The history of infrastructure design, development and operation in most countries has been that it has occurred in silos. Yet the citizen’s experience of infrastructure is integrated. Realisation that the governance of this integrated experience is badly out of alignment with the needs of developed and developing countries and cities has now caused consideration of how to move to a better set of arrangements. A SMART Seminar presented by Prof Brian Collins on 13 May 2013. For more information, visit http://goo.gl/MfJ8t

1. Integration Governance
Professor Brian Collins
Professor of Engineering Policy, UCL

2. Governance
• Governance is the act of governing. It relates to
decisions that define expectations, grant power, or
verify performance. It consists of either a separate
process or part of
management or leadership processes.
• These processes and systems are typically administered
by a government.
• A reasonable or rational purpose of governance might
aim to assure, (sometimes on behalf of others) that an
organization produces a worthwhile pattern of good
results while avoiding an undesirable pattern of bad
circumstances.
Source - wikepedia

3. Integration
• The act of combining or adding parts to make a
unified whole
• The ambition of strengthening networks of
policies by building strong alliances among key
stakeholders
• The activity of contributing policy
recommendations that incorporate stakeholder
perspectives on
– the integration of policies
– more effective collaboration and cooperation

4. A challenge to the status quo
• Complex packages of policies are avoided because
impact is more difficult to assess as is attribution
of successful governance.
• Multi factoral evaluation of benefits are difficult
so too many stakeholders are to be avoided
• Financial models for different infrastructure
sectors are different, so the risk of integration is
hard to evaluate.
• The overhead of collaboration is not seen to add
value because single stakeholder benefit
assessments are used

5. Incident in East Barnet
Many residents in north London who had their gas cut off have also lost their
electricity after heaters they were given overloaded supplies.
About 750 homes in East Barnet are still without gas, three days after it was cut off.
And EDF energy said about 180 customers have been without electricity since 2030 GMT on
Tuesday.
A spokeswoman for the National Grid said water from a burst main got into the gas pipes,
cutting off the flow.
More than 3,000 cooking and heating appliances have been distributed to the affected
households.
And about 150 gas engineers from across the country have gone to Barnet to attempt to get
the homes reconnected by Christmas Day.
They have already restored supplies to 980 properties.
An EDF Energy spokeswoman said: "Following damage to National Grid's gas mains a
number of electric fires have been distributed to residents in
East Barnet who were left without heating.
"The significantly higher demand on the local electricity network has damaged some of EDF
Energy's equipment and interrupted power supplies."
EDF is asking customers to use only essential electricity appliances and switch off any non-
essential appliances as National Grid carries out its repairs.
It has also "reconfigured the electricity network to make it more robust to help with the
extra demand placed on it by the significant increase in the use of electric heaters".
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8431654.stm

6. Top down versus bottom up
• Top down governance
– UK has never had a top down national plan for all of
infrastructure
– Partial plans for Rail, Motorways, Electricity Grid, Gas, all prior
to privatisation
– No regulatory requirement for master plan or coordination post
privatisation
• Bottom up
– NIP is a bottom up plan driven by a pipeline of disconnected
projects
– Work is in hand to look at interdependence of projects
– This will highlight risks, opportunities and gaps.
– It will not deliver a national strategy or purpose

