THE DIGITAL MEDIA
LANDSCAPE
Scott Kehoe, Technology Consultant
Northeast Mass. Regional Library System (NMRLS)
scott@nmrls.org / 978-762-4433 x16
IM: AIM-bibliotechy / MSN-bibliotekky /Yahoo!-biblioteky
del.icio.us/bibliotechy/digitalmedia
www.nmrls.org/ce/digitalmedia.htm
www.slideshare.net/skaasz
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Been to the “record store” lately?
Where’s the music?
2

Who sells the most music in the U.S.?
Apple Inc. ~ iTunes ~ online!
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iPods
• Apple has sold over 150 MILLION iPods in since 2001, 26 million iPhones since 2007
• Chrysler has sold 12 million mini-vans in 25 years ... since 1982
• Apple sells at least 10 million iPods every three months (Ars Technica, 4/23/08)
• iPods hold nearly 80% of U.S. market-share (Digital Music News June 23, 2006, NPD Group)
• Variable pricing (April 2009) - 69cents to $1.29 based on popularity, ALL songs DRM-free in ACC format
• Apple iTunes #1 music retailer in U.S. (Ars Technica 4/2/08)
• iTunes has sold: [SEE - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store]
-- 8.5 Billion songs since 2003
-- 200 million TV episodes since 2005
-- 2 Billion Apps since 2008
4

Who’s got Game?
Pew Internet & American Life Surveys
Data Memo, December 2008
• 53% of all American adults play video games
• 81% of 18-29 year olds play video games
• 21% adult gamers play everyday
• 36% of age 65+ gamers play everyday
• 76% teens play online games
• 66% of parents with children under 18 play games
• 2% of gamers overall / 11% teens visit virtual worlds (e.g. Second Life)
• 9% of gamers overall / 21% teens play MMOGs
(Massive Multiplayer Online Games: World of Warcraft, Lord of the Rings, Star Wars)
• Gamer Profile:
55% male
56% urbanites
57% college educated
62% annual income $50,000+
no significant ethnic differences among game players
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TRENDS
NOTHING IS STATIC ~ CONSTANT CHANGE
Choices for consumers many, pricey, confusing, incompatible
Choices for libraries few, no sure bets, confusing, incompatible
Mobile devices iPhone, Blackberry Storm, Palm Pre, Nintendo DSi, Sony Reader
WiFi cell phones, smart phones, iPod Touch, Nintendo DSi, Kindle, Sony reader
E-Book readers Sony & OverDrive, K-12 market
cheaper devices iPhone 8GB: June 2007 = $600, June 2009 = $99
APPS as content delivery system
software smart phones/touch screen hand-held devices
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What’s an App?
• Apps = programs that perform one task or
related tasks on a portable device / smart phone.
• App Examples = calendar, address book, stocks, weather,
Google Maps, Facebook, Texas Hold’Em ...
• Mobile devices using Apps:
iPhone
Google phones
Blackberry
Palm Treo & Pre
iPod Touch
Zune
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An App in Action
Accessing the New York Times
1: Press NYTimes icon 2: Choose your section 3: Font size, email, save
8

Your TV & DVR in your pocket?
watch & record with i.TV app ... kinda ...
Pick a show.
View clips, previews,
reviews.
Wikipedia, photos.
Pick a show.
Record on TiVo
Add to Netflix.
Email a reminder.
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Watch LIVE TV on the go!?
CBS apps - tv.com / March Madness / MLB
First LIVE sports app.
CBS Sports March Madness On Demand
•Every NCAA tournament game
Pick a show.
•WiFi only
View in segments.
•App costs $5
Not all current shows.
The Future
- very convenient, ease of use?
- locked down by big media & cell carriers?
10

