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Sustainable agriculture in Argentina




            Agustín Bianchini
               Aapresid




               Argentinean No-Till Farmers Association
Outline

-   Overview of crops in Argentina.
-   New production environment.
-   What have we learned from RR corn?
-   Sustainable agriculture certification.


                                        Certified
                                       Agriculture
                               The evolution of NT
No-tillage expansion


    World Total = 95 million ha
   Latin America = 47 million ha
    Argentina = 20 million ha



                 Source:
                 Source: Derpsch – AAPRESID (2006)

                                Certified
                               Agriculture
                       The evolution of NT
No-Till evolution in Argentina (1977-2005)
                                No-                            (1977-
                           20

                           18
 Area (Million hectares)




                           16

                           14
                                                                                           GMO
                           12

                           10
                                                  AAPRESID
                            8

                            6

                            4

                            2

                            0
                            1977/78   1986/87   1988/89   1990/91   1992/93   1994/95   1996/97   1998/99   2000/01   2002/03   2004/05

Source:
Source: AAPRESID (2005)
Introduction and adoption of technologies
                          in agriculture in Argentina (1980-2000)

                   100
                                                                               Adoption of
                                                                               GM varieties
                   80
Planted area (%)




                                                                            Agro-chemical
                   60                                                            use
                                                                               No-tillage
                   40


                   20
                                                                               Precision
                                                                              Agriculture
                    0
                         1980    1985     1990          1995            2000

                                          Source: Viglizzo, 2006; adapted from Satorre, 2005
New approach

Farmers are managing an offer
 of environmental resources:
water, light, CO2, nutrients, etc.


                                    Certified
                                   Agriculture
                           The evolution of NT
TRADITIONAL           SUSTAINABLE
  AGRICULTURE           AGRICULTURE

Modification of the   Adaptation of the plant
  environment          and the technology
       (soil)




     Plant             Environment
      Yield           Sustainable production
                             potential
     potential
                               Source: Gil (2005)
New environment

- More crops per unit of time (intensification)
- Reduction / elimination of chemical fallow
- High soil residue cover, with higher soil moisture
- Partial replacement of chemical Nitrogen by biological Nitrogen
  (use of legumes)


                                                        Certified
                                                       Agriculture
                                               The evolution of NT
Agro-ecosystem biological changes
- Changes in pest populations (new pests)
- Higher soil biological activity, and pressure of soil fungi (stalk
  and root diseases)
- New weed population patterns (diversity and abundance)
      - High pressure of annual grasses (importance of RR technology),
        but lower broadleaf pressure
      - Medium presence of other species with small seeds
      - Eventual appearance of glyphosate tolerant (Viola, Commelina,
        Conyza, Cyperus, etc.)
                                                        Certified
                                                       Agriculture
                                               The evolution of NT
Specific needs
- Seed quality (energy, vigor, purity, calibration)
- Seed treatments
- Tools for managing soil diseases (biotechnology?)
- Selective residual herbicides for high residue cover
- Better control of RR crops, when they act as weeds
  (volunteer RR corn, farmers need and have other options)
- Resistance prevention in weeds by application of integrated
  weed management programs
                                                     Certified
                                                    Agriculture
                                            The evolution of NT
Crop rotation advantages: why corn in no-till?
•   Diversification of productive risks
•   Nutrient and water balance of crops
•   Composition and density of soil residue cover
•   Biological activity and diversity

•   Interruption of weed and insect cycles
•   Competition alternation for light, water and nutrients, for weeds
•   Variation in the “application timing ” of herbicides
•   Variation of the selective herbicides that are applied in each crop of
    the rotation

• Improvement in soil physical conditions (structure and porosity)
• Intensification: use the stored water in NT
                                                              Certified
                                                             Agriculture
                                                     The evolution of NT
Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina

- RR technology allowed to grow corn in weedy fields.
- In high weed pressure areas, grain yields were increased.
- RR corn has the same tolerance to selective herbicides as
  conventional corn.
Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina
- Adopted by small (< 500 ha), medium, and large
  farmers (> 5000 ha), since 2004.
- 70% of the crops in Argentina are under no-till.
- 47% of the corn is RR (mainly NK-603, and the rest is
  GA-21), offered by around 10 seed companies.
Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina
- Typical Roundup Ready corn weed control program:
   - Residual selective herbicide at pre-plant or pre-emergence
      (atrazine, acetochlor), at low application rate, to guarantee a
      good initial control, and to reduce the selection pressure of
      glyphosate resistant biotypes.
   - Post-emergence glyphosate at V4-V5 growth stage.
Roundup Ready corn weed control program