7. 1943 - Abercrombie

8. IT03 - UK INFRASTRUCTURE TIMELINES
2010 - 2020 2021 - 2030 2031 - 2040 2041 - 2050
2012
Transport
Road
Major Schemes
Devolve funding for major local transport schemes to new local transport bodies (LTBs)
Highways
Privatisation of highways Tolling of new roads
Maintenance
Highway Maintenance Efficiency Program Hand-off to Local Govt
Higher Temp Road Surfaces
Increasedtemperature resilient paving specified in 2008
Autonomous vehicles
Progressive introductionof autonomous road vehicles (freight) Autonomous passenger vehicles
Rain resilience/drainage
20% increase in drainage capacity specified in 2006 (60yr life)
EV Infrastructure
Plugged in Places Home and Workplace charging Public Charging through Regulated Asset Base
Rail
WestCoast Mainline
WestCoast Mainline southern sections capacity reached without HS2
Thameslink
Phase 1 Phase 2
Crossrail
£14.5 billion funding envelope (excluding rollingstock)
HS2
London - Birmingham
Manchester and Leeds
Network Rail Control Period 4
£9.6billion for stations, electrification and freight Control Period 5 - £7.2bn of investment
Air
Runway capacity
Davies Review Sustainable Aviation capacity policy London Airport capacity exceeded without sustainable avn policy
Maritime
Portinfrastructure
London Gateway announced UK Port Capacity adequate - interactions with other modes taken into account in planning
Waste
Landfill
Landfill requirements reduce through currentlegislation (landfill Tax) and increased recycling/reuse
Recycling
EV Batteries
FirstEV batteries coming to EoL - no recycling/reuse schemes planned
MSW & C&I
Expansion of composting up to 60% recycling of MSW & C&I Some waste infrastructuredecommissioned Emphasis now on reuse and recovery of material (Stranded Assets?)
Resources
Resource Security Action Plan
WastePlan for England
Disposal
Energy from Waste
Anaerobic digestion for food waste and incineration with energy recovery for residual waste Decentralised EfW + CHP & small scale gasification and pyrolysis Gasificationand pyrolysis providing sometransport fuel
Geological Disp Nuc
Planning Boreholes, Surface investigation Select Site Start of Construction FirstWaste emplaced
Energy
EMR
Capacity
Mechanism
Carbon Floor Price Feed InTariff For Difference RO Closed to new generation
Electricity
EV Infrastructure
Public EV infrastructure Home and Workplace charging (assuming non-hybrid remains policy and subject to grid reinforcement/smart grid)
Smart Meters
Foundation trials DCC established and Mass Roll-out Smart meter data available to support smart grids
Smart Grid
Local Trials (Low Carbon Network Fund) Basic active network mgt across sample areas Advanced active network management across network (Smart Grid 1.0) Extreme network stress. Smart Grid 2.0 including self healing, islanding etc.
GridReinf
Consistency with National Grid Gone Green Plan Further heavy reinforcement to 400kV network, especially if EVs and electric heating widespread
Dist Reinf
Mainly asset replacement and LCNF trials Potential major network reinforcement at all voltages, depending on EV electric heating and smart grid progress
Gas
Construction of gas fired stations
Off-shoreGridand Interconnection
OFTO Deployment Offshorenetwork for UK Emerging EU Supergrid
Nuclear
FOAK construction (3rdgeneration design) Fleet Delivery (3rd generation) Fusion demonstration plant
Storage
Likely to become important on GW scale/24 hour scale (Technical breakthroughs required? Likely to become important on 10s of GW, more than 24 hours? Integration of heat, hot water, and other non-electrical as well as one system
CCS
Need demonstrator built GW Scale deployment on both gas and coal generation + CO2 pipelines Emphasis for CCS moves from coal and gas to biomass and MSW
Large Scale Renewables:
OffshoreWind
Cost reduction requires infrastructureand volume orders Massive scale deployment
Tidal barrages
Possible Severn Barrage only if mass EV take up and many other factors satisfied
Biomass
Deployment to limit of sustainable resource availability Commercialisationof new mass biomass feedstocks ,algae etc?
OffshoreMarine
Research, Development and Deployment Possible GW scaledeployment?
Microgeneration
Microgeneration (Solar)
Gridparity for solar PV Everyday use of solar PV on a wide range of surfaces
Distribution networks under active management to accept reverse flows
Heat/Built Environment/Energy End Use
Insulation and Building Performance – existing buildings
Whole house retrofitfor energy efficiency commercial demonstrations and trials Refurbish entire building stock to high fabric efficiency and air-tightness standards
Insulation and Building Performance – new buildings
BRREAM Excellent as minimum standard for all new non-domestic buildings Very high efficiency standards for all new buildings
Heating and Community Energy
Demonstrations and large scale trials of CHP, trigen and heat pumps and community/district energy schemes
Large scale deployment of CHP, trigen and heat pumps at various scales, fully integrated within community/district energy schemes
Gas
Review and decision on futurerole of gas networks
Electricity Applications
Continuous improvements mandated in energy efficiency of industrial drives, industrial controls, and white/brown goods Smart whitegoods mandated
Lighting
Full moveto LED lighting
Fuels
Petroleum refining
Refinery Reconfiguration or Decommissioning
Gas
Increasebulk storage
Biofuels manufacture and dist
Demo Commercial Scale Biomass to Liquids Commercial-scaledeployment of Biomass toLiquids cellulosic-ethanol and bio-SG
Hydrogen
Possible evolution of hydrogen feedstock as use for spilled (i.e. surplus) wind energy
Shale Gas
Tax breaks for extraction
Water
Water Bill Introduced Competition for business customers
Environmental
Water Framework Directive
Carry out plans Review Meet Directive/Second Phase of WFD (1st Management Cycle) 2nd Management Cycle
Natural Ecosyetms White Paper
Flooding
Separation of runoff and waste
SUDS retrofitand new development
Resilience/Protection
80 new flood defenceprojects planned
Water use
Water Companies 25 year Water Resources Management Plan. Increased interlinking of networks expected.
Drought Management Plans (revised every 3 years)
Regulation
PR14 separate pricecontrols for retail and wholesale services
Local Treatment
Local treatment technologies possibly alleviate lack of access toabstraction
Abstraction
Restoring Sustainable Abstraction policy to be published addressing unsustainable abstraction up to 2027
ICT
Broadband
Rural Broadband
Creating the best broadband in Europe by 2015
Adequate BB to all
Adequate broadband access and capacity by all that require it (Estimate)
Fibre to Cabinet
BT reach 2/3 of UK
IPV6
Migration fromIP4 to IPV6 Core + ISP's service offering
Gov
PSN
Installation and migration of services to PSN
Mobile
4G/LTE
EE 4G 2012 - 0.8, 2.6 GHz Auction 2013 LTE services evolve
Femto / mesh technology
Femto / Mesh networks established
Space
GNSS
Galileo
Launch 1st 2 sats Launch 3rd/4th sat 18 satellites in operation Full operational capacity