Future
(and current)
Library
Users
7
e 200
NPD
G roup
study
- Insig
h ts , Jun
U.S. kids begin using ...
• computers by 5 1/2
• video game consoles by 6
• digital cameras by 8
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UNDERGRADS &
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, Oct., 2008 - Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology
http://www.educause.edu/ECAR/TheECARStudyofUndergraduateStu/163283
- annual survey of over 27,000 freshmen & seniors at 98 institutions
98% own a computer (2007 survey)
82% own a laptop (%53 in 2005)
77% downloading music & movies on a weekly basis
93% use library website weekly
66% own internet capable PDA/smartphones
85% use social network sites DAILY, 32% in 2006 (MySpace, Facebook)
students expect email, internet access, wireless to be available everywhere,
all the time
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State of Technology in Public Libraries
ALA Research Series, Sept. 2007
http://www.ala.org/ala/ors/publiclibraryfundingtechnologyaccessstudy/0607report.htm
❖ Technology has brought more library use
❖ Library infrastructure is being pushed to capacity
❖ There is growing need for technology planning
❖ 73% of libraries are only source of free public access to computers and internet
❖ 86% of libraries offer magazine/newspaper databases
❖ 58% of libraries offer digital/virtual reference
❖ 38% of libraries offer audio content (audiobooks, podcasts)
❖ 38% of libraries offer e-books
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Publishing = Big Media
Who owns who?
Bertelsmann (Germany) > Ballantine, Bantam, Del Ray, Dell, Doubleday,
Fawcett, Knopf, Pantheon, Random House
CBS Corp > Simon & Schuster, Pocket Books, The Free Press, Scribner
Disney > Hyperion, Marvel Comics
Hachette Book Group (France) > Little, Brown
News Corp > Harper Collins
Pearson PLC (U.K.) > Addison-Wesley, Dorling Kindersley, Grosset & Dunlap,
Penguin, Prentice Hall, Viking
Riverdeep (Ireland) > Houghton-Mifflin, Reed Elsevier
Scholastic > Grolier
Time-Warner > DC Comics
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Who’s suing who?
the RIAA vs. everybody ...
Recording Industry Association of America has filed 18,000+ suits since 2007
[SEE: http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/07/has-the-riaa-sued-18000-people-or-35000.ars]
--11,000 cases agree to out of court settlements of $3,000 - $5,000 per song
First case to go to a jury, Oct. 2007 - June 2009 (Capital Records v. Jammie Thomas)
[SEE: http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/06/whats-next-for-jammie-thomas-rasset.ars]
--Defendant a single mother of four from Minnesota
--Jury awards RIAA $220,000 for copyright infringement on 24 songs ($9,250 per song)
--Case appealed, original Judge orders re-trial, Fall 2008
--Case re-tried, June 2009
--Jury awards RIAA $1.92 million ($80,000 per song)
Second case to go to a jury, July 2009 (RIAA v. Tenenbaum)
[SEE: http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/07/o-tenenbaum-riaa-wins-675000-or-22500-per-song.ars]
--Defendant a graduate student in physics at Boston University
--Case tried by jury in Boston!
--Jury awards the RIAA $675,000 ($22,500 per song) for “willfully infringing 30 songs by downloading and
distributing them over the KaZaA peer-to-peer network.”
--Defendant plans to appeal (and declare bankruptcy)
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Who’s suing who?
Old Media vs. New Media
Prince vs You Tube (Google) & eBay
Viacom vs. You Tube (Google)
--Viacom = Paramount, Dreamworks, MTV, BET, Comedy Central
Warner Music Group vs. You Tube (Google)
--WMG = Warner Bros., Asylum, Atlantic, Nonesuch, Reprise, Rhino, Sire
Apple (iTunes) & the Music & Publishing & Video Gaming industries
... intermittent squabbling ...
Record Books vs OCLC NetLibrary and OCLC vs. Recorded Books
-settled 2007, out of court, details not disclosed
http://www.oclc.org/news/releases/200685.htm
Who’s next???
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DRM
DRM = Digital Rights Management
DRM is software built into the individual digital
media files
knows where it is allowed to play & where it isn’t!
The audio formats used by iTunes, Napster, Yahoo!, &
OverDrive use these built-in DRM components in their
digital files.
DRM can be broken and circumvented
DRM is why you can’t use an iPod with NetLibrary or
OverDrive audiobooks
DRM may go away ... LOL!
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How some people get their digital downloads ...
• Bit-torrent software
is legal.
• downloading from
Pirate Bay & other
bit-torrent media
sites is ILLEGAL
under current U.S.
Copyright law.
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What makes this all possible?
Mundane things …
Standardization: USB 2.0 ports / WiFi (IEEE 802.11)
Cheap & fast internet connections (free wireless at your library!)
Bandwidth (“pipe”) becoming widely available, slowly but surely
everyone will have Broadband / DSL / FIOS at home …
Cheap electricity & abundant outlets
Someday long lasting batteries … that don’t catch on fire …
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technical considerations - 1
Bandwidth
impact on your net work of allowing patrons to download media files in the library
1 song = 3+ MB per song
275pp audiobook w/ multiple actors/sound effects= 100 MB
40 minutes of medium quality video – 200 MB
WiFi? Hotspot? Got a public wireless net work?
If you do, then students, faculty, staff, and librarians(!) are already downloading music,
audiobook and video files for themselves!
Whereto save downloads?
Will you allow patrons to save media files to your hard drive?
Burn files to CD / DVD?
Load files from your public terminals to their iPod / MP3 player?
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technical considerations - 2
The right equipment
The right cables to hook up an iPod or MP3 player
USB 2.0 / FireWire ports for fast transfer of data and connection to patron’s flash drives or
MP3 Players.
Note that some devices will not work with older computers with USB1.0 ports (5+ years old).
Loaning equipment to patrons?
iPod / MP3 players
headphones
cassette adapters / FM transmitters (for car stereos)
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technical considerations - 3
Staff training
If you offer a digital audio service, even as a remote service, your users are going to ask
about this, so make sure your staff knows the answers (Why won’t this work on my iPod?)
Copyright education
an opportunity for instruction
Licenses & Contracts
legal consul to review contracts, do you own the digital material or are you leasing it? Do
you care?
The future of the library’s materials budget may be about accessing material, not purchasing
it.
On the other hand, weeding won’t be so much a worry in libraries as the 21st century
progresses.
22