FALLOW   PLANTING      DEVELOPMENT               HARVEST




                     V4-V5




                             Glyphosate



          Residual herbicide
         (atrazine, acetochlor)


                                                   Certified
                                                  Agriculture
                                          The evolution of NT
Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina
- Farmers must rotate crops and herbicides (2+ a.i.) to reduce weed
  resistance risk.
- Use other herbicides (in combination with glyphosate) with the
  lowest application rate and the appropriate timing, to make them
  effective and avoid crop damage.
I – Context Analysis
                  The dilemma

  “The humanity faces today a dilemma with no
apparent solution, between the ghost of the lack of
  food for an increasing demand in quantity and
 quality, or a destruction of the natural resources
             needed to produce them”.

                                              Certified
                                             Agriculture
                                     The evolution of NT
II– The no-till system
                  Concept

        New agricultural paradigm

Productive system based on the absence of
 tillage and the presence of permanent soil
        cover with crops and residues


                                         Certified
                                        Agriculture
                                The evolution of NT
A Bianchini
II– The no-till system
                     Positive impacts
- 90% less soil erosion.
- 40% less fuel use.
- Maintenance or improvement of the soil organic matter.
- Increase in soil fertility (chemical, physical and biological).
- Higher water use efficiency.
- Lower production costs.
- Higher production stability and yield potential.

            TANGIBLE BENEFITS FOR THE FARMER



                                                        Certified
                                                       Agriculture
                                               The evolution of NT
II– The no-till system
              Benefits, beyond the farmer
- Better soils, higher capability to produce food and energy.
- Less competition for drinkable water (strategic resource).
- Higher water quality (lower erosion and contamination risk).
- GHG emissions reduction, positive impact on climate change.
- Less pressure on HCV and fragile areas (by production increase).
- Possibility of producing in degraded and/or fragile lands
  without the known risks of conventional tillage.

      BENEFITS TANGIBLE FOR THE SOCIETY (EXTERNALITY)



                                                       Certified
                                                      Agriculture
                                              The evolution of NT
III– Productive and environmental quality
             management system in CA

Objectives:

- To provide tools for a professional agronomical
management, by the ordered registry of information
and the analysis of the soil quality and efficiency
indicators.

- To show to the rest of the society how are the
production processes and its impact on the
environment, allowing to capture the value of the
positive externality that the CA makes in it.

                                              Certified
                                             Agriculture
                                     The evolution of NT
III– Productive and environmental quality
            management system in CA
         Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
Why?

 Because there are scientific fundamentals that
   correlate soil health indicator values with
             agronomical practices

                                            Certified
                                           Agriculture
                                   The evolution of NT
GAP 1: No Tillage (residue cover)




NO-TILLAGE is a synonym of crop residue
GAP 2: Crop rotation: Diversity and intensity




Coronel Suarez , Buenos Aires, Argentina
Federico Roveda (2007)
GAP 3: Balanced crop nutrition




 + Nitrogen
+ Phosphorus                 Control
 + Sulphur
GAP 4: Integrated pest, weed and disease management.




Including the correct agrochemical management and its containers
GAP 5:
Efficient and responsible management of agrochemicals
Certified Agriculture
   It is the production alternative that
better combines the interests – many times
confronted – of reaching a production:
- Economically viable for farmers.
- Environmentally sustainable.
- Socially accepted.
- Energetically efficient.
                                        Certified
                                       Agriculture
                               The evolution of NT
Thank you!!!!

bianchini@aapresid.org.ar

 www.ac.org.ar/english


                              Certified
                             Agriculture
                     The evolution of NT
Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina


 The channel for GM corn does not require segregation,
unless there is a “GM-free” requirement by the customer.
Main international actions
- Participation in ISGA (International Soybean Growers Alliance)

- Participation in RTRS (Round Table on Responsible Soy Association)

