksjdrAhfhkau wvql<yels yd |=rel<
yels fohls.ud.!M, uZ.ska is|=lrkqfha o fulS oDIaGSka wvqlsrSu yd |=relsrSuhs.ksoiqkla f,i m<uq
ud.!M,fhaoS oDIaGsh uqZM ukskau |=re fkdlrk w;r is|=lrkafka u;` wmdh.duS jSug YlH;djh
olajkakdjQ oDIaGsfhys we;s ;Sj@;djh wvqlsrSuhs.fuu oDIaGSkaf.a is|=jk W#K;djh ilaldh osgzGs
kue;s oDIaGsfhys Tz,drsl fldgi |=rejSu f,i wrA: ksrEmKh flfrA.tys fiiq ixfhdack jk
iS,nzn; mrudi uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkafka ilaldh osgzGsh keue;s oDIaGSkays Tz,drsl fldgi |=relsrSu
iZoyd wkqukh lrkq,enQ l@ufjzoh ms<snZoj ,;a wjfndaOh mokuz lrf.k b;srs oDIaGSkao |=re lsrSu
g wrA:j;a l@shdud.!hla ;udu wjfndaO lr.;anj yd ta wjfndaOh;,ska ,;a oekqu mdollrf.k
b;srs oDIaGska|=re lsrSfuz YlH;djhlska iukajs; njhs
jspslspzPd ixfhdackh uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkqfha tlS l@shdud.!h ms<snZo we;a;djQ meyeos,s yd l@uj
;a jegySu lrkfldg f.k tlS jevms<sfj< ielfkdlrk iajNdjhhs.oeka wmf.a W;aiyh jkqfha
ld,du iQ;@fhka |=relrk f,i olajd we;s wOsldruh pska;kh |=rel< yelafla l`uk jsOsl@u fhkao
hkakhs.fuu jsOsl@uh OrAufhys iZoyka jkafka ima; jsY`oaOsh hk kusk.fuh ima; jsY`oaOsh hehs
s
jHjydr jkqfha i;ajrloS is; l@udkQl~,j jsfYdaOkhg ,lajk w;r ta uZ.ska wOsldruh pska;k
fhys n,mEu uqZM ukskau bj;ajS hhs.
ima; jsY`oaOsfhys iZoykajkakjQ idrOu! b;d mqZM,a fCIa;@hla wjrKh lrkq njhs tfukau
ima; jsY`oaOsfhys idlpzPdlrkq ,nkakdjQ idrOu! tys moku f,i ie<flk me;slv ;`kla Tiafia
idrOu! f.dkqlr olajhs fuu me;slv ;`k jkdyS m@cdkk me;slv wdfjzok me;slv yd prAhduh
me;slvhs ima; jsY`oaOsfhys th Ndjs;d lrkakdjQ mqoa.,hdg Wmfoia fokqfha l@udkQ;~, njlska
hq;`j fuu me;slv ;`k Tiafia ish nqoaOs mrsmdlh lrd fhduqjk wkaouhs.fn#oaO m@;smodfjys

29. 387
wjidk idrOu! l~gm@dma;sh f,i jsia;r flfrkakdjQ fulS ksIaGdj ksrAjdKdjfndOh f,iska
jHjydr flfrA.
fuhska iS, jsY`oaOsfhka fmkakquz lrkafka idrOu! ixl,amhkays prAhduh fyj;a ufkdapd<l
me;s lvhs'ps;a; jsY`oaOfhka wdfjzokd;aul me;s lv uQrA;su;a fjz'fiiq jsY`oaOska jk osgzGs jsY`oaOsh"
lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh"u.a.du.a. Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh"mgsmod Z[dKoiaik jsiqoaOsh yd Z[dK
oiaik jsY`oaOsh hk mxpjsY`oaOSka wh;a jkqfha m@cdkk fyj;a ixcdkk me;slvgh'fuh jkdyS
idrOu! ixl,amhkays nqoaOsuh me;slvhs'
idrOu! ixl,amhka wOHhk ldrAhh iZoyd fhdod .ekSfuzoS wOHdmk ufkda jsoHd;aul uQ<Ou! ta
iZoyd bjy,a lr.; hq;`fjz'fuz iZoyd Ndjs;d jS we;s uQ<Ou!h jkqfha wOHdmk ufkda jsoHd;aul
ixl,amhla jQ m@l@usl fyj;a mshjr l@uhhs'wOHhk ldrAhhfhys fhfok flfkl`g lsishuz wruqK
la idrA:l lr.ekSu iZoyd mshjfrka mshjr wruqK lrd <Z.djSug ud.!h ilialr lsrSu m@lusl
fyj;a mshjr l@ufhys uQ<Ou!h f,i oelajsh yelsh'
ngysr wOHdmk lafCIa;@fhys wZM;a u;jdohla fidhd.ekSu ksid uy;a wdkafoda<khlg <lajQ
jsma,jldrS udkhla cks;l< l@ufjzohla f,i o fuu m@l@usl fyj;a mshjr l@uh ms<s.ekSug md;@j
;sfnz'uydpdrAh nS' ta' ialskrA mshjr l@ufhys mqfrda.dushd f,ig kuzl< yelsh 1954 oS fuz
uydpdrAhjrhd jsiska rpkh lrk,o‘bf.kquz jsoHdj yd bf.kquz l,dj’kue;s mrAfhaIK
