Digital Libraries of the Future: Use of Semantic Web and Social Bookmarking to support E-learning in Digital Libraries

Slide 1: Digital Libraries of the Future Use of Semantic Web and Social Bookmarking to support E-learning in Digital Libraries Sebastian Ryszard Kruk Digital Enterprise Research Institute National University of Ireland, Galway sebastian.kruk@deri.org http://corrib.deri.ie/  Copyright 2006 Digital Enterprise Research www.deri.ie Institute. All rights reserved.

Slide 2: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 2

Slide 3: Motivations • John teaches biology, over the Internet, using digital libraries and modern technologies (wikis, blogs) • How to deliver the material just-in-time? • How to pre-asses students? • How to automate most of the process? 3

Slide 4: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 4

Slide 5: The Semantic Web – Applications • Semantic Web cannot be and is not only a set of recommendations • Semantic Web is becoming reality by applications that support it and are based on it • Enabling technologies: – RDF Storages: Sesame, Jena, YARS – Reasoners: KAON, Racer – Editors: Protege, SWOOP, MarcOnt Portal • End-User applications: – Semantic wikis: Makna, SemperWiki – Semantic blogs – Semantic digital libraries

Slide 6: What is a Semantic Digital Library? Semantic digital libraries – integrate information based on different metadata, e.g.: resources, user profiles, bookmarks, taxonomies – high quality semantics = highly and meaningfully connected information – provide interoperability with other systems (not only digital libraries) on either metadata or communication level or both – RDF as common denominator between digital libraries and other services – delivering more robust, user friendly and adaptable search and browsing interfaces empowered by semantics

Slide 7: Semantic Web Technologies for Digital Libraries? Metadata is the key concept • the Web does not have metadata – the idea of a Semantic Web is nice but difficult to implement • many digital libraries do have metadata in place • we simply must make them available in a machine understandable format • the Semantic Web provides the format: RDF

Slide 8: Semantic Web Technologies for Digital Libraries? Knowledge in bibliographic records • Digital Libraries already have controlled vocabularies, taxonomies or even ontologies in place • the challenge is to model this knowledge in a machine understandable way • the Semantic Web provides ontology languages: – RDF Schema – OWL – SKOS

Slide 9: Taxonomy of Knowledge Organization Systems • Term Lists – Authority files (FOAF) – Glossaries – Dictionaries – Gazetteers • Classifications and Categories (DMoz) – Subject headings – Classification schemes – Taxonomies – Categorization Schemes. • Relationship Lists – Thesauri (WordNet, MeSH) – Semantic networks – Ontologies (Hodge, 2000) 9

Slide 10: Benefits of Semantic Digital Libraries The two main benefits of Semantic Digital Libraries • new search paradigms for the information space – Ontology-based search / facet search – Community-enabled browsing • providing interoperability on the data level – integrating metadata from various heterogeneous sources – Interconnecting different digital library systems

Slide 11: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 11

Slide 12: Semantic DL as Evolving Knowledge Space • In state-of-the-art digital libraries users are consumers – Retrieve contents based on available bibliographic records • Recent trends: user communities – Connetea – Flickr • In Semantic digital libraries users are contributers as well – Tagging (Web 2.0) – Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering – Annotations • Semantic Digital libraries enforce the transition from a static information to a dynamic (collaborative) knowledge space

Slide 13: The future - Social Semantic Digital Libraries • Why current (semantic) digital libraries are not enough? – digital libraries should not be for librarians only but for average people – they concentrate on delivering content/information, not on knowledge sharing within a community of users – digital libraries have lost human-part of their predecessors • What could be the solution? – make users/readers involved in the content annotation process – allow users/readers to share their knowledge within a community – provide better communication between users in and across communities

Slide 14: Social Semantic Information Spaces

Slide 15: Comparing Web 1.0 / Web 2.0 / Semantic Web 2.0 Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Semantic Web 2.0 Personal Websites Blogs Semantic Blogs Content Management Wikis Semantic Wikis Systems Google Personalised, Altavista, Google Semantic Search DumbFind CiteSeer, Project Google Scholar, Book Social Semantic Digital Gutenberg Search Libraries Semantic Forums and Message Boards Community Portals Community Portals Buddy Lists, Address Online Social Networks Semantic Social Networks Books Semantic Social Information - - Spaces

Slide 16: Evolution of Libraries Social Semantic Digital Library Involves the community into sharing knowledge Semantic Digital Library Accessible by machines, not only with machines Digital Library Online, easy searching with a full-text index Library Organized collection

Slide 17: Existing Semantic Digital Library Systems • SIMILE – extends and laverages DSpace, seeking to enhance interoperability among digital assets, schemata, metadata, and services • JeromeDL – a social semantic digital library makes use of Semantic Web and Social Networking technologies to enhance both interoperability and usability • BRICKS – aims at establishing the organizational and technological foundations for a digital library network in order to share knowledge and resources in the cultural heritage domain. • FEDORA – delivers flexible service-oriented architecture to managing and delivering content in the form of digital objects

Slide 18: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 18

Slide 19: JeromeDL - Introduction • Joint effort of DERI, National University of Ireland, Galway and Gdansk University of Technology (GUT) • Distributed under BSD Open Source license • Digital library build on semantic web technologies to answer requirements from: librarians, scientists and everyone.