AAC / iTunes format
Advanced Audio Coding - audio format almost exclusively
used by Apple. Created by a consortium of AT&T, Dolby,
Fraunhofer IIS, and Sony.
found at iTunes / used on iPods, Motorola cell phones,
Windows & Mac computers
23

WMA / Microsoft formats*
Windows Media Audio - audio format developed by Microsoft
found at dozens of legal audio sites: Napster, Real, MTV, Yahoo!,
OverDrive, NetLibrary, etc....
used on hundreds of portable audio players, cell phones, PDAs,
and Windows computers
*Please Note ... The Microsoft Zune uses a different
non-compatible licensed WMA format that is only compatible with the
Zune player & Zune store.
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open-source audio formats
OGG (Ogg Vorbis or Vorbis)
compressed format
found at very few commercial download sites, used on very few players
FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
loss-less compressed format
found at Internet Archive Live Music Archive
library/museum digital archive projects
25

Digital Audiobooks in Libraries
Remote access model
Vendors
OverDrive & OCLC NetLibrary Recorded Books
Patron does not need to physically come to the library
Patron does need a library card to authenticate through a website
Patron needs high-speed internet access (modem access is possible, but frustratingly slow)
Patron must download & install the FREE OverDrive Player and/or Windows Media Player
Patron can listen to audiobooks on their computer or download to an MP3 player
Some titles can be burned to CD (OverDrive, Blackstone Audio)
Both vendors use a DRM WMA audio format, unplayable on iPods ...
26

Digital Audiobooks in Libraries
Library facilitated model
Vendors
Audible.com, iPod Shuffle projects, Playaway
only Playaway has active library vendor relationship
Audible.com allows patron to bring in own audio player
-select models of iPods or MP3 players
Popular content, current bestsellers & exclusives
iTunes, first to offer digital audio of Harry Potter series
Library staff copies file to an iPod or MP3 player (library or patron owned)
Patron must come to Library to retrieve their audiobook selections and / or device
Playaway = no downloading, patron checks out pre-loaded device
Recorded Books content
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iPod shuffle projects
Wilbraham Public Library (MA)
http://www.wilbrahamlibrary.org/adults/medianook
5 “old model” shuffles, patron emails request, picks up preloaded, laminated cards
with barcode of device and audio books loaned
contact: Adult Services Librarian: Karen Demers (kdemers@cwmars.org)
South Huntington Library (Long Island, NY):
http://www.shpl.info/catalog_ipods.asp?format=Book
-click on Catalog for Music on iPod ~ Books on iPod ~ Movies on iPod
-An audio report is available at National Public Radio’s
Talk of the Nation, March 3, 2005 (http://www.npr.org/).
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loaning equipment to patrons
Devices
iPod shuffles
MP3 players
usually not earbuds / headphones (for sanitary reasons …)
For car stereos (commuters)
cassette adapters
FM transmitters
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Consumer options for
Digital Audiobooks
Apple iTunes - audiobook store
audible.com - iPods & MP3 players
Playaway - Barnes & Noble, Borders
Project Gutenberg - FREE DOWNLOADS!
Human-read: www.gutenberg.org/browse/categories/1
Computer-generated: www.gutenberg.org/browse/categories/2
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Digital Music in Libraries
Public Library Example
South Huntington Library (Long Island, NY) is offering iTunes music on their iPod Shuffles.
-Music on iPod: http://www.shpl.info/catalog_ipods.asp?format=Music
Library Vendor Example
OverDrive – three catalogs: Alligator Records; Nettwerk; and Naxos of America.
-Boston Public Library’s OverDrive Music Collection (http://overdrive.bpl.org)
Campus-wide Online Media “Stores”
Apple iTunes U (http://www.apple.com/education/itunesu/)
-Fairfield Univ. example, if you have iTunes installed: http://www.fairfield.edu/itunesu
Napster http://www.napster.com/napster_on_campus.html - Cornell, Middlebury, Rochester
Real Rhapsody www.real.com - Adelphi University, UC-Berkeley, Minnesota
Ruckus Network http://www.ruckusnetwork.com/aboutus.php - Babson College, Northeastern Univ., Syracuse
Yahoo! Music http://music.yahoo.com/ - Stanford University
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Online Consumer Music Sources
FREE, LEGAL MP3s
Multi-Band/Multi-Genre Sites
✦ CNET Free MP3 Music http://music.download.com/
✦ Internet Archive’s Live Music Archive http://www.archive.org/details/etree
✦ Apple iTunes - load iTunes software(www.apple.com/itunes), click on “Free Downloads” section
Music podcasts
✦ Coverville, covers of famous songs by not-yet-famous artists - http://www.coverville.com/
✦ Accident Hash, new indie rock music - http://www.accidenthash.com/
LEGAL DRM-Free MP3s for a price ... work on any iPod or MP3 player
✦ amazon.com - http://www.amazon.com (click on MP3 Downloads)
- prices range as low as 79¢
- can be loaded directly into iTunes for iPod users
✦ Napster - http://home.napster.com
- not all songs in MP3 format, must sort after search
✦ Real Rhapsody - http://mp3.rhapsody.com
- downloads purchases as a ZIP file (must be un-zipped to reveal MP3 files)
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Consumer digital music
Current delivery model
• Purchase individual tracks, but albums and even “liner notes” can also be purchased.
• Tracks are generally 99¢ apiece.
• To buy & download music, most music sites require downloading and installing their
FREE proprietary software (iTunes, Napster)
• Sites require users register with personal information, email,
and a CREDIT CARD. Most sites allow users to create a deposit account.
• The software (iTunes, Napster) links to specific user accounts on INDIVIDUAL
computers and iPod / MP3 players (iTunes allows 5 computers).
• The music is licensed to INDIVIDUAL user accounts and INDIVIDUAL computers/MP3
players using
• If a your hard-drive CRASHES and / or their player is lost, so is their music! After you
buy and download a track, it is your RESPONSIBILITY to BACK IT UP! Some services
remind consumers of this after a purchase.
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Podcasting
Free talk, commentary, music shows, and video(!) available in the MP3 format for
download to your computer or MP3 player/iPod.
Listen whenever it is convenient.
The shows range from those made in someone’s basement (and sound like it) to very high
professional quality from National Public Radio.
You do not need an iPod or MP3 player to listen and download a podcast!
You do need an internet connection, a computer, audio software (Windows Media Player,
iTunes).
And if you want to subscribe to a show, free podcast software (Juice, iTunes).
Juice - http://juicereceiver.sourceforge.net
Apple iTunes - www.apple.com/itunes/download/
34