- Participation in RSB (Round Table of Sustainable Biofuels)

- CA presentation in FAO workshop (July 2008, Rome)

- Presentation at the DG TREN for the Renewable Energy Directive

- Presentation in international events (EU, China, United States, Australia,
Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, etc.).
                                                                Certified
                                                               Agriculture
                                                      The evolution of NT
New production system
No-tillage
Crop rotation
Technology
   Biotechnology
   Balanced fertilization
   Monitoring, diagnosis and efficient
   nutrient application
   Integrated Pest Management
   Weather forecasts management
   Professional calibration of equipment
No-till is basically more knowledge
integrated in a production system
I – Context analysis:
    Demand vs. Offer: At which cost?
        The case of agriculture
Intensive tillage destroys the biological and
ecological integrity of the soil system (Reicosky,
2004).

Wind and water erosion, are a consequence of
conventional tillage and cause contamination of
the water resources.

A higher CO2 emission due to tillage increases the
greenhouse effect (Adapted from Moraes Sá,
2004).

                                               Certified
                                              Agriculture
                                      The evolution of NT
III– Productive and environmental quality
             management system in CA

Components:

     - Principles & Criteria:
             - RTRS, RSB, ISGA, RTSPO, FSC, FAO

     - Management indicators:
           - in the soil
           - resource use efficiency

     - Good Agricultural Practices Protocol (GAP’s)


                                                Certified
                                               Agriculture
                                       The evolution of NT
III– Productive and environmental quality
                   management system in CA
                         Potential uses
1. Associated to the agronomical management:
    - Decision making in ag management (crop rotation, fertilization, etc).
    - Analysis of the evolution of the impact management in the system (time).

2. Associated to existing business or easily accessible:
    - Credit evaluation (environmental and production balance).
    - Carbon trading markets.

3. Associated to new businesses:
    - Business by contract. Ex: food, biofuels.
    - Added value, access to preferential markets.
    - Traceability, ID preserved, segregation, mass balance, book & claim.
    - Country brands (sustainability).
    - GHG emissions, deforestation, social and labor rights

                                                                Certified
                                                               Agriculture
                                                       The evolution of NT
•How did argentine farmers grow corn before the introduction of RR
hybrids?
•Is RR corn in Argentina adopted only in bigger farms or also in the
smaller one’s
•How does a typical RR corn weed control program looks like?
•Did the introduction of RR corn led to more corn monoculture?
•Do farmers pro-actively implement glyphosate weed resistance
management?
•What are the farmer benefits (including non-tangible benefits)?
•How does RR corn lead farmer to go for conservation tillage? did they
need to invest in equipment or had it already?
•Highlight benefit of Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture.
•Details about the management of harvested RR corn at grain handler /
elevator level. Is there a different channeling for gm / non gm products?
Participation in international
                               events to position CA and
                                    capture the value          Agreement with SGS for
  Aplication in more
                                 (RTRS, RSB, ISGA, FAO)          external audit and
  than 50.000 ha. in
                                                                    certification
      Argentina.
                         Agreement with BCR
 Elaboration of a       Soil Testing Laboratory
Protocol and GAPs                                                    Agreement with
     Manual                                                          AGROECOINDEX

                    Alliances with province
                         governments                  Agreement with
                                                    Wageningen University
    Alliance with the                                 / Dutch Embassy
Agribusiness Program for
strategic planning (UBA)
                              Agrolimpio Agreement
                                    (CASAFE).
                                                                   Validation and search
                                                                   process for biological
                                                                   indicators (BIOSPAS).
An improvement in soil porosity, increases water
 use efficiency, by improving water infiltration,
       decreasing runoff and evaporation
   losses, and improving the water retention
I – Context analysis:
                   The demand

- It is estimated that in the next 50 years, the
population that today exceeds 6 billion people will
increase by 50%.

- In 2050 there will be between 9 billion people
(Solbrig, 2002) and 11 billion people (Izquierdo,
1998).
                                                Certified
                                               Agriculture
                                       The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis:
                     The offer


“In global terms, the humanity has responded to the
  increase in the global demand of food and energy
 (we are aware that distribution is a opened issue)”



                                                Certified
                                               Agriculture
                                       The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis:
              Demand vs. Offer: At which cost?

