1. CHAPTER1:
TRANSPORT
Q1Explain the problems faced by complex multicellular organisms to acquire useful substances and remove toxic
substances.
Ans:
a) Size of body is b………………….
b) TSA/V ratio is sm…………………
i)
The bigger the size of body the more o…………….. …. and n………………….is required
and more w………………..have to be removed from cells..
ii)
Cells are located very f……… in the body.
iii) Therefore d……………….alone is not enough for cell activities.
Q2 What are the components of the human circulatory system?
Ans:
h…………….,b……………v……………and med…………..
Q3 What is the medium of transport in humans and arthropods such as insects?
Ans: B…………………in humans and in insects is h………………………………….
Q4 State and explain the composition of human blood:
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3. Functions of
blood
Q6 Explain the function of haemolymph in insect.
Ans: a)
b)
In insects haemolymph is found in the h…………………………………………..
Nutrient in the haemolymph dif…………… into cells and excretory product is
transported by haemolymph into the excretory system.
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS
Q1 What is the human blood circulatory system known as? Explain why?
Ans: Human blood circulatory system is known as c………………. circulatory system because blood always flows inside blood vessels only.
Q2 The three types of blood vessels in the body are = a………………., v……………….and c………
Thick
muscular
wall
Small
lumen
Function:
Withstand high
p………….. of blood
Function:
Ensure blood flows at h……….
p……………….
b) Vein
3
4. Valve
Function:
c) Capillary
One cell thick wall
Function;
How Blood is Propelled Through the Human Circulatory System:
Q1Explain how blood is sent to all parts of the body by the human circulatory system.
a)Pumping of the Heart
Sino-atrial
Node or
…………..
impulse
Both
a……………
Atria c………………..
impulse
Both v……….......
contract
Bundle of H……
and P……………
Atrio-ventricular
node(AV node)
b) Left ventricle wall of heart is thicker than the right ventricle wall. This enables the left ventricle to pump
blood under high p………………...
c) Valves.inside the heart prevents b…………f…………of blood.
d) Heart muscle is made up of c…………….. muscle. This means the contraction of the muscles are not
controlled by the ner…………….system.
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5. S2 Blood flows through the heart in one cycle..This type of circulation is known as car…………cycle
S3 Oxygenated and deoxgenated blood do not mix in the human heart because of the s…………….in the heart.
S4 The advantage of the mammal heart compared to amphibians and reptiles is that the o……….………………..
and the d……………………………….... do not mix. This ensures all body cells receive sufficient
o………………….and n…………………………Animals with f…………chambered heart can grow bigger.
S5 The human blood circulatory system is made of the s…….. ………..and p………………systems.
Q2 Label Systemic circulatory system ,Pulmonary circulatory system, Lungs, Heart and Body cells in the diagram
below
Human blood
circulatory
system
Pul……………
circulatory
system
LUNGS
HEART
Sys……………..
circulatory system
BODY
CELLS
S3 A cardiac cycle includes -d…………..of atria and ventricle for 0.4 s
- s…………..of atria for 0.1s
- s…………..of v…………….for 0.3s
Q3 What are the problems faced by veins in transporting blood back to the heart?
Ans:
-The blood in veins are flowing at l……………pressure
- The blood in veins are flowing against g…………………..
Q4
How does the blood in the vein flow back to the heart
Ans:
-The v………….in the veins prevent b……… flow of blood
-The s…………….muscles around the veins contract to push the blood in the veins
Regulatory Mechanism of Blood Pressure
Q1 What is blood pressure?
Ans: It is the force exerted by blood on the wall of ar…………...
Q2 What is the normal blood pressure in humans?
Ans:…………………mmHg
S1 The receptor which can detect pressure of blood in the aorta and carotid arteries is bar……………
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6. S2 Blood pressure can be measured using sphy…………………………………
Q3 A person who is sleeping has lower blood pressure. When he gets up, the blood pressure returns to normal.
Explain how this occurs.
Ans:
- decrease in blood pressure stimulates the sym………………………… nerve
- symphathetic nerve increases stimulation of s……………a…………….node
- heart muscle c………………… more
-arteries const………….and l……………….becomes smaller
-blood flows faster
-blood pressure is back to normal
Q4
A girl is carrying out exercise. Her blood pressure increases. When she stops exercising her blood pressure
returns to normal. Explain how?