m;@sldfjys fuz l@uh .ek uq,ajrg jsoHd;aul f,i js.@ylr;sfnzz'1 fuu mshjr l@ufha m@Odk;u
,CIKh jkqfha tla msjrla mshjrla mdid l@udkQl~,j ir< wjia:dfjz isg .eUqrg hdfuz l@u
fjzohhs'nq|=rcdKka jykafia ima; jsY`oaOsh olajd ;sfnkqfhao fuz wdldrfhks th ima; jsY`oaOsh ;j
|=rg;a jsuid ne,Sfuka ;j|=rg;a meyeosms lr.; yelsh'
r: jskS; iQ;@fhys iZoyka fjkafka fufiah'iS, jsY`oaOsh ps;a; jsY`oaOsh olajdu'fjhs ps;a;
jsY`oaOsh osgzGs jsY`oaOsh olajdu fjhs'osgzGs jsiqoaOsh lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh olajdu fjhs'lxLdjs;rK
jsY`oaOsh u.a.d u.a.Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh olajdu fjhs'u.a.du.a. Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh mgsmod
Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh olajdu fjhs'mgsmod Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh olajdu
fjhs'Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh wkqmod mrsksj!dKh olajdu fjhs'uQ,sl wruqK jQ ksj!dK idlaId;a
lrKh olajdu fuz ima; jsY`oaOsh mshjr l@uh uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrA'nq|=r|=ka olajQ fuu mshjr
l@uh ialskrAf.a mshjr l@uhg;a jvd bosrshg hdula f,i oelajsh yelafla ialskrA yqfola fuz ;`,ska
wF:! olajk ,oafoa bJ|@sh wdkqN~;sl b.ekajSuzjk w;r nq|=r|=ka fuz uZ.ska m<uqj bJ|@sh wdkqN~;sho
fojkqj tho blaujd w;SJ|@sh wdkqN~;sho fuz uZ.ska m@;HCIlr.; yelsnj fmkajd oSu ksidh'fuys
w;sJ|@sh m@;HCIh hkq ksrAjdKdjfndaOhhs'
fuu ksrAjdKdjfndaOh msKsi bjy,alr.kakd uQ<sl l@ufjzohf,i ima; jsY`o`Osh iuzNdjkdjg
a
md;@ jS we;.jsmiaikd Ndjkdj hkqfjkao idudkH jHydrfhaoS ima; jsY`oaOsh wrA: oelafjz. fyj;a
1
nq|=oyuska ms<snsUqjk b.ekajSfuz Ys,amSh l@u welsrsh., kkao ysus tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U 1999 95-110
msgq

30. 388
jsmiaikd Ndjkdj is|= lrkjd hkafkka woyia lrkafka l@usl yd l@udkQl~, wdldrfhka ksis
.`rEmfoaY iys;j ima; jsY`oaOsh jevSuhs.1fuu ima; jsY`oaOsh kduslj my; iZoyka f,i oelajsh
yelsh.tkuz
1 iS, jsY`oaOsh.
2 ps;a; jsY`oaOsh.
3 osgzGs jsY`oaOsh.
4 lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh.
5 u.a.dyu.a.Z{dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh.
6 mgsmodZ[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh.
7 Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh.
1 iS, jsY`oaOsh -
fuhska wrA:j;a jkqfha mqoa.,hdf.a lh jpk hk fldgia fol ixjr lr.ekSu uZ.ska ps;a; mdrs
fYdaOkh iZoyd th Yla;su;a w;a;sjdrula f,i Ndjs;dl< yels njhs'fyj;a wOsldruh pska;k
fhka uki ksoyi lr.ekSu iZoyd wjYHjkakdjQ m@d:usl prAhd ixialrK jsOsl@uhla f,i YS,h
Ndjs;hg f.k we;snjhs'jsY`oaOs udrA.fhys YS, jsY`Osh olajkafka nSc frdamKhg fmr N~ush ilia
lr.; hq;` fia uS <Z.g ,enshhq;` jQ ps;a; jsY`oaOshg fmr is;keue;s N~ush tlS ps;a; jsY`oaOsh
,enSug fhda.H whqrska ilialr fokafka iS, jsY`oaOsh ;`,ska njhs.YS,h wmsrsis|= kuz ndysr oDIaGSkays
t<aUisgskqfha kuzps;a;ho msrsis|= fkdjkafkah.oDIaGs.;sl jkafkah YS,h mxpYS,h wIaGdx. YS,h
oYYS,h jYfhka kdkdjsOh.tys uq< mxpYS,hhs'ld,duiQ;@fhys moku f,i mxpYS,h olajd ;sfnkq
fhao fuz ksidh.islaLdmo jsNx.fhys;a jodf< mx[YS,hhs'fuys W;alDIaGh kuz i;r ixjr YS,hhs.
