Hereditas

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Heredity
BY :
SYAHRIANI

Do you Know them ?
Do they look like
one to each other ?

Do you see any ways that these children are
similar to their parents or brothers and sisters?

 Look around. Is anyone just like you?
You and everyone else are unique. No two
people are exactly alike, including ident...

Eye Color

Hair color

Hair Texture

Skin Color

Body Shape

So,what is heredity ?
 Heredity is the passing on of characteristics
from one generation to the next.
 It is the reason ...

Heredity and Genetics
Your genes determine whether or not you
possess certain physical traits. Your genes
make you blue ey...

Objective:
• The learner will realize that certain
characteristics are passed from parent to
offspring

What Exactly is a chromosome?
Chromosomes are the rod-
shaped, filamentous bodies present in the
nucleus, which become vis...

Organism No. chromosomes
• Human 46
• Chimpanzee 48
• Dog 78
• Horse 64
• Chicken 78
• Goldfish 94
• Fruit fly 8
• Mosquit...

Organism No. chromosomes
• Onion 16
• Mold 16
• Carrot 20
• Tomato 24
• Tobacco 48
• Rice 24
• Maize 20
• Haploppus gracil...

The size of the chromosomes in mitotic phase of animal
and plants sp generally varies between 0.5 µ and 32
µ in length, an...

• In order to understand chromosomes and their
function, we need to be able to discriminate among
different chromosomes.
•...

• Chromosomes may differ in the position of the
Centromere, the place on the chromosome
where spindle fibers are attached ...

• The centromere divides the chromosome into
two arms, so that, for example, an acrocentric
chromosome has one short and o...

What is a gene?

Definitions of the gene
• The gene is to genetics what the atom is to
chemistry.
• The gene is the unit of genetic informa...

How has the concept of a gene
developed in the minds of
geneticists?

Mendel (1866)
Inheritance is governed by “characters”
or “constant factors” that each controls
a phenotypic trait such as ...

What is so special about chromosomes ?
1.They are huge:
One bp = 600 dalton, an average chromosome is 107 bp
long = 109- 1...

DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Genetic material of cells…
• GENES – units of genetic material that CODES
FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT
• Called NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DN...

DNA Nucleotide
O
O=P-O
O
Phosphate
Group
N
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1
C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)

A HISTORY OF DNA
• Discovery of the DNA double helix
A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in
diseased bacteria ...

Watson & Crick proposed…
•DNA had specific pairing between the
nitrogen bases:
ADENINE – THYMINE
CYTOSINE - GUANINE
•DNA w...

DNA Double Helix
Nitrogenous
Base (A,T,G or C)
“Rungs of ladder”
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone

DNA Double Helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
2
3
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A

Nitrogenous Bases
• PURINES
1. Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)
• PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C) T or C
A or G

Chargaff’s Rule
• Adenine must pair with Thymine
• Guanine must pair with Cytosine
• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule...

BASE-PAIRINGS
CG
H-bonds
T A

Genetic Diversity…
• Different arrangements
of NUCLEOTIDES in a
nucleic acid (DNA)
provides the key to
DIVERSITY among liv...

The Code of Life…
• The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC
ORDER that bases occur.
A T C G T A T G C G G…

DNA is wrapped tightly around histones
and coiled tightly to form chromosomes
See p. 297

DNA Replication
• DNA must be copied
• The DNA molecule produces 2
IDENTICAL new complementary
strands following the rules...

DNA Replication
• Semiconservative
Model:
1. Watson and Crick
showed: the two strands of
the parental molecule
separate, a...

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