Ans:
- increase in blood pressure stretches the b…………………..in the arteries.
- nerve impulse is sent to medulla oblongata .
- Medulla oblongata sends impulses by p……………………… nerve to decrease stimulation of
………………………….node
- heart muscle c………………… less
-arteries dil………….and l……………….becomes bigger
-blood flows slower
-blood pressure is back to normal
Circulatory Systems in Fish, Amphibians and Humans
Q1 Compare and contrast the circulatory systems in humans, amphibians and fish
Animal blood
circulatory system
Fish
Closed s…………………
circulatory system
…….atrium
…….. ventricle
Amphibian
Closed d………………….
circulatory system
Breathe using l…….and
s………….
Gi……...
Insects
O………circulatory
system
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7. Q2 Explain why most animals with four-chambered heart are bigger in size than animals with three chambered
heart?
Ans:
- O……………………….blood and d……………………………blood do not m……….. in the heart.
- The thick wall of left v………………………….. enables blood to be transported at a high pressure.
-Therefore all body cells receive sufficient o……………………..and nut………………………
Understanding the Mechanism Blood Clotting
Q1 Explain the importance of blood clotting.
Ans:
Blood clotting at the site of damaged blood vessel is important because:
a. it prevents loss of blood.
b. it prevents harmful m…………………from entering the body
c. it ensures the blood p……………. does not decrease
Q2 Decribe how blood clotting occurs.
Ans:
Injury at
blood vessel
Platelets clump
together to p…….
the wound
T……………….
released
Vitamin …
………………..form
s meshwork of
threads over wound
to trap
………………….
………………….
Consequences of Impaired Blood Clotting Mechanism.
Q1 Describe what happens if blood clotting mechanism does not function.
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8. Ans:
Impaired Blood Clotting Mechanism
Haemophilia
Blood does not clot because no gene called
f…………………………
Thrombosis
Blood will clot inside damaged wall of a……………………. .
Artery blocked by blood clot is called t………………….When
thrombus(blood clot) moves in blood vessels it is known as
e………………… When it is trapped in artery it blocks blood
flow and known as e……………….
If coronary artery is partially blocked it can cause
a……………….;
If total blockage it causes h…………a………
A s………..occurs when e…………………blocks flow
of blood to brains cells.
Lymphatic System
Q1 Describe how interstitial fluid is formed.
Ans: - Substances diffuse out from the blood c…………………. into s…………….. between cells/tissues.
- All components of blood except e…………………, large plasma p…………………………and
pl……………… cannot diffuse out of blood capillaries.
-The fluid formed outside blood capillaries is called tissue fluid or i…………………………fluid.
-Tissue fluid acts as a m……………………….that provides substances to the cells and vice-versa.
-Tissue fluid must be returned to the blood circulatory system to maintain blood
p…………………………
-If excess tissue fluid not returned to blood circulatory system, it will cause swelling or o…………….
-Tissue fluid is the i………………………………environment of the body.
Q2 Explain why the interstitial fluid is important?
Ans:
The interstitial fluid is important because
- it surrounds all cells.
- it allows o...........................and n..................................from blood to diffuse to cel
- exc.............................products from cells can be removed from cells into blood capillary
Q3 What is the lymphatic system made up of?
8
9. -Lymphatic system is made up of:
l………………c………………….
l………………v………………
l………………n…………………
Thymus gland
sp……………
Ton…………
Q4 Explain how the lymphatic system complements the blood circulatory system?
Ans:
Lymph in
capillary
Left side body
Flow into
l……...
v……..
Right arm ,head
T…………..d……
R………..
l…………..d…….
.
r……….s……………v……..
heart
Vena cava
l…….s…………….v……
.
Q5 What are the similarities and differences between the contents of blood,
interstitial fluid and lymph?
Ans: (Tick √ in the correct box)
Content
Water
Minerals
Hormones, enzymes
Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Platelets
Large protein molecules
Blood
Interstitial fluid
Lymph
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Q6What happens to the interstitial fluid?