i;r ixjr YS,h hkq my; iZoykajk fldgia i;rhs. tkuz
1 m@d;sfudaCI ixjrYS,h.
2 bJ|@sh ixjrYS,h.
3 wdcSj mrsY`oaOs YS,.
4 m@;H ikaksY@s;YS,.
1 m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,h
m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,h kuz YsCIdmo YS,hhs nq|=rcdKkajykafia jskfhys jod< YsCIdmo /lSu
m@d;sfudCI ixjr YS,hhs'jskfhys jkdyS jsNx. nJOl mrsjdrhhs fldgia;`klg fnok ,oafoah'
jsNx. kuz NslaLq jsNx. NslaLqKS jsNx. hk WNf;da jsNx.fhka hq;a mdrdcsl md<s mdps;a;sh md,s
hk fmd;a folh'LkaOl kuz pq,a,j.a.md,s uydj.a.md,s hk fmd;afolh'mrsjdr kuzz mrsjdrmd,s
hk fmd;h'fuz ish,af,ys we;`,;a ysCIdmo mdrdcsl ix>dosfiai mdps;a;sh mdgSfoaikSh |=lalg hk
wdm;a;s ialJO myg fyda mdrdcsl |=lalg |=nzNdis; hk wdm;a;s ialJO i;g fyda we;`,;a lrk
,oafoah'tys oelajqKq tl YsCIdmohl`|= jH;sl@uKh lsrSfuka wdm;a;Skag fkdmeusK yosisfha
meusKsho thska keZ.S Y`oaOj jsiSu m@d;sfudCI ixjr YS,hhs'
1
nq|=oyuska ms<snqUqjk b.ekajSfuz YS,amSh l@u welsrsh., kkao ysus tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U 1999 95-110
msgq

31. 389
jsY`oaOs udrA.fhys m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,h fufia olajhs ‘bO NslaLq md;sfudlaL ixjrixjqf;d
jsyr;sz wdpdr f.dpr iuzmkafkda wkqu;af;aiq jcAfciq NhoiaidjS iudodh islaL;s islaLdmfoiq’hs
m@d;sfudlaI ixjrfhka ixjD;j wdpdr f.dpr folska hqla;j iaj,am ud;@ jrfoys mjd nsh olakd
iqZMj YsCIdmo iudokaj f.k jsiSu m@d;sfudlaI ixjrYS,h fjz hkq tys w:!hs'
‘m@d;sfudlaI ixjrfhka ixjD;j’hkafkys f;areu fuys lshk ,oaouh ‘wdpdr f.dapr hk folska
hqla;j’hk fuys wdpdro we;'wkdpdro we;'f.dapro we;'wf.dapro we;'wkdpdr kuz lfhka jpk
fhka YsCIdmo jH;sl@uKh lsrSuh'ishZM |=is,alush'fjzZMjkdoS wIag l`,|+IK tlajsis wfkikdosfhka
|=rej jsiSuh'wf.dapr kuz fjiZ.kka jekaoUqjka <usiaishka mKavlhka NsCIqKSka mdkd.drhka rdc
rdcdud;Hhka ;SrA:l ;SrA:l Y@djlhka weiqre lsrSuh'kqiq|=iq .sys ixirA.fhka jsiSuh NsCIQkag
wfl@dY mrsNj fnfKk Y@oaOd m@ido ke;s l`,hka weiqre lsrSuh f.dapr kuz tfia kqiq|=iaika weiqre
fkdfldg iq|=iq ;eka weiqre lsrSuhs'
oijsO jQ pska;kuh wOsldrhka j,ska f;drjQ ps;a; ixl,amkd jO!kh lsrSu m@d;sfudCI ixjr
YS,h wdrCIdlsrSu msKsi bjy,ajk nj ld,du iQ;@h wkqj meyeos,sfjz'
wkqY@jh (Report)1 uZ.ska ,nd.kakd m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj ms<snZo oekqu ;yjqre jSug
kuz ;ukao th Ndjs;hg f.k jsuidn,d tu oekqu ;ukaf.a njg tkuz ;od;auShlKhlg
Ndckh lr.; hq;`h'tfia fkdjkakdjQ m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz jsOsl@uhka
fyj;a weiSuz wkqY@jh ud;@fldgf.k muKla tys ksjerosNdjh ukskq,nkafkkuz th ksjeros
m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj /lSfuz l@shdj,shla fkdjk nj nq|=iuh mjihs'
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhaoS mdruzmrslNdjh(mruzmrdh
Tradition)2 mokuzlrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;S
ka ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz n@dyauKhkaf.a fjzoh iuznJOfhkao Tjqka yqjd
olajkafka tu weiSuz mdruzmrsljk nejska tajs ksrjoHjk njhs'mrmqfrys meusKsh;a tu Y@jKhka
mokuz jS we;af;a i;H milalsrSug jvd ;u;ukaf.a wd.usl wrA:oelajSuz yqjd oelajSug jk nejska
tajd ksjeros m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska fkdfjz'
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhaoS fufia fmrlshd ;sfnzhkak
(b;slsrdh Prologue ; Presuppose)3 mokuzlr f.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCId
lsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz'fmrlshd ;snqkqnj