                             Ecological Footprint: Area of land biologically
                             productive and water needs to provide
                             ecological resources and services (Demand)




Living Planet Report, 2008
                                                                       Certified
                                                                      Agriculture
                                                              The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis:
             Demand vs. Offer: At which cost?




Living Planet Report, 2008
                                              Certified
                                             Agriculture
                                     The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis:
              Demand vs. Offer: At which cost?




Living Planet Report, 2008
                                               Certified
                                              Agriculture
                                      The evolution of NT
In NT the function of the roots and the fauna plays
an important role in the soil porosity regeneration
III– Productive and environmental quality
                management system in CA
                     Indicators: why?
- Because they allow to access confident management information, with
scientific basis.
           basis.

- To be able to observe quanti and qualitative recent changes in the
management and its impact in the system.

- To allow to integrate physical, chemical and biological properties and to
interpret complex processes.

- Because they allow to clarify processes: “ecological traceability”
(Viglizzo).

- Because they are tools to certify products and processes, and also to
create brands (Viglizzo).
                                                               Certified
                                                              Agriculture
                                                      The evolution of NT
Agronomical Management Indicators

Sources Used:

• FAO, ISGA, FCAA, USB, RTRS, RSB, RSPO, Rain Forest Alliance
• National & international research studies

Peer review:

 J.L. Arzeno (INTA Salta), N. Darwich (Consultor Privado), M. Díaz-Zorita
(FAUBA-Nitragin), M. Ferrari (INTA Pergamino), J. Galantini (UN del Sur), V.
Gudelj (INTA Marcos Juárez), E. Jobbagy (UN San Luis), M. Puente (Lab.
GEA San Luis), C. Quintero (UN Entre Ríos).


                                                                Certified
                                                               Agriculture
                                                       The evolution of NT
Certified Agriculture

   A commitment that Aapresid, as
organization assumes, to contribute to the
increase of the wellbeing of the local and
global society, in the conflict solution
Productivity vs. Environment.

                                        Certified
                                       Agriculture
                               The evolution of NT
Agronomical Management Indicators


1.a. Direct Indicators:

   PHYSICAL (R. Gil/A.M. Lupi)   CHEMICAL (F. García/A. Bianchini)
    – Texture                     – Phosphorus
    – Bulk Density                – Sulphur
    – Total Porosity              – Salinity/Sodicity(CE/PSI)
    – Aireation Porosity          – pH
    – Water Infiltration
    – Crop Residue Cover          CARBON (R. Gil/A.M. Lupi)
                                  – Soil Carbon Dynamics


                                                     Certified
                                                    Agriculture
                                            The evolution of NT
Agronomical Management Indicators

1.b. Indirect indicators:
- Crop rotation diversity and intensity.
- Nutrient balance (N, P, S).
- Fosil energy use (Agro-Eco-Index).
- Water use (Agro-Eco-Index).

1.c. Resource use efficiency:
- Water use efficiency (Agro-Eco-Index).
- Energy use efficiency (Agro-Eco-Index).




                                                     Certified
                                                    Agriculture
                                            The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis
                      Globalization: BIG
                       (Berlin, Internet, Gatt)
- Winners / losers syndrome (increase in gaps): However, this doesn’t
mean that when somebody wins, others necessarily must loose.
- An economy with competition sum zero must be replaced by an
economy with creation of values (win-win)
 The concept is also applicable to the compatibility between
development and environment: Together with the “environment right”
we should institutionalize in the international community a
“development right” (di Castri, 2002).
- 4E paradigm (Economy, Energy, Ethics and Environment)
                                                             Certified
                                                            Agriculture
                                                    The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis
             Society of the Information
- That of the services and knowledge and the organization in networks
(Castells, 1996).

- That in which the traditional production factors: capital, land,
machinery, and labor are minimized in the economic importance, by the
fast appearance of the sciences and the new technologies and that
advances fast due to the explosion of communications (Palom Izquierdo,
2004).

- Importance of the Human Resources (di Castri, 2002)
                                                          Certified
                                                         Agriculture
                                                 The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis:
                         The future offer
- Future scenarios (Solbrig, 2002):

1) The technology goes together, it is produced at the rhythm of the
demand. Environment?

