1. CHAPTER 3:COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
Coordination and Response
Q1 Give example of changes in internal environment
- body temperature
-osmotic pressure
- sug……level.
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Changes which cause responses in the body is called= s………………………….
Reaction of body to stimulus= r…………………………..
Animals detect stimuli through r …………………. while effectors carry out the response.
Plants show two types of response: t……………………and nastic movement.
Movement of whole organism to external stimulus: t……………………………….
Q2 Explain the pathway of information due to external stimuli:
Rec……….. in
sensory organs
(eyes)
Integrating
center(brain)
Stimu………
.
Re…………………
(Walk towards flower)
Ef…………….
(muscle in legs)
Q3 Explain the pathway of information due to internal stimuli:
7. Body temperature
becomes lower
6.Cooling
response
1. Normal body
temperature
5. E.………….
(skin and
glands)
rises
4. Integrating
center in b……….
or s…….….c…….
2. Body
temperature
increase
(Sti……………)
3. Receptors in
skin stimulated
S6 Coordination = Process in the body whereby stimulus is detected, and the body responds. Involves
the n……………. and e…………………. system.
1
2. Role of Human Nervous System
Q1 Explain the role of human nervous system:
Ans:
Receives information from r……………, transmits and interprets information to produce
appropriate response
C………………. and control functions throughout the body
Maintains h……………………..in the body
Organization of Nervous System
Q1 Describe how the human nervous system is organized.
Ans:
Nervous System
P……………nervous
system
- connect central
nervous system to rest
of body
C……………nervous
system
-control center of body
Brain
Spinal cord
Autonomic
nervous system
Somatic nervous
system
Structure and Function of the Brain
S1 Label the three parts of the human brain and state its functions.
2
3. S2 The cerebrum has many grooves and folds so that it can store more n………………….
S3 The th……………….. receives information from sensory receptors(in the ears, eyes, nose, skin)and
transmits to cerebrum.
S4 The hy………………………….controls
*the osmotic pressure, body temperature, glucose level in blood
*emotion, anger, hunger , thirst, tiredness
*coordinates the nervous system and e…………………. system
Q1 Label the cross section of the spinal cord:
Q2 What is the function of the spinal cord?
Ans: Function of spinal cord is
a) To connect the b………… to the p……………n………………s………….……
b) Control r……………………action such as sneezing, blinking, knee jerk
S1 The dorsal root contains the a……………………. or s…………………..neurones.
S2 The ventral root contains the e……………………or motor neurones.
S3 Dorsal root ganglion consists of c………..b……………. of the afferent neurone
Structure of the Neurone
S1 The function of neurone is to carry messages in the form of nerve im……………
Q1 Label the structure of the efferent neurone:
S2 Function of axon: transmit impulse away from the ………………..towards axon terminals.
S3 Function of myelin sheath:
- provide nutrients to axon
- protect a…………from injury
S4 Function of cell body: regulate all ………….activities
S5 Function of axon terminal: Receive impulse from ………………..and transmit impulse to next
n…………………..
S6 The speed of impulse traveling along axon increases because the impulse jumps from one
………………to another.
Q2 Complete the flow chart to show the transmission of impulse along a neurone:
Nerve impulse
d……….
c……body
a……
…
A…………
terminal
3
4. Q3 Complete the table below:
Neurone
Afferent
Function
Direction of flow of nerve impulse
Interneuron
e
Efferent
Pathway of Transmission of Information from Receptors to Effectors
Q4 Describe how information from receptors travel to the effectors.
Ans:
R……….. in
eyes detect
stimulus to
trigger
i…………...
S…………
(See snake)
impulse
A……….
.neurone
impulse
Re…..…… (Run)
Effectors
(muscles)
E……….
neurone
impulse
Brain
integrates and
interprets
information,
makes decision
I………………..
.in the brain
4
5. Synapse and Transmission of Information
Q1 Describe how information is transmitted along the synapse.
Ans:
Vesicles containing
n………………………….
2. Fusion of vesicles
with m……………
3. Neurotransmitters released
into s………...
4. Neurotransmitters diffuse
across synapse to the
dendrite of another neurone
Q2 Label the diagram below:
che…………
e……………
S1 The transmission of impulse is from electrical.
S2 The function of synapse:
- ensures nerve impulse flows in o………direction
S3 Function of mitochondria: Produce e………….. for transmission of impulse across
s……………………
S4 Examples of neurotransmitters:do…………………, acetylcholine and norad…………………………
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6. Types of Coordinated Response
Q1 What are the differences between voluntary , involuntary and reflex actions?