hkak m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sh ;`, fm#rdKslFjh yd ineZ|=kq fohla
jkjd usi tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjerosnj
;yjqrelsrSfuys,d usKquz oKavla lr .ekSu idjoHnj nq|=iuh olajhs'
1 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgq' ud wkqiaifjzk
2 tu ud mruzmrdh
3 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgq' ud b;slsrdh

32. 390
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS msgl iuzmodh(Given in
the Scripture) 1mokuzlrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk
m@;sm;a;Ska ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz'f,aLk.;nj hkak wd.usl woyia ixrCI
Kfhys,d bjy,ajk l@ufjzohla usi tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk
m@;sm;a;Ska ksjerosnj ;yjqrelsrSfuys,d th usKquz oKavla lr.ekSu nq|=iuh wkqu; fkdlrhs'
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS ;rAlkh(Logical Implic
ation)2 mokuzlrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska
ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.Hh ;drAlslnj hkak hula ta;a;` .ekajSfuz ls@hdj,sfhysoS Bg
wdOdr WmldrSjk woyia yd m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska
bosrsm;a lsrSfuz jsOsl@uhla jkjd yefrkakg tlS woyia yd m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCId
lsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjerosnj ;yjqrelsrSfuys,d th usKquz oZvqjla lr.ekSu nq|=iuh
wkqu; fkdlrhs'
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS kHdhdkQidrSjSu (Nomalo
gical)3 mokuz lrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska
ksjeros hehs ;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.Hh kHdkQidrSjSu hkak hula fuz whqrska m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,
m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSu l< hq;`hehs ks.ukhla ,ndoS ;snqKq l@shdoduhlgu wkq.;j tu m@d;sfudCI
ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSu is|=lrkjd yefrkakg jspdrmQrAjl jSfuys lsis|= bvlvla ta ;`,ska
fkdiemfha'tfukau taksid th mdol fldgf.k tlS m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug
Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Skays ksjerosnj ;yjqre lsrSfuys,d th tlu usKquz oKavla lr.ekSu nq|=iuh
wkqu; fkdlrhs'
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhaoS huz fohla jkafka fuz whqrska
hehs(wdldr mrsjs;rAlh Diversification of Thought)4 ;ukaf.a mQj!ixl,amkhka mdol fldgf.k
tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ms<snZoj ksjeros ;SrKhl
g t<USu wfhda.Hnj nq|=iuh fmkajdfohs'idys;HOrhka l,dlrejka ;u ksu!dK jia;`nSc iZoyd
fnfyjska fuu mQj!ixl,amkd Ndjs;dlr;s'tksid mQj!ixl,amhkhka lsishuz ksu!dKd;aul lghq;a;
lg yerekqfldg m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska jeks
jsoHd;aul js.@yhkag t<Ushhq;` wjia:dj,oS Ndjs;dlsrSu wfhda.Hh'
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS jsh yelsnj fyj;a iuzNdjs
;dj(NjH;dj Potentity)5 mdollrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldr
jk m@;sm;a;Ska ms<snZoj ksjeros ;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.Hnj nq|=iuh fmkajdfohs'iuzNdjs;dj
jkdyS lsishuz wkqudkhls'tlS wkqudkhg mdollr.kafka tu lreKg iudk fjk;a mQj!w;aoelSuzh'
1 tu ud msgl iuzmodfkak
2 tu ud ;lal fya;`
3 tu ud kh fya;`
4 tu ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak
5 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgq' ud NnznrEm;dh