Psychology text book ch. 4 6

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INTRODUCTION
Since psychology is the science of behavior, we ask why do we behave
or act aswe do? And we find one reason w...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 59
PASSIVE LI FE
Evolution and animals
Dodo is a tiny creature - so tiny you need a micro...

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60 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Humans
Simple life forms like Dodo can be passive, but so can complex life
forms, passive at lea...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 61
ACTIVE LIFE
Evolution and animals
As the dead carcass of Dodo drifts off, another litt...

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EVOLUTION
Mutation
Now most of the creatures of Dodo's species were much the same,
but once in a while one was born that d...

64 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Natural selection
As we've just seen , creatures th at
mutate differ from others. And
once in a while...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 65
Sickle cell anemia
Juke put his book down to
comment to Sid. "You know this
evolution ...

66 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
PURPOSIVISM
Thus far we've gotten a good feel for the following notions: The
world of nature dictates...

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CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 67
People often fall into the purposivism trap, when thinking about
why things occur as t...

68 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
BASIC CAUSES OF ACTI,ON
Evolution with animals
Our biophysical structure provides all of us creatures...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND 'BEHAViIO'R 69
Gore will also start moving if there is threat of harm. Too much
light, too much ac...

70 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
How it is now with humans
Getting up from the lunch table, Chet stretched with the air of a
satisfied...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 71
instills in us a way of dealing with such problems. Let's see how this
affects Sid, wa...

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72 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
HABITUATION
Evolution with animals
Sometimes a creature finds itself
in a bind. Its rate of motion ri...

Humans and distraction
Mae found the chapter on
evolution and behavior hard
reading. She could read it all
right ·as long ...

74 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
BASIC STIMULUS CONTROL
Thus far we've looked at two causes of Gore's motion -lack of fuel,
and harm. ...

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...... .
Now some creatures even return to the dark when they've eaten
their fill and are slowing down. H...

76 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
FEEDBACK STIMULUS CONTROL
Evolution with anima 'is
Now let's look at one more form
of stimulus contro...

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CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 71
response. Does that mean the
current was feedback? No.
Merely changing the response is...

78 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Human uses of feedback
But what about human beings? Feedback stimulus control plays an
even larger ro...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 79
out, "Hey, Harper, you forgot to get our homework," causing Chet to
sink back down in ...

80 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
But others fail to be clear too. So when you get a new job, the
odds are your boss won't give you cle...

CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOR 81
CONCLUSIONS
Biological structures evolve through natural selection, with structures
th...

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IIA.TII.1i
ITIVATII IF
LE E Al l
INTRODUCTION
We looked at the simple acts
of basic creatures in the last
chapter. But now...

CHAPTER 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 83
OPERANT CONDITIONING
A visit to the research laboratory
Mae had stopped by Dr. Har...

84 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
::~: ,//;'
"Yeah, I've never found a rat or pigeon that couldn't learn to press
the lever or peck the...

CHAPTI;:H 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 85
Science and its applications
"But why are you still messin ' around with your ra...

86 . BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Why learning?
Now in the last chapter we looked at some basic factors in the
psychology of all crea...

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CHAPTER 5 MOTI V AT ION OF LEARN ED ACTS 87
Learning: a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
We've st...

88 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Animals that learn
Gore, the infant mountain lion,
awoke. It was running low on
fuel as a few hours h...

Animals that do not learn
Dodo, the infant mountain lion,
awoke, starting to move around
since it was running out of fuel,...

90 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
REINFORCERS
Reinforcers vs. rewards
Reinforcer: a change in con-
dit ions, st imu Ii, or events occur...

CHAPTER 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 91
seemed perfect - second nature
again. After all, look at the strong
rewards that q...

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92 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Needed fuels that do not act as reinforcers
We've seen a close relation between biological needs and ...

CHAPTER 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 93
Evolution of non-biological reinforcers
In the last chapter, we looked at the noti...

94 BIOPHYSICAL BASE.S
conditions. And their offspring will also more likely survive, if such
control is passed on to them....

CHAPTER 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 95
Non-biological reinforcers and human actions
And, like most other creatures, we al...

96 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
We've looked at one kind of
learning called operant condi-
tioning - a change...

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CHAPTER 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 97
"Okay, here's the way re-
spondent conditioning works:
Creatures salivate whenever...

98 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Respondent conditioning compared with evolution
Mae thought for a moment,
"Well, I think I see how op...

Definition
Now three events were involved
in that instance in Gore's life :
the food in Gore's mouth, the
salivation, and ...

100 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
OPERANT VS. RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
Dawn put down her book. "Well, it looks like there are supposed ...

CHAPTER 5 MOTIVATION OF LEARNED ACTS 101
CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter we've dealt with the causes of learning, seeing that ...

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INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, our tre atm ent of motivation will be somewhat unique
- differing from the standard heredity...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 103
IMPRINTING
We saw that light by itself can be a reward even...

104 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Gore's mother had learned the acts that find fuel and avoid harm.
But it might take Gore a while to ...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 105
don't seem up to that task. Besides , some mothers don't lo...

106 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
LABORATORY RESEARCH
A good deal of research has been done showing th at the imprinted
stimulus need ...

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CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 107
Other work has shown that there are some limits - limits in...

108 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
INSTINCT - INST~NCTIVE REINFORCERS
We've looked at biological rewards, non-biological rewards, and
i...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 109
Infant care
Yet the offspring need more than mild condition...

And even more may be
required for the offspring to
survive, since some creatures
ntt9 ~ !gngtims fgr tHEir E9ffiF!t*
senso...

The problem
CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION 'INDIRECT LY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 111
Here's the general problem we've
looked at. T...

112 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Think about that complex response sequence needed to build a
nest - a sequence that must vary a grea...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 113
PURPOSIVISM REV ISITED
Once again Juke and Sid sat in their...

114 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
AGGRESSION
In this section, we'll study acts that are called aggressive, acts that
harm others. We'l...

116 BIOPHY~ICAL BASES
Let's do an instant replay on the Killer-Gore fight: Gore's rate of
motion increased (it flailed and...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELAT€D TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 117
For instance, suppose Gore was bumped, or bruised, or snapp...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 119
Keep this in mind: the results of aggression produce prompt...

120 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Humans and harm
Because we evolved in much the same world as Gore did, we tend to
respond like Gore ...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 121
Evolution and frustration
There's yet another time when sti...

122 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
Humans and frustration
Often we're not too far removed from Gore and its fighting brother,
since we ...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAl:. NEED 123
astimulus-response chain leading to direct fighting conta...

124 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
DEFINING MOTIVAtiON
What do most people mean when they s~y "someone is motivated to
do something"? T...

Motivation: factors that: 1) increase the effect stimuli have as
reinforcing stimuli; 2) increase the effect they have as ...

126 BIOPHYSICAL BASES
EMOTIONS
Example
Let's replay Gore vs. Killer one more time: Watch out, Gore, here
it comes - WHAM! ...

CHAPTER 6 MOTIVATION INDIRECTLY RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL NEED 127
more likely survive if it' s ready for action. So creatures...

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