Types of
Part of nervous
Characteris Reaction
Effector
action
system involved
tics
time
Voluntary
Cerebrum
Under the Slow
Skeletal
control of
muscles
the will
Involuntary
Reflex
M……………
o………………..
S…………….
c……………
Not under
the control
of the will
Not under
the control
of the will
Fast
Fast
Example
-
- C……………
Muscles
- Glands
- S………..
muscles
Skeletal
muscles
-
Reflex Action
S1 Reflex action is a f…………, a…………….. and without conscious control to prevent body from
danger.
S2 Reflex action involves t………………or three neurones.
S3 The pathway along which an impulse flows during a reflex action is caleed r………..a………….
S3 In the knee jerk reflex only the afferent and the e…………………….neurones are involved.
Q1 Explain the transmission of impulse when a person accidentally touches a hot object.
P…………..
Receptors in the skin
impulse
S…………
neurone
Muscles contract to move
away hand
impulse
impulse
Interneurone
M…………….
neurone
6
7. Diseases Related To Nervous System
Q1 Give example of nervous system related diseases.
Ans:
P…………
disease
because
Diseases Related
To Nervous
System
-Lack of
d………….
-not inherited
Epilepsy
Polio
-Loss of grey matter because
of polio virus
A…………
disease
effect
-tremors
-impaired balance
-muscles weak
because
-lack of
a…………………
- can be inherited
Multiple scle………………..
-myelin sheath breakdown
-Shaky limbs, speech difficulties
effect
-loss of intelligence
-lose ability to read,
write and talk
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8. ROLE OF HORMONES IN HUMANS
S1 H……………………….are chemicals in bloodstream.
S2 Endocrine system is made up of e…………….............glands. There are no ducts. Hormones are
secreted directly into bloodstream.
S3 Endocrine system complements the n………………system in ensuring all activities of the body are
carried out efficiently.
S4 Examples of body process which require both nervous system and endocrine systems are
m………………….. cycle, development of secondary sex characteristics, blood water and salt
regulation, and growth.
S4Label the endocrine system and state the functions for the hormones below:
8
9. Secretion of Hormones
Q1 Describe how secretion of hormones are regulated in the body.
Ans: a)Secretion of hormones are regulated by another h……………………
Example:
Pit…………..
g…………. to
secrete
t……………..
s……………..
h…………….
stimulates
Low thyroxin
level
stimulates
T…………...
secretes
t…………….
inhibits
Produce less
…………
effect
b) Secretion of hormones regulated by levels of certain s……………………
Example:
Pancreas
secrete
stimulates
Insulin converts excess
g………..to glycogen
i………………
High level
of glucose
Eat food such as rice,
mee
Normal level of
glucose in blood
Normal level of
glucose
Fasting
Low level
of glucose
stimulates
Pancreas
secrete
Glucagon converts
glycogen to glucose
g…………
c) Secretion of hormones regulated by nervous system.
Example:
- Hypothalamus receives impulses from the receptors in the body. Hypothalamus stimulates
a……………………..gland to release hormones.
- Adrenal gland releases a……………………when stimulated by nervous system.
- Heartbeat rate , blood pressure and blood flow increases
9
10. Coordination Involving Both Nervous System and Endocrine System in a ‘Fight or Flight
Situation’.
Q1 Describe how the nervous and endocrine systems are involved in a Fight or Flight Situation’.
Ans:
-In a fight and flight situation, both the ……………….system and ………………….system are
involved.
-Example:
impulse
brain
a…………
gland
impulse
secrete
a………….
.
effect
Escape
Run!!!
effect
Increase in heart b………….,
blood pressure, blood flow to
muscles to increase energy in
muscles
Effects of Hormonal Imbalance
Q1 Explain briefly the effects of excess of hormones and deficiency of hormones in humans.
Endocrine
Gland
Hormone
Excess of hormone
Deficiency of hormone
Pituitary
Growth hormone
G………………….
D………………………
ADH(antidiuretic
hormone)
O………………..
Thyroid
Thyroxine
- Enlarged thyroid gland known
as hypert……
- Increase in metabolic rate,
weight loss, heart rate, bulging
eyes.
Pancreas
Insulin
Causes hypoglycemia
-fatigue, convulsions, mental
confusion
d……………………
i……………………;
very thirsty, can cause
dehydration
-Condition known as
hypo……………….
- Slow heart beat rate, weight
gain, fatigue
-In children it causes
c…………… which results
in dwarfism and slow
m………… growth.
D……………
m………….