2) Abandoned of the technological agriculture, no response to the
demand. Hunger/Wars?

3) Part of the world that produces food with technology, part without
technology and more price. Unstable equilibrium?
However, Solbrig (2003) says that the damage to the environment is not
inevitable.

- New opportunity of solution not so conflictive of the dilemma.
- New opportunity of business.
                                                             Certified
                                                            Agriculture
                                                    The evolution of NT
I – Context analysis:
                Searching for solutions
- Do we respond to the increase in demand?
Yes.

- What strategies do we know?
Increase by productivity and area expansion.

- Is the environmental damage inevitable?
No. There is an opportunity from agriculture.
Clean technologies (scientifically proven).

- Is the economic development compatible with the environmental
sustainability?
Necessarily, we need to work for that.

      The No-Till certification is thought from this point of view
          No-
                                                             Certified
                                                            Agriculture
                                                    The evolution of NT
GAP 6: Cattle production
Certified Agriculture

    It allows to show to the society how are the
 production processes for food and energy, giving
the possibility to capture the value of the positive
externality that this production system generates
                on the environment.

                                              Certified
                                             Agriculture
                                     The evolution of NT
IV– Conclusions of the QMS/CA
- Certification of productive processes in no-till. Innovative and
original proposal.
- General principles and standards with local adaptation, based on
GAP’s and soil quality indicators (scientific basis).
- Network structure, coordinated by NGO (Aapresid, key aspect in
the implementation, with global projection).
- Independent consultation and certification companies.
- Focus on agronomical and environmental management.
- Differentiation of the process and not the product
- Capture of the value by improving the agronomic management,
possibility of new businesses, and better price or access to
preferential markets.
                                                         Certified
                                                        Agriculture
                                                The evolution of NT