Ans:
………………….% of tissue fluid returns to the blood capillary and ……..% diffuses into
the l………………….. capillaries.
At the venous end of blood capillaries the o......................... pressure of blood is higher than the
h………………… pressure of blood.. Therefore tissue fluid returns to blood capillaries.
The fluid which enters the lymphatic capillaries is called l……….. or l……………………
fluid.
Q7 What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Ans:
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10. a)
b)
To return interstitial fluid to the b……………c………….........................system.
It is important in body defense system because it has a lot
oflym………………………………….
c)
Transports f..................a................, g .............................and fat soluble v…………………
from the intestine to the blood circulatory system
ROLE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN THE BODY’S DEFENCE MECHANISMS
Q1 Describe the body’s three lines of defence mechanism.
Ans:
Body Defence System
f……………
line of defence
Prevents microbes from
entering the body
skin
…………………….
…………………..
…………………..
s………….
line of defence
macro....................in
lymphatic system and blood
circulatory system
Phagocytes like
neu…………………
and mo…………………….
attack by phagocy…….
First line of defence
Sweat, saliva and tears contain the
enzyme l……………….that destroys
bacteria
Mucuos membranes traps microbes
and dust
h………………….acid in stomach
kills bacteria
t…………
.line of defence
Immune reaction
a………………….. are
produced by the
lymphocytes
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
Phagocytes are white blood cells that
engulf pathogens by a process known
as pha..........................................
Digestive enzymes are produced by
neutrophils to destroy and digest
the ................
The lymphocytes are
found in b...............................and
l....................n.................
Two types of lymphocytes are
T-.................................. and
B-..................................
S1 A...................... is produced by lymphocytes and antig................is a foreign substance in the body
Q2 Describe the process of phagocytosis.
-
The n………………………..is attracted to the bacteria
The neutrophil surrounds the bacteria by using p......................................
A phagocytic vacuole is formed inside the neutrophil
E..................... are secreted into the vacuole to digest and destroy the bacteria
S2 Immunity = ability of organism to defend against infection by p……………….
S3 Immunisation= process whereby the body produces its own a..........................after v.................................
S3 Plasma –fibrinogen = s…………………
S4 Serum + antibody = a…………s……………….
S5 Vaccine is made up of dead or weakened p.................................
S6 The process of receiving vaccine is called v................................
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11. Q3 Explain how antibodies destroy antigens.
Ans: Antibodies are specific in action and destroy antigens in 3 different ways:
Antibody destroys
antigens in three
ways
N……………….
- antibodies neutralize toxin
that is produced by antigen
Agg……………….
-antibodies make the bacteria
or virus stick to each other
P………………….
-antibodies dissolve the
membrane of bacteria or virus
mac……………………will
destroy bacteria or virus by
phagocytosis
Q6 State the types of immunity found in the human body. For each immunity give an example.
Ans:
Immunity
Active
N……………
-antibody produced
by own body after
recovering from
disease(ex: flu,
chicken pox)
Passive
A……………………
-antibody produced
by own body after
vaccination(ex:
rubella, measles)
N…………………
- antibody received
from mother to fetus
or from mother’s
milk to baby
A………………..
- antibody received
from serum (ex:
snake bite, wild
animals bite)
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12. Q7 What are the differences between active and passive immunity?
Ans:
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Body cells of a person produce a………….
A person is given a………………….
Immunity can last for a l……………time
Immunity can last for a s……………time
Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)
S1 HIVcauses A...............................................................................................or AIDS
S2 HIV attacks helper ........... cells and destroys them. Therefore other l.................... are not activated and
the immune system becomes weak. Therefore a....................... are not produced by lymphocytes. The body
cannot fight against any pathogens anymore. The AIDS person loses w..................... The
n....................s.....................also cannot function well.
S3 HIV can only survive in body fluids like s....................., b......................and vaginal fluid.
S4 HIV can be transmitted by:
- sharing sy.........................or needles of infected persons
- s.............................intercourse with infected person
- Contact with b.................. with an infected person
-From an infected mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding
S5 Preventive measures to prevent AIDS are
-having sexual relationship with only one partner
-Use c.........................during copulation
-Educate the people about dangers of AIDS
-Counsel HIV positive people so that they do not spread HIV to others
S6 Cardiovascular disease are problems related to the heart and b................circulatory system.