10
11. Q2 How are hormones used in medicine?
Ans:
• T………………….. is used to treat cretinism
• I,…………………… is injected into diabetics
• A…………………………….hormone is used to treat diabetes insipidus patient
• G………………. hormone is used to treat dwarfism
• E……………….. is used to treat menstrual problems
• P…………………..is injected into pregnant women to prevent miscarriage
Homeostasis in Humans
S1 Optimal physical and chemical conditions must be maintained in the internal environment to
ensure:
a) p………………………… processes in the body can proceed at optimum rates.
b) organisms can adjust to changes in the i………………and ex………………….environment.
c) so that the organism can s…………………
S2 The regulation of the internal environment so that it is always in optimal condition is known as
h……………………………….
S3 The physical factors that affect the internal environment are t………………………and blood
pressure.
S4 The chemical factors of the internal environment are partial pressure of oxygen and carbon
dioxide, o……………p………………….and s………….levels.
S5 The osmotic pressure of blood depends on the w…………and m…………………… content in
blood.
Q1 What is relationship between the blood osmotic pressure and urine output?
Ans:
H………osmotic
pressure of blood
Water reabsorbed back
into blood by kidneys
C…………...
urine
L………osmotic
pressure of blood
Less water reabsorbed
back into blood by
kidneys
D…………
.urine
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
S6 The function of kidneys are:
- E…………………
- O………………………………..
- Regulate chemical composition of blood
- Regulate blood p…
11
12. Q2 Label the kidney below:
S7 Each kidney consists of numerous functional units known as……………………….
Q3 Label the nephron below:
S8 The cortex part of the kidney consists of the B………………c…………………..,
P………………c………………………t………… and D………………c…………………
t…………
S9 The medulla part of the kidney consists of L ………………of H……………………….
12
13. Q4 Describe the formation of urine.
Ans:
S10The formation of urine consists of three processes:U…………………………………,
R…………………………………………..and S…………………………………
Ultrafiltration:
Diameter of a…………… arteriole is
bigger than e………………arteriole.
High hydrostatic pressure of blood in
glomerulus. The wall of glomerulus is
one-cell thick.
All blood components filter out of
glomerulus except for r…………
b……..cells, p……………and large
p………………..molecules.
The components inside the cavity of
Bowman’s capsule is known as
g………………f………………
Reabsorption:
-Reabsorption takes place along the t………………….and the contents are returned back into the
blood capillaries.
-The tubules are one-cell thick. The proximal tubules have a lot of b…………c…………..
-At the proximal tubules, 80% water is reabsorbed by o………………….
-100% glucose, amino acids reabsorbed by ac……….. transport
- u…………… .is not reabsorbed
- At the descending limb of loop of Henle w……………is reabsorbed; at the ascending limb of loop
of Henle sod…….. and calc………..ions are actively pumped out into the blood capillaries.
- At the distal convoluted loop and c………………….. duct, more water, sodium and chloride ions
are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries.
Secretion:
-Urea, ur………ac………and amm……………are removed from blood capillaries into distal
convoluted tubules by a………….. transport.
- Other toxic substances and d………are secreted out by sim………d………..……..
- The final product in the collecting duct is called u…………
- Urine is made of ……………..%water, …………………..%nitrogenous waste such as urea,
u…………a…………., a…………………………..and c………………………and ………..% of
salt and bile pigments.
Osmoregulation
S1 The kidneys are also known as o…………………………….organs.
S2 The kidneys regulate the osmotic pressure of blood by regulating the w……………..and
s…………………content in blood.
Excess s……….and less
w…………..in blood
High
Osmotic pressure
Excess water and less salt in
S3 Osmoregulation is controlled by 2 hormones:Anti-d………….hormone and a……………………
Low
of blood
blood
13
14. S4 Both hormones regulate the salt and water content in blood.
S5 A……………………………..hormones controls the reabsorption of water; this hormone makes
the tubule wall more permeable to water.
S6 A………………………..hormones controls the reabsorption of salts; this hormone makes the
tubule wall more permeable to salts.
Mechanism of osmoregulation by negative feedback mechanism:
Corrective mechanisms by effectors
O………………
in hypothalamus
detect change
H………..
blood osmotic
pressure
P…………gland
release
A………
+
tubules
become more
p………….. to
water
More
water is
reabsorbed into
blood
A………….gland
not stimulated to
release
a……………...
-Less salt is
reabsorbed into
blood
Less
water
and
more
salt in
blood
Urine is
c……………
.and small
amount
Blood osmotic
pressure falls
Salty food/
sweating
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
Normal osmotic
pressure in
blood
Drink lots of
water
Corrective mechanisms by effectors
L…..blood
osmotic
pressure
Osmoreceptor in
h……………….