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A Bianchini

  • 1. Sustainable agriculture in Argentina Agustín Bianchini Aapresid Argentinean No-Till Farmers Association
  • 2. Outline - Overview of crops in Argentina. - New production environment. - What have we learned from RR corn? - Sustainable agriculture certification. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 3. No-tillage expansion World Total = 95 million ha Latin America = 47 million ha Argentina = 20 million ha Source: Source: Derpsch – AAPRESID (2006) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 4. No-Till evolution in Argentina (1977-2005) No- (1977- 20 18 Area (Million hectares) 16 14 GMO 12 10 AAPRESID 8 6 4 2 0 1977/78 1986/87 1988/89 1990/91 1992/93 1994/95 1996/97 1998/99 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05 Source: Source: AAPRESID (2005)
  • 5. Introduction and adoption of technologies in agriculture in Argentina (1980-2000) 100 Adoption of GM varieties 80 Planted area (%) Agro-chemical 60 use No-tillage 40 20 Precision Agriculture 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Source: Viglizzo, 2006; adapted from Satorre, 2005
  • 6. New approach Farmers are managing an offer of environmental resources: water, light, CO2, nutrients, etc. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 7. TRADITIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Modification of the Adaptation of the plant environment and the technology (soil) Plant Environment Yield Sustainable production potential potential Source: Gil (2005)
  • 8. New environment - More crops per unit of time (intensification) - Reduction / elimination of chemical fallow - High soil residue cover, with higher soil moisture - Partial replacement of chemical Nitrogen by biological Nitrogen (use of legumes) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 9. Agro-ecosystem biological changes - Changes in pest populations (new pests) - Higher soil biological activity, and pressure of soil fungi (stalk and root diseases) - New weed population patterns (diversity and abundance) - High pressure of annual grasses (importance of RR technology), but lower broadleaf pressure - Medium presence of other species with small seeds - Eventual appearance of glyphosate tolerant (Viola, Commelina, Conyza, Cyperus, etc.) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 10. Specific needs - Seed quality (energy, vigor, purity, calibration) - Seed treatments - Tools for managing soil diseases (biotechnology?) - Selective residual herbicides for high residue cover - Better control of RR crops, when they act as weeds (volunteer RR corn, farmers need and have other options) - Resistance prevention in weeds by application of integrated weed management programs Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 11. Crop rotation advantages: why corn in no-till? • Diversification of productive risks • Nutrient and water balance of crops • Composition and density of soil residue cover • Biological activity and diversity • Interruption of weed and insect cycles • Competition alternation for light, water and nutrients, for weeds • Variation in the “application timing ” of herbicides • Variation of the selective herbicides that are applied in each crop of the rotation • Improvement in soil physical conditions (structure and porosity) • Intensification: use the stored water in NT Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 12. Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina - RR technology allowed to grow corn in weedy fields. - In high weed pressure areas, grain yields were increased. - RR corn has the same tolerance to selective herbicides as conventional corn.
  • 13. Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina - Adopted by small (< 500 ha), medium, and large farmers (> 5000 ha), since 2004. - 70% of the crops in Argentina are under no-till. - 47% of the corn is RR (mainly NK-603, and the rest is GA-21), offered by around 10 seed companies.
  • 14. Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina - Typical Roundup Ready corn weed control program: - Residual selective herbicide at pre-plant or pre-emergence (atrazine, acetochlor), at low application rate, to guarantee a good initial control, and to reduce the selection pressure of glyphosate resistant biotypes. - Post-emergence glyphosate at V4-V5 growth stage.
  • 15. Roundup Ready corn weed control program FALLOW PLANTING DEVELOPMENT HARVEST V4-V5 Glyphosate Residual herbicide (atrazine, acetochlor) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 16. Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina - Farmers must rotate crops and herbicides (2+ a.i.) to reduce weed resistance risk. - Use other herbicides (in combination with glyphosate) with the lowest application rate and the appropriate timing, to make them effective and avoid crop damage.
  • 17. I – Context Analysis The dilemma “The humanity faces today a dilemma with no apparent solution, between the ghost of the lack of food for an increasing demand in quantity and quality, or a destruction of the natural resources needed to produce them”. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 18. II– The no-till system Concept New agricultural paradigm Productive system based on the absence of tillage and the presence of permanent soil cover with crops and residues Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 20. II– The no-till system Positive impacts - 90% less soil erosion. - 40% less fuel use. - Maintenance or improvement of the soil organic matter. - Increase in soil fertility (chemical, physical and biological). - Higher water use efficiency. - Lower production costs. - Higher production stability and yield potential. TANGIBLE BENEFITS FOR THE FARMER Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 21. II– The no-till system Benefits, beyond the farmer - Better soils, higher capability to produce food and energy. - Less competition for drinkable water (strategic resource). - Higher water quality (lower erosion and contamination risk). - GHG emissions reduction, positive impact on climate change. - Less pressure on HCV and fragile areas (by production increase). - Possibility of producing in degraded and/or fragile lands without the known risks of conventional tillage. BENEFITS TANGIBLE FOR THE SOCIETY (EXTERNALITY) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 22. III– Productive and environmental quality management system in CA Objectives: - To provide tools for a professional agronomical management, by the ordered registry of information and the analysis of the soil quality and efficiency indicators. - To show to the rest of the society how are the production processes and its impact on the environment, allowing to capture the value of the positive externality that the CA makes in it. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 23. III– Productive and environmental quality management system in CA Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Why? Because there are scientific fundamentals that correlate soil health indicator values with agronomical practices Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 24. GAP 1: No Tillage (residue cover) NO-TILLAGE is a synonym of crop residue
  • 25. GAP 2: Crop rotation: Diversity and intensity Coronel Suarez , Buenos Aires, Argentina Federico Roveda (2007)
  • 26. GAP 3: Balanced crop nutrition + Nitrogen + Phosphorus Control + Sulphur
  • 27. GAP 4: Integrated pest, weed and disease management. Including the correct agrochemical management and its containers
  • 28. GAP 5: Efficient and responsible management of agrochemicals
  • 29. Certified Agriculture It is the production alternative that better combines the interests – many times confronted – of reaching a production: - Economically viable for farmers. - Environmentally sustainable. - Socially accepted. - Energetically efficient. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 30. Thank you!!!! bianchini@aapresid.org.ar www.ac.org.ar/english Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 31. Roundup Ready Corn in Argentina The channel for GM corn does not require segregation, unless there is a “GM-free” requirement by the customer.
  • 32. Main international actions - Participation in ISGA (International Soybean Growers Alliance) - Participation in RTRS (Round Table on Responsible Soy Association) - Participation in RSB (Round Table of Sustainable Biofuels) - CA presentation in FAO workshop (July 2008, Rome) - Presentation at the DG TREN for the Renewable Energy Directive - Presentation in international events (EU, China, United States, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, etc.). Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 33. New production system No-tillage Crop rotation Technology Biotechnology Balanced fertilization Monitoring, diagnosis and efficient nutrient application Integrated Pest Management Weather forecasts management Professional calibration of equipment No-till is basically more knowledge integrated in a production system
  • 34. I – Context analysis: Demand vs. Offer: At which cost? The case of agriculture Intensive tillage destroys the biological and ecological integrity of the soil system (Reicosky, 2004). Wind and water erosion, are a consequence of conventional tillage and cause contamination of the water resources. A higher CO2 emission due to tillage increases the greenhouse effect (Adapted from Moraes Sá, 2004). Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 35. III– Productive and environmental quality management system in CA Components: - Principles & Criteria: - RTRS, RSB, ISGA, RTSPO, FSC, FAO - Management indicators: - in the soil - resource use efficiency - Good Agricultural Practices Protocol (GAP’s) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 36. III– Productive and environmental quality management system in CA Potential uses 1. Associated to the agronomical management: - Decision making in ag management (crop rotation, fertilization, etc). - Analysis of the evolution of the impact management in the system (time). 2. Associated to existing business or easily accessible: - Credit evaluation (environmental and production balance). - Carbon trading markets. 3. Associated to new businesses: - Business by contract. Ex: food, biofuels. - Added value, access to preferential markets. - Traceability, ID preserved, segregation, mass balance, book & claim. - Country brands (sustainability). - GHG emissions, deforestation, social and labor rights Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 37. •How did argentine farmers grow corn before the introduction of RR hybrids? •Is RR corn in Argentina adopted only in bigger farms or also in the smaller one’s •How does a typical RR corn weed control program looks like? •Did the introduction of RR corn led to more corn monoculture? •Do farmers pro-actively implement glyphosate weed resistance management? •What are the farmer benefits (including non-tangible benefits)? •How does RR corn lead farmer to go for conservation tillage? did they need to invest in equipment or had it already? •Highlight benefit of Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture. •Details about the management of harvested RR corn at grain handler / elevator level. Is there a different channeling for gm / non gm products?
  • 38. Participation in international events to position CA and capture the value Agreement with SGS for Aplication in more (RTRS, RSB, ISGA, FAO) external audit and than 50.000 ha. in certification Argentina. Agreement with BCR Elaboration of a Soil Testing Laboratory Protocol and GAPs Agreement with Manual AGROECOINDEX Alliances with province governments Agreement with Wageningen University Alliance with the / Dutch Embassy Agribusiness Program for strategic planning (UBA) Agrolimpio Agreement (CASAFE). Validation and search process for biological indicators (BIOSPAS).
  • 39. An improvement in soil porosity, increases water use efficiency, by improving water infiltration, decreasing runoff and evaporation losses, and improving the water retention