Slide 20: JeromeDL – Motivations Use Cases • Librarians: – support for rich metadata (MARC21) in uploading resources, accessing bibliographic information and searching – persistent identifiers • Scientists: – easy publishing (designed as a institute/university digital library) – creating hierarchical networks of digital libraries – support for accessing, sharing and searching using bibliography metadata (BibTeX) • Everyone: – simple search (incl. natural language queries) – community-aware information sharing and browsing, – support for interationalization

Slide 21: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 21

Slide 22: JeromeDL – Architecture • Resources and annotations repository • Middleware: – query processing – community space – resources management • User interface agents: • Communication to the outside world • Administrative interface

Slide 23: Structure ontology in JeromeDL 23

Slide 24: Bibliographic (MarcOnt) Ontology in JeromeDL 24

Slide 25: Community-aware (FOAFRealm) ontology 25

Slide 26: Ontologies in JeromeDL

Slide 27: Metadata and Services in JeromeDL 27

Slide 28: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 28

Slide 29: MarcOnt Initiative – Overview Motivation: • Provide set of tools for collaborative ontology development MarcOnt Initiative goals: • Create a framework for collaborative ontology improvement (E-learning) • Provide domain experts with tools to share their knowledge • Offer tools for data mediation between different data formats

Slide 30: MarcOnt Portal and MarcOnt Ontology MarcOnt Ontology: Initial Ontology  Central point of MarcOnt Initiative  Sugested Poposals Translation and mediation format  Continuos collaborative ontology Versioning Proposal discussion improvement Proposal anotations  Knowledge from the domain experts Proposal autopromoting Proposal voting MarcOnt Portal (source of Next Revision knowledge): MarcOnt Portal • Suggestions • Annotations • Versioning • Ontology editor

Slide 31: MarcOnt Mediation Services for Legacy Metadata Format translation Format co-operation MarcOnt Ontology MarcOnt RDF MARC21 RDF Dublin Core RDF New format RDF MARC21 XML Dublin Core XML New format XML MARC21 Dublin Core New format MarcOnt Mediation Services RDF Translator 31

Slide 32: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 32

Slide 33: Social Services in JeromeDL • Involve users into sharing knowledge – Blogs – comments and discussions about documents and resources – Tagging – collaborative classification – Wikis – collaboratively edited additional descriptions, such as summaries and interesting facts • Preserve knowledge for future use – Users can learn from experience of others instantly – Recommend new, interesting resources based on users’ profiles 33

Slide 34: Identity management with FOAFRealm • Identity defined with extended FOAF metadata • Policies expressed by social networking – Distance between owner and requester – Friendship level between owner and requester, calculated across digraph of social network • Support for single registration and sign on • Distributed identity management with HyperCuP (“D-FOAF”) • FOAFRealm is currently implemented as a plugin for Tomcat (Realm/Valve implementation), with PHP and .NET versions coming soon 34

Slide 35: What is Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering? • Goal: to enhance individual bookmarks with shared knowledge within a community • Users annotate catalogues of bookmarks with semantic information taken from DMoz or WordNet vocabularies • Catalogs can include (transclusion) friend's catalogues • Access to catalogues can be restricted with social networking-based polices • SSCF delivers: – Community-oriented, semantically-rich taxonomies – Information about a user's interest – Flows of expertise from the domain expert – Recommendations based on users previous actions – Support for SIOC metadata 35

Slide 36: Example of Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering foaf:knows xfoaf:include xfoaf:bookmark 36

Slide 37: Social Networks in Digital Libraries Resourc marcont:hasCreator e creator_A xfoaf:isIn xfoaf:Director xfoaf:Annotation foaf:knows y xfoaf:linksTo xfoaf:owns foaf:knows foaf:knows user_C user_D creator_B

Slide 38: Support for online communities in SSCF 38

Slide 39: Support for online communities in SSCF 39

Slide 40: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 40

Slide 41: JeromeDL – Delivering Semantic Content • Providing semantic annotations during uploading process: – open module for handling any taxonomies – keywords based on WordNet and free tagging – defining structure of resources in the JeromeDL ontology • Lifting legacy metadata to MarcOnt ontology • Community maintained annotations – social semantic collaborative filtering – semantic descriptions based on the FOAF metadata