.detect change
Pituitary gland
not stimulated
- tubules not
permeable to
water
- Less water is
reabsorbed into
blood
Adrenal gland
release
a……………
More
salt is
reabsorbed
into blood
Blood osmotic
pressure rises
More
salt and
less
water
in
blood
Urine is
d……
and
l……
amount
14
15. Consequences of Impaired Kidney Function
S1 If the kidney fails to function, metabolic waste such as u……., excess w……………… and
s………. and the o……………p…………………..of blood cannot be maintained.
S2 Kidney failure patients can be treated by:h………………………….or k…………………
t…………………..
S3 The process whereby a dialysis machine remove toxic waste, urea and excess water and mineral
salts is known as h……………………..
S4 The dialysis fluid must be hyp……………………to blood plasma. This is important to enable
excess water, salt, all glucose, amino acids to be removed from blood.
S5 The dialysis blood is constantly changed to remove the w……………p………………. and to
maintain the c………………………….gradient between the patient’s blood and dialysis fluid.
S6 The coiled tubing is semi permeable so that r…………b……………c……….,
p…………………….., and l…………p……………molecules cannot diffuse out.
S7 The u……….and salt concentration in the dialysis fluid is lower than blood so that all urea and
excess salt can be removed from the blood.
Regulation of Blood Sugar Level
S1 Normal concentration of blood glucose is ……………..mg in 100cm3 of blood.
Q1 Describe the regulation of blood sugar level in the body.
High g……….
in blood
Pancreas secrete
i………………
Eat sweet
food/drinks
Corrective mechanisms
-
………glucose level
Normal
glucose level
………glucose level
fasting
………glucose
in blood
Pancreas secrete
g………….
Corrective Mechanisms
-
S2 The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas has two types of cell:a…………(
b………………(
cells).
cells)and
15
16. S3 …………………cells produce insulin; ……………………..cells produce glucagon.
Regulation of Body Temperature
S1 Normal human body temperature is ……………………..oC.
S2 The t……………………in the skin detect change of temperature in the external environment and
the h……………………… detect change of temperature in the internal environment.
S3
P……………means
- body hair
- blood capillaries
- sweat glands
Thermoreceptors
in skin
impulse
h………….....
impulse
effectors
m……………..process
-muscles
-adrenal glands
-thyroid glands
Regulation of Body temperature by Physical Means
Q1 Describe the regulation of body temperature in the body by physical means.
Cold environment
Action of hair erector muscles
-Hair erector muscles contract
-Hair become erect
-A thick layer of air is trapped
-Reduce loss of heat by conduction and radiation
Hot environment
Action of hair erector muscles
-
Action of blood capillaries
-vasoconstriction
-less blood flow close to body surface
-Reduce loss of heat by conduction and radiation
Action of sweat glands
-
Action of blood capillaries
Action of sweat glands
-sweat glands active
-sweating increase
-Sweat evaporates fast
-More heat loss from skin
Regulation of Body temperature by Metabolism Process
Q2 Describe the regulation of body temperature in the body by physical means.
16
17. Cold environment
Action of muscles
-muscles contract and relax quickly
-shivering caused by involuntary muscles
produces heat
Hot environment
Action of muscles
-
Action of adrenal glands
-
Action of adrenal glands
-adrenal gland not stimulated
-metabolic rate reduced
-Less heat produced
Action of thyroid gland
-Thyroid gland stimulated
-Metabolic rate increase
-More heat produced
Action of thyroid gland
-
The n………………f………………………mechanism in the body ensures that in a
c………..environment, less heat is lost and more heat is produced and in a h………..environment,
more heat is lost and less heat is produced.
S1 H……………………..= process whereby the factors controlling the internal
environment is maintained in spite of changing external environment.
S2 In homeostasis both the n…………system and e………….……system
regulate the negative feedback mechanism.
Practising a Healthy Lifestyle
S1 A d.......…. is a chemical that causes change in a persons behavior.
S2 Drug a……………….. is the intentional misuse of drugs.
S3 Examples of misused drugs are m………………., c………………….., and h……………….
S4 Repeated use of drugs can lead to drug add……………
S5 Drugs are divided to 3 groups: s……………………, d…………………….and hallucinogens
Q1 describe the effect of drug abuse on humans.
Ans:
Type of drug
Effect on body
Long-term effect
Example of drugs
S……………….
It increases h………..rate,
-Blood circulation is -Co……………….