  • 40. I – Context analysis: The demand - It is estimated that in the next 50 years, the population that today exceeds 6 billion people will increase by 50%. - In 2050 there will be between 9 billion people (Solbrig, 2002) and 11 billion people (Izquierdo, 1998). Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 41. I – Context analysis: The offer “In global terms, the humanity has responded to the increase in the global demand of food and energy (we are aware that distribution is a opened issue)” Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 42. I – Context analysis: Demand vs. Offer: At which cost? Ecological Footprint: Area of land biologically productive and water needs to provide ecological resources and services (Demand) Living Planet Report, 2008 Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 43. I – Context analysis: Demand vs. Offer: At which cost? Living Planet Report, 2008 Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 44. I – Context analysis: Demand vs. Offer: At which cost? Living Planet Report, 2008 Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 45. In NT the function of the roots and the fauna plays an important role in the soil porosity regeneration
  • 46. III– Productive and environmental quality management system in CA Indicators: why? - Because they allow to access confident management information, with scientific basis. basis. - To be able to observe quanti and qualitative recent changes in the management and its impact in the system. - To allow to integrate physical, chemical and biological properties and to interpret complex processes. - Because they allow to clarify processes: “ecological traceability” (Viglizzo). - Because they are tools to certify products and processes, and also to create brands (Viglizzo). Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 47. Agronomical Management Indicators Sources Used: • FAO, ISGA, FCAA, USB, RTRS, RSB, RSPO, Rain Forest Alliance • National & international research studies Peer review: J.L. Arzeno (INTA Salta), N. Darwich (Consultor Privado), M. Díaz-Zorita (FAUBA-Nitragin), M. Ferrari (INTA Pergamino), J. Galantini (UN del Sur), V. Gudelj (INTA Marcos Juárez), E. Jobbagy (UN San Luis), M. Puente (Lab. GEA San Luis), C. Quintero (UN Entre Ríos). Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 48. Certified Agriculture A commitment that Aapresid, as organization assumes, to contribute to the increase of the wellbeing of the local and global society, in the conflict solution Productivity vs. Environment. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 49. Agronomical Management Indicators 1.a. Direct Indicators: PHYSICAL (R. Gil/A.M. Lupi) CHEMICAL (F. García/A. Bianchini) – Texture – Phosphorus – Bulk Density – Sulphur – Total Porosity – Salinity/Sodicity(CE/PSI) – Aireation Porosity – pH – Water Infiltration – Crop Residue Cover CARBON (R. Gil/A.M. Lupi) – Soil Carbon Dynamics Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 50. Agronomical Management Indicators 1.b. Indirect indicators: - Crop rotation diversity and intensity. - Nutrient balance (N, P, S). - Fosil energy use (Agro-Eco-Index). - Water use (Agro-Eco-Index). 1.c. Resource use efficiency: - Water use efficiency (Agro-Eco-Index). - Energy use efficiency (Agro-Eco-Index). Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 51. I – Context analysis Globalization: BIG (Berlin, Internet, Gatt) - Winners / losers syndrome (increase in gaps): However, this doesn’t mean that when somebody wins, others necessarily must loose. - An economy with competition sum zero must be replaced by an economy with creation of values (win-win) The concept is also applicable to the compatibility between development and environment: Together with the “environment right” we should institutionalize in the international community a “development right” (di Castri, 2002). - 4E paradigm (Economy, Energy, Ethics and Environment) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 52. I – Context analysis Society of the Information - That of the services and knowledge and the organization in networks (Castells, 1996). - That in which the traditional production factors: capital, land, machinery, and labor are minimized in the economic importance, by the fast appearance of the sciences and the new technologies and that advances fast due to the explosion of communications (Palom Izquierdo, 2004). - Importance of the Human Resources (di Castri, 2002) Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 53. I – Context analysis: The future offer - Future scenarios (Solbrig, 2002): 1) The technology goes together, it is produced at the rhythm of the demand. Environment? 2) Abandoned of the technological agriculture, no response to the demand. Hunger/Wars? 3) Part of the world that produces food with technology, part without technology and more price. Unstable equilibrium? However, Solbrig (2003) says that the damage to the environment is not inevitable. - New opportunity of solution not so conflictive of the dilemma. - New opportunity of business. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 54. I – Context analysis: Searching for solutions - Do we respond to the increase in demand? Yes. - What strategies do we know? Increase by productivity and area expansion. - Is the environmental damage inevitable? No. There is an opportunity from agriculture. Clean technologies (scientifically proven). - Is the economic development compatible with the environmental sustainability? Necessarily, we need to work for that. The No-Till certification is thought from this point of view No- Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 55. GAP 6: Cattle production
  • 56. Certified Agriculture It allows to show to the society how are the production processes for food and energy, giving the possibility to capture the value of the positive externality that this production system generates on the environment. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT
  • 57. IV– Conclusions of the QMS/CA - Certification of productive processes in no-till. Innovative and original proposal. - General principles and standards with local adaptation, based on GAP’s and soil quality indicators (scientific basis). - Network structure, coordinated by NGO (Aapresid, key aspect in the implementation, with global projection). - Independent consultation and certification companies. - Focus on agronomical and environmental management. - Differentiation of the process and not the product - Capture of the value by improving the agronomic management, possibility of new businesses, and better price or access to preferential markets. Certified Agriculture The evolution of NT