TV on the Internet
• Hulu - http://www.hulu.com/ - joint TV & Movie venture by NBC, Fox, 20th Century Fox,
Universal Studios, National Geographic, TV Guide, Bravo, Oxygen, SciFi Channel ... to name
a few ... CURRENT FULL-LENGTH TV SHOWS! The Office, The Simpsons, House, The
Family Guy, 30 Rock ... as well as full length movies and extensive back-catalog of TV
classics (Adam-12!), all free, any browser, & just 3 commercials!
• Joost - http://www.joost.com - FREE, download player ... all the cable channels you
wouldn’t subscribe to ... but it’s free!
• AOL Television - http://television.aol.com/in2tv - AOL Time-Warner's internet TV network.
Gilligan's Island and Welcome Back, Kotter.
• ABC TV - http://dynamic.abc.go.com/streaming/landing - offers full-length streaming of
it's most popular shows. No special software needed to watch episodes.
Desperate Housewives; Grey's Anatomy; Lost.
• CBS TV - http://www.cbs.com/innertube/ - offers full-length streaming. Plays via
Windows Media Player or Real Player. CSI franchise; Survivor.
• NBC TV - http://www.nbc.com/Video/ - offers show clips, deleted scenes, and previews
via their 24/7 video player (Windows Media Player plug-in). Site has web-only exclusives
and award-winning “webisodes” for The Office.
35

Let’s Research!
Media sources used by your patrons & your fellow Librarians
iTunes
Internet Archive’s Live Music Archive
http://www.archive.org/
amazon.com MP3 Downloads
Hulu
Joost
YouTube
OverDrive ... more than just audiobooks!
36

The great iPod divide ...
37

Where to get more info
from Scott
• Scott’s gadget, webware, and all-things digital blog: STT
http://www.nmrls.org/ce/stt/
• Scott's del.icio.us techy & gadget bookmarks:
http://del.icio.us/bibliotechy
• Scott’s all-things digital media website:
http://www.nmrls.org/ce/digitalmedia.htm
• These slides online (for sharing) at Slideshare:
http://www.slideshare.net/skaasz
• Scott Kehoe, Technology Consultant, NMRLS
scott@nmrls.org / 978-762-4433 x16
IM: AIM-bibliotechy / MSN-bibliotekky /Yahoo!-biblioteky
Follow NMRLS on Twitter & Facebook
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