Slide 42: Annotating Library Resources 42

Slide 43: JeromeDL – Semantic Information In Use • Searching: – Keyword-based search with semantic query expansion – Semantic search: • Direct RDF quering • Natural language templates • Browsing – Exibit – MultiBeeBrowse • Sharing: – Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering – Semantically Interlinked Online Communities • Heterogeneous communication: – Bibster, A9, OAI-PMH

Slide 44: Exposing Semantic Annotations 44

Slide 45: Filtering Resources in JeromeDL 45

Slide 46: Sharing Knowledge with SSCF 46

Slide 47: Information Retrieval in JeromeDL local distributed interface interface (typed) collaborative OpenSearch RDF & NL keywords filtering RSS Query types translation semantic query expansion RDF Repositories Secure Snapshot FOAFRealm Resources’ Structure MarcOnt Content Repository Repository Repository Fulltext Index

Slide 48: Networks of Digital Libraries • ELP (Extensible Library Protocol) implementation – communication within JeromeDL network – adapters for communication with other networks • D-FOAF integration (distributed user profile management) – single sign on and single registration within D-FOAF network • HyperCuP integration (scalable P2P network) 0 • Independent ELP network entry point: 2 2 1 1 0 http://search.jeromedl.org/ 0 1 1 2 2 0 0

Slide 49: JeromeDL in Action 49

Slide 50: Presentation outline • Motivation • Building Social Semantic Digital Library – Semantic Digital Libraries – Towards Online Communities for Digital Libraries • JeromeDL and other Corrib components – Motivation and Overview – Architecture and Ontologies – Semantic Services – Social Services – Semantics in Use • JeromeDL in Action • e-Learning 2.0 • Conclusions 50

Slide 51: Web 1.0 e-Learning Creation Consumption 51

Slide 52: Web 2.0 e-Learning Creation Communities Consumption 52

Slide 53: Semantic Web e-Learning Creation Semantic sources Consumption 53

Slide 54: Semantic Web 2.0 e-Learning Semantic sources Creation Contribution Communities Consumption 54

Slide 55: Didaskon project • Deliver a framework for assemblying an on-demand curriculum from existing Learning Objects (LOs) provided by e-Learning services • Connection between formal and informal learning: – Repository of couses prepared by specialists (formal LOs) – Transform data collected from SSIS into LOs (informal knowledge) – IKHarvester – Used ontologies link user needs and the characteristics of the learning material 55

Slide 56: Didaskon project • LOs described with LOM ontology, composed into a learning path for a specific student • User profile (knowledge level in different domains and goals/expectations from the course) described with FOAF ontology – preconditions • Didaskon: – returns learning material customized for specific user’s needs – allows more scalable helper features for students supervision • Produced curriculum: – reflects user requirements – introduces new interdisciplinary, extensible and robust meaning of e- Learning 56

Slide 57: E-Learning Solution based on Social Sem. DL • One of potential sources of future e-Learning systems • On the verge between formal (libraries) and informal (communities) learning sources • Semantic interoperability with Learning Management Systems • Improve knowledge creation, delivery and sharing 57

Slide 58: E-Learning Solution based on Social Sem. DL 58

Slide 59: Evaluation of e-Learning Solution based on SSDL • Comparison between process based on JeromeDL and a set of other services • Some tasks take shorter to execute with JeromeDL • Some tasks are automated within JeromeDL • Roughly twice less time spend with JeromeDL 59

Slide 60: E-Learning Project at DERI Galway 60

Slide 61: Between e-Learning and DL - Museum Scenario • Museums have physical objects • Should bind digital annotations with physical objects • Real-virtual tours – Start with real, guided tour – Ubiquitous browse through context information – Locate other exhibitions in the vicinity – Share your knowledge and experience with others, leave bread- crumbs for others – Get the most of the exhibition during your visit 61

Slide 62: Conclusions • New generation of Internet services can bring digital libraries: – Closer to each other (interoperability) – Closer to the users (online communities) • Social and semantic services delivered in digital libraries can enhance user experience in: – E-Learning – Real world (!) museums – ... and other online and real services • JeromeDL is one of the first digital library that aims to implement these services • Growing number of JeromeDL instances world-wide: http://wiki.jeromedl.org/Instances 62

Slide 63: JeromeDL answers various expectations as the Digital Library on Social Semantic Information Spaces http://www.jeromedl.org/ http://wiki.jeromedl.org/ Sebastian Ryszard Kruk DERI, NUI Galway, Ireland sebastian.kruk@deri.org 63