9. Consensus
• Market instruments are not well designed to
achieve consensus – they are all about
competition and financial efficiency
• Simplistic siloed treatment and regulation of the
value of utilities as a public good dilutes
treatment of environmental, adaptability,
resilience, liveability as contributing factors –
resulting in perverse outcomes, indecision,
service degradation
• However, synthesis is complex, stochastic in
outcomes and hence has been politically
unacceptable – but so is siloed treatment!

10. Assessment of effectiveness
• How would ‘you’ assess consensus to have been
effective……what are the metrics
• Who is ‘you’ – is that a politically impartial body
that is steward of the consensus making process
– or is it the media..or professional advisers…..
• Who is steward of resultant resource allocation
decisions and operations – is this the same body
or another one – or is it current departments or
agencies.
• Who is the ‘they’ when we say ‘they’ should fix it
when things go wrong

11. Proposition
• No proposed governance solution will be optimum
for all
• Does any governance proposition meet sufficiently
well the vital interests of all stakeholders, such as
– Public – it works and delivers the services we want
– Government – we can afford it and the political risk is
acceptable
– Financiers – we can manage the financial risk and get a
return
– Operators – it is reliable and resilient and profitable
– Regulators – it is safe, fair and environmentally
acceptable

12. Provocation
• If consensus is essential how do ‘we’ arbitrate
effectively between disparate vital interests?
• Is the value of a national agenda by consensus
effectively nullified by localism and nimbyism?
• How important is city leadership in pathfinding new
ways of delivering infrastructure?
• How acceptable would adaptable, consensus
constrained policy making be in our current adversarial,
competitive political ecosystems?
• If we had an Infrastructure Commission, we would need
an Infrastructure Research Base as well to inform its
policies and the implications of its operations. Can we
afford it or afford not to have it?

13. Some research opportunities
• Use new systems thinking approaches to the
evaluation of integrated infrastructure
investment and governance.
• Examine different governance models for their
degree of integration and what aspects of their
degree of integration have a significant
contribution to the delivery of benefits and
mitigation of risks
• Identify key factors needed in a managed change
programme to improve outcomes by better
integration governance where appropriate