Bonds, Atomic Bonds

Valence Number Number of electrons an atom has in its outer energy level. All atoms want 8 electrons in their outer energy level. A happy and stable atom has 8 electrons in its outer energy level. 8

Number of electrons an atom has in its outer energy level.

All atoms want 8 electrons in their outer energy level.

A happy and stable atom has 8 electrons in its outer energy level.

Oxidation Number Number of electrons an atom will gain, lose, or share while bonding with another element.

Number of electrons an atom will gain, lose, or share while bonding with another element.

0 8 Noble Gases 18 -1 7 Halogens 17 -2 6 Oxygen family 16 -3 5 Nitrogen family 15 +4 or -4 4 Carbon family 14 +3 3 Boron family 13 ---- 1 or 2 Transitional Elements 3 -12 +2 2 Alkaline Earth Metals 2 +1 1 Alkali Metals 1 Oxidation Number Valence Number Group Name Group Number

3 Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Metallic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Metallic Bonds

Ions Recall that p + have charge +1, e - have charge -1 # p + = # e - : no net charge = neutral # p + > # e - : net + charge = Cation # p + < # e - : net - charge = Anion

Recall that p + have charge +1, e - have charge -1

# p + = # e - : no net charge = neutral

# p + > # e - : net + charge = Cation

# p + < # e - : net - charge = Anion

Ionic compounds Crystal lattice – strong forces High melting and boiling points Hard, not easily crushed Conduct when melted or dissolved

Crystal lattice – strong forces

High melting and boiling points

Hard, not easily crushed

Conduct when melted or dissolved

Covalent compounds Weaker forces between compounds Lower melting and boiling points Volatile liquids and gases Softer – easily crushed Not conductors

Weaker forces between compounds

Lower melting and boiling points

Volatile liquids and gases

Softer – easily crushed

Not conductors

Ionic Charged particles carry current Lit bulb Covalent No charged particles Unlit bulb

Ionic

Charged particles carry current

Lit bulb

Covalent

No charged particles

Unlit bulb

Properties of metals Luster Conductors Malleable Ductile

Luster

Conductors

Malleable

Ductile

Lewis Dot Diagram: Elements Shows the number of electrons in the outer energy level of an atom “ valence electrons”

Shows the number of electrons in the outer energy level of an atom

“ valence electrons”

Electron Dot Diagram Symbol surrounded by dots to represent the valence electrons Na

Symbol surrounded by dots to represent the valence electrons

LEWIS’ DOT FORMULAS Represent The Outer Shell Only Never More Than 8 Electrons Used To Show How And Why Elements Combine With Each Other

Represent The Outer Shell Only

Never More Than 8 Electrons

Used To Show How And Why Elements Combine With Each Other