Regulation Of Metabolism

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Chapter 19 Regulation of Metabolism www.freelivedoctor.com

Nutritional Requirements <ul><li>Living tissue is maintained by constant expenditure of energy (ATP). </li></ul><ul><ul><l...

Metabolic Rate and Caloric Requirements <ul><li>Metabolic rate is the total rate of body metabolism. </li></ul><ul><ul><li...

Anabolic Requirements <ul><li>Anabolism: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Food supplies raw materials for synthesis reactions. </li><...

Aerobic Requirements (continued) <ul><li>Catabolism: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Hydrolysis (break down monomers down to C0 2 ...

Turnover Rate <ul><li>Rate at which a molecule is broken down and resynthesized. </li></ul><ul><li>Average daily turnover ...

Vitamins and Minerals <ul><li>Vitamins: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Small organic molecules that serve as coenzymes in metabolic...

Vitamins <ul><li>Water-soluble vitamins: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Serve as coenzymes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipi...

The Major Vitamins www.freelivedoctor.com

Minerals <ul><li>Needed as cofactors for specific enzymes and other critical functions. </li></ul><ul><li>Trace elements: ...

Free Radicals and Antioxidants <ul><li>Electrons are located in orbitals. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Each orbital contains a ma...

Free Radicals and Antioxidants (continued) <ul><li>Functions of free radicals: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Help to destroy bact...

Reactive Oxygen Species <ul><li>Insert fig. 19.1 </li></ul>www.freelivedoctor.com

Regulation of Energy Metabolism <ul><li>Energy reserves: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Molecules that can be oxidized for energy ...

Eating <ul><li>Eating behaviors partially controlled by hypothalamus. </li></ul><ul><li>Lesions in vetromedial area produc...

Regulatory Functions of Adipose Tissue <ul><li>Adipostat regulatory system (negative feedback loops) to defend amount of a...

Regulatory Functions of Adipose Tissue (continued) <ul><ul><li>Leptin: </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li>Hormone that signal...

Regulation of Hunger <ul><li>Adipose tissue secrete satiety factor: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Acts through its regulation of h...

Obesity <ul><li>Obesity is often diagnosed by using using a body mass index (BMI). </li></ul><ul><li>BMI = w h 2 <...

Calorie Expenditures <ul><li>3 components: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Basal metabolic rate (BMR): </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><l...

Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism <ul><li>Absorptive state: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Absorption of energy. </li></ul></ul><ul...

Balance Between Anabolism and Catabolism <ul><li>The rate of deposit and withdrawal of energy substrates, and the conversi...

Energy Regulation of Pancreas <ul><li>Islets of Langerhans contain 3 distinct cell types: </li></ul><ul><ul><li> cells ...

Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon <ul><li>Mainly regulated by blood [glucose]. </li></ul><ul><li>Lesser effect: blood [am...

Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon (continued) <ul><li>When blood [glucose] increases: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Glucose bind...

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test <ul><li>Measurement of the ability of  cells to secrete insulin. </li></ul><ul><li>Ability...

Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon <ul><li>Parasympathetic nervous system: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Stimulates insulin secret...

Regulation of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion (continued) www.freelivedoctor.com

Absorptive State <ul><li>Insulin is the major hormone that promotes anabolism in the body. </li></ul><ul><li>When blood [i...

Postabsorptive State <ul><li>Maintains blood glucose concentration. </li></ul><ul><li>When blood [glucagon] increased: </l...

Effect of Feeding and Fasting on Metabolism Insert fig. 19.10 www.freelivedoctor.com

Diabetes Mellitus <ul><li>Chronic high blood [glucose]. </li></ul><ul><li>2 forms of diabetes mellitus: </li></ul><ul><ul>...

Comparison of Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus Insert table 19.6 www.freelivedoctor.com

Type I Diabetes Mellitus <ul><li> cells of the islets of Langerhans are destroyed by autoimmune attack which may be prov...

Consequences of Uncorrected Deficiency in Type I Diabetes Mellitus Insert fig. 19.11 www.freelivedoctor.com

Type II Diabetes Mellitus <ul><li>Slow to develop. </li></ul><ul><li>Genetic factors are significant. </li></ul><ul><li>Oc...

Treatment in Diabetes <ul><li>Change in lifestyle: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Increase exercise: </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><ul><li...

Hypoglycemia <ul><li>Over secretion of insulin. </li></ul><ul><li>Reactive hypoglycemia: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Caused by a...

Metabolic Regulation <ul><li>Anabolic effects of insulin are antagonized by the hormones of the adrenals, thyroid, and ant...

Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines <ul><li>Metabolic effects similar to glucagon. </li></ul><ul><li>Stimulate glycogenoly...

Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines (continued) www.freelivedoctor.com

Metabolic Effects of Glucocorticoids <ul><li>Glucocorticoids secreted in response to release of ACTH. </li></ul><ul><li>Su...

Thyroxine <ul><li>Active form is T 3 . </li></ul><ul><li>Stimulates cellular respiration by: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Produc...

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) <ul><li>Inhibited by somatostatin. </li></ul><ul><li>Stimulates growth in children and adole...

Growth Hormone (continued) <ul><li>IGF-1: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Liver produces and secretes IGF-1 in response to GH. </li...

Effects of Growth Hormone on Body Growth <ul><li>Gigantism: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Excess GH secretion in children. </li></...

Progression of Acromegaly www.freelivedoctor.com

Bone Deposition and Resorption <ul><li>Ca 2+ and phosphate concentrations are affected by: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Bone for...

Bone Deposition and Resorption (continued) <ul><li>Bone resorption occurs when an osteoclast attaches to the bone matrix ...

Bone Deposition and Resorption (continued) www.freelivedoctor.com

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) <ul><li>Single most important hormone in the control of blood [Ca 2+ ]. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>St...

Calcitonin <ul><li>Works with PTH and 1,25 vitamin D 3 to regulate blood [Ca 2+ ]. </li></ul><ul><li>Stimulated by increa...

1,25 Vitamin D 3 <ul><li>Pre-vitamin D 3 is synthesized in the skin when exposed to mid-ultraviolet waves. </li></ul><ul>...

Production of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Insert fig. 19.20 www.freelivedoctor.com

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (continued) <ul><li>Directly stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca 2+ and P0 4 3- . </li></ul...

Negative Feedback Control Insert fig. 19.23 www.freelivedoctor.com

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