S7 Examples of heart related disease are
S8 Cardiovascular diseases can be caused by
- high blood c................................
- cigarette smoking
- o....................................
- d..........................m..............................
- sedentary lifestyle
S9 Cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by
- regular exercise
- correct b............................ w.................................
- stress-free lifestyle
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13. Understanding the Transport of Substances in Plants
Q1 Why do plants require a transport system?
Ans:
Plant cells need w.......................for metabolism
Plant cells need m........................to be healthy
Food synthesised in leaves have to be sent to all parts of plant.
S1 The vascular system in plants is made up of x.........................and p..........................
Q2 Describe how the structure vascular tissues are adapted to carry out its functions.
Ans:
Xylem
Phloem
Function
1 Give mechanical
Transports organic food
s........................ for
substances like
plants
g................... from leaves to
all parts of plants
2Transport
w..................and
m......................
Structure
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14. Adaptation for function
Long , hollow continuous
tube because no
cytoplasm to obstruct
flow in xylem
Cell wall filled with
cellulose to strengthen the
walls
Flowering plants have
c........................ cells
C.............................cells
provide energy to transport
food from leaf cells to sieve
tubes
T…………… are found in
conifers and ferns. Water
and minerals pass from
cell to cell through
p……….
Q3 What is translocation?
Ans:Translocation is the transport of organic substances by p…………… from leaves to all parts of the
plant.
Q3 What is transpiration?
Ans: Transpiration is loss of w………………v………………from plants to atmosphere. Most
transpiration occurs through the s……………… and a small amount is loss through the
c……………….and l……………….in woody stems.
Q4 State two importance of transpiration:
Ans: -Transpiration creates a t…………………….p………… that pulls water and minerals from roots.
- Water keeps the cells t……………to give support to leaves and young stems
-Evaporation of water c………….. the plant in hot weather
Q5 Explain the pathway of water from soil to leaves.
Ans: 3 factors that enable movement of water from roots to leaves are:
- r........................p.................................. It is the force that pushes water from roots to x.................... in the
stem. It ensures water is pushed up the xylem to a certain height.
- c............................a............................. is the combined force of a.......................and c.................................
C......................... ensures water molecules form a continous water column in xylem.
A.......................... ensures water is attracted to xylem walls.
- t................................p.........................is the suction force that enables water to move along xylem to the
leaves.
During day time, water e................................. from cells inside the leaves to substoma
Water evaporates from s........................
Loss of water from cells inside leaves is replaced by water from x..................
This creates a suction force which ensures continuos flow of water and minerals in the xylem
Q6 What is guttation?
Ans: At night some plants remove excess water by process called g..............................
The part of the leaf whereby process takes place is h................................
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15. Q7 What are the differences between guttation and transpiration?
Ans:
Aspect
Transpiration
Form of substance
vapour
Waste product
Water vapour
Excreted by
Stoma, lenticels
When it happens
Day
Cooling effect
Yes
Type of plant
All land plants
Guttation
liquid
Water, minerals
Hy……………..
Hot, humid night
………………
Herbaceous plant
Q8 Describe opening and closing of stoma during day time and night:
Ans:
Day time
Night
-P………………………..occurs.
-G…………………… is produced.
-Potassium ions transported into
g………………….c……………….
-O…………………pressure in guard cells
increase.
-Lower osmotic pressure in epidermal cells.
-Water diffuses from epidermal cells into
guard cells.
-Guard cells become t……………….. and
curve outward.
-S………………. opens.
-P………………does not occur.
-G………………… is not produced.
-Potassium ions transported out of
g……………..c………… to epidermis cells
-O…………………pressure in guard cells
de…………..
-H…………..osmotic pressure in epidermal
cells.
-Water diffuses from guard cells to epidermal
cells.
-Guard cells become f………………..
-S………………. closes.
Q9 What are the four factors that affect transpiration?
Ans: - A................m.........................................
- T..................................
- L........................I................................
- R.................................H......................................
Q10 Using graphs show how the rate of transpiration is affected by 4 factors.
Ans:
Humidity
Light Intensity
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentration
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