Stimulants
breathing rate and
not efficient in body
increase the
b……………….pressure
-Caffeine(coffee,
activities of
Also increase the release of -Can h…………….. cola drinks)
n………………… n…………………….
system.
A t the sy…………… in
-Depression(mental
-N………………..
the brain. This makes a
illness)
person feel energetic.
-A………………..
D………………… It decreases h………..rate,
Slows down the
breathing rate and
-Memory loss
- Lung and liver
-B……………….
17
18. activity of the
nervous system
H………………..
b……………….pressure
It causes muscles to
r…………. and can reduce
tension
It makes a person less
stressed and fell satisfied.
Makes a person see or hear
things that is non-existent.
c………….
-Inability to
concentrate
-Breathing problems
-S……………….
-Confusion
-C………….
Very emotional
person
- H……………….
-Morphine
-Tranquilisers
-Al…………..
-Marijuana
-LSD
S6 A…………………..is a depressant. It slows down body r………………, disrupts
c……………………………….. and impairs j……………………..
S7 If a person takes too much of alcohol it can cause confusion, affect m…………….. coordination
and causes blurred v………………….
S8 Consuming too much of alcohol can also make a person become angry and v………………. easily.
S9 Abuse of alcohol can cause addiction, b…………… and l……………… damage.
S10 An a……………………..is a person who has become very dependent on alcohol
Q3 State 3 factors that can cause drug and alcohol abuse.
Plant Hormones
S1 A plant hormone is a chemical substance produced by a plant and influences the g…………………
and d……………………..of plants.
S2 Some examples of plant hormones are a…………………, g………………………,
cytokinin and e……………………
S3 Auxins are produced at the m………………………of the shoots and roots.
S4 Auxins controls p…………………………in plants.
S5 Auxins always accumulates at the cell e………………………..zone.
S6 High concentration of auxins promotes growth in s…………but inhibits growth in r…………
Q1 Describe how auxins causes growth in shoots.
Ans:
-Auxins are produced in the a…………………meristem of the shoot
-Auxins d……………..from tip of coleoptile into the zone of e…………………..
-Auxins cause cells to elongate
-E……………….distribution of auxins cause cells to elongate evenly
-Coleoptile grows straight up
18
19. Q2 Draw and explain the growth of shoots in the diagrams below:
Exp.
Description of experiment
Expected
result
I
Explanation
Auxin diffuse into the zone
of e……………….
Auxin is distributed
e………….
II
Rate of growth of cells in
zone of elongation is the
same. Coleoptiles grows
straight up.
Auxin diffuse into the zone
of e……………….
More auxin accumulate on
s………………side.
Rate of growth of cells in
shaded side is m……..
than light side.
III
Coleoptile b…… and
g……… towards light.
Auxin diffuse into the zone
of e……………….
Auxin is distributed
e………….
IV
Rate of growth of cells in
zone of elongation is the
same. Coleoptile grows
straight up.
Auxin diffuse from agar
into the zone of
e……………….
Auxin accumulate under
jelly block side.
Rate of growth of cells
under jelly block is
m……..
Coleoptile b…… and
g……… to the left side.
19
20. V
Unilateral light causes
auxin to be transported to
the shaded side. Auxin
from meristem cannot
diffuse through m…... No
cell elongation
occurs.Coleoptile cannot
bend and grow.
VI
Mica prevents the auxin
from being transported to
the right.
Therefore, concentration
of auxin is the s……… on
both sides.
Cell elongation occurs
evenly.
The coleoptile grows
s…………… up.
Q3 Explain why roots show positive geotropism and shoots show negative geotropism.
-A higher concentration of auxins in shoots p………………… elongation of cells.
-Therefore the lower side of the shoot with higher concentration of auxin will grow faster
-The shoot curves and grows u…………….
-A higher concentration of auxins in roots i………………….. elongation of cells.
-Therefore the lower side of the root with higher concentration of auxin will grow slower
-The shoot curves and grows d…………………
Q2 Explain the effect of auxin concentration on the elongation of roots and shoots in the graph below.
H……….. concentration of auxins
p………………… cell elongation in the
s……………….
L……… concentration of auxins p…………………
cell elongation in the r……….
Use of Hormones in Agriculture
Q1 State the uses of hormones in agriculture.
Hormones
Use of hormone
Promote r………….. to grow from stem cuttings
A…………….
As a weed killer.
For p…………………………. Flowers are sprayed with auxins. Fruits are
formed without fertilization. These fruits do not have s…………….
To prevent fruits from falling before it is ripe
Gibberellins
Promote growth of plants
Promote s……………… germination
Ethylene
To make fruits ripe faster
20
