Markup Languages - Lecture 03 - Web Information Systems (WE-DINF-11912)

Web Information SystemsMarkup LanguagesProf. Beat SignerDepartment of Computer ScienceVrije Universiteit Brusselhttp://www.beatsigner.com 2 December 2005

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)  HTML is an application of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)  simple human-readable markup language with a number of markup tags that can be manipulated by any text editor  Various markup tags to define the structure and presentation of a HTML document (webpage)  root element (<html>), header (<head>), body (<body>) and title (<title>)  headings (<h1>, ... <h6>) and paragraphs (<p>)  tables (<table>, <tr> and <td>) and lists (<ol>, <ul> and <li>)  images (<img>)  ...October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) ...  HTML documents are transformed into a Document Object Model (DOM) by the browser  tree of elements (and attributes) with textual content  HTML DOM defines objects and properties for HTML elements - document node, element nodes, text nodes, attribute nodes and comment nodes  standard to create, read, update and delete HTML elements  Hyperlinks to connect different HTML documents  anchor tag (<a href="...">)  only embedded hyperlinks are supportedOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 3

HTML Example <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>Vrije Universiteit Brussel</title> </head> <body> <h1>News</h1> <p>Internationalisation was this years theme of the academic opening of the <a href="http://www.vub.ac.be">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>. </p> <p>The Vrije Universiteit Brussel will organise the new International Business Arbitration post-graduate course from the new academic year onwards.<img src="course.jpg" width="120" height="100" alt="Course"> </p> ... </body> </html>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 4

HTML DOM Example document html root node head body title h1 p p … Vrije Univer ... News … document node Internationa ... a href element node attribute node Vrije Uni ... http:// ... text nodeOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 5

History of HTML  HTML 1.0 (1993)  HTML 2.0 (1995)  at that time the Netscape Navigator offered much more functionality than the HTML standard - "browser war" between Netscape and Internet Explorer  HTML 3.2 (1997)  first version that was developed exclusively by the Word Wide Web Consortium (W3C)  introduced tables  introduced a lot of new elements for the visual appearance of a document (that was not the original idea of HTML!) - e.g. <font> element or color attribute - most of these elements are now deprecated and styles should be used insteadOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 6

History of HTML ...  HTML 4.0 (1997) and HTML 4.01 (1999)  internationalisation (Unicode)  introduction of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)  In 1998 the W3C decided to not further evolve HTML!  XHTML 1 (2000) and XHTML 1.1 (2001)  XML version of HTML  XHTML 2.0 (never finished, discontinued in 2009)  revolutionary changes  breaking backwards compatibility  Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) founded in 2004 (led by Ian Hickson)  Web Forms 2.0 and Web Applications 1.0  HTML5October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 7

History of HTML ...  In 2006 the W3C decided to work on HTML again  based on WHATWGs Web Applications specification  HTML5 specification is currently developed simultaneously by the WHATWG and the W3C HTML Working Group  HTML – Living Standard, WHATWG  HTML5 – A Vocabulary and Associated APIs for HTML and XHTML, W3C Working Draft  Roadmap  HTML5 Candidate Recommendation planned for 2012  HTML5 W3C Recommendation predicted for end of 2014 (originally 2022)October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 8

HTML5 ... HTML5 does not belong to a company or a specific browser. It has been forged by a community of people interested in evolving the web and a consortium of technological leaders that includes Google, Microsoft, Apple, Mozilla, Facebook, IBM, HP, Adobe, and many others. The community and consortium continue to collaborate on universal browser standards to push web capabilities even further. The next generation of web apps can run high- performance graphics, work offline, store a large amount of data on the client, perform calculations fast, and take interactivity and collaboration to the next level. ... Why HTML5 Rocks, http://www.html5rocks.com/whyOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 9

HTML5 Design Principles  Compatibility  evolve the language for easier authoring of web applications  Utility  solve real problems (pragmatic approach)  separation of content and presentation (CSS)  Interoperability  interoperable browser behaviour  identical error handling across browsers resulting in the same DOM tree for broken HTML  Universal Access  features should preferably work across different platforms (cross-platform), devices and media  design features should be accessible to users with disabilitiesOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 10

HTML5 Design Principles ...  Simple is better  new doctype: <!DOCTYPE html>  HTML5 APIs  ...  Avoid external plug-ins  plug-ins are often not nicely integrated with HTML documents  plug-ins can be disabled or blocked (e.g. Adobe Flash on iPad)  plug-ins may crash  ...October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 11

HTML5 and Open Web Platform APIs Sergey Mavrody, December 2011October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 12

Current HTML5 Browser Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#cats=HTML5October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 13

JavaScript/ECMAScript  Growing use of JavaScript frameworks and AJAX  JavaScript engine race  in 2006 Adobe donated their just-in-time (JIT) compilation engine and ECMAScript virtual machine to the Mozilla project  healthy competition among browser vendors - bring JavaScript performance closer to that of native desktop application code Black Duck, 2011 http://www.whatbrowser.orgOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 14

Browser PerformanceOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 15

Web Browsers (1990–2012) Internet Explorer Trident Engine WorldWideWeb Mozilla Gecko Engine Firefox Chrome WebKit Engine Safari Opera Presto Engine Opera Mini http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_web_browserOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 16

HTML Markup  Some elements have been addedW3C Working Draft  structural elements such as <article>, <section>, <header>, <footer> or <nav>  media elements including <video>, <audio> or <embed>  a <canvas> drawing element  Other elements have been removed  <big>, <font>, <strike>, <u>, <center>, ...  New form functionality (originally Web Forms 2.0)  form elements such as <datalist> or <output>  input types such as date, color, range, ...  native functionality for client-side validation (no scripting) October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 17

Forms ExampleOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 18

Video  <video> element can be used to play videosW3C Working Draft in HTML pages  element has methods, properties and events  no external plug-in (e.g. Adobe Flash) is required  e.g. an HTML5 YouTube version (working without Flash) is available at http://www.youtube.com/html5  No single video format is supported by all browsers  MP4, WebM and Ogg <video width="640" height="480" controls="controls"> <source src="bullhead.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> <source src="bullhead.webm" type="video/webm" /> The video tag is not supported by your browser! </video> October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 19

Video ...  Current limitationsW3C Working Draft  no adaptive streaming  no copy protection  limited access to web cams and microphones but this is going to change in the near future (via the getusermedia API)  HTML5 Video vs. Adobe Flash ... Our future work with Flash on mobile devices will be focused on enabling Flash developers to package native apps with Adobe AIR for all the major app stores. We will no longer continue to develop Flash Player in the browser to work with new mobile device configurations (chipset, browser, OS version, etc.) following the upcoming release of Flash Player 11.1 for Android and BlackBerry PlayBook. ... Adobe Systems Incorporated, November 9, 2011 October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 20

Video Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=videoOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 21

WebM Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=webmOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 22

MP4 Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=mpeg4October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 23

Ogg Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=ogvOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 24

Canvas 2D  <canvas> tag can be used in combination withW3C Working Draft JavaScript to draw on a webpage (raster graphics)  define a canvas with an id and use it from within the JavaScript code  draw lines, shapes (with optional gradient filling) etc. or add text <canvas id="drawingArea" width="200" height="200"> The canvas tag is not supported by your browser! </canvas> <script type="text/javascript"> var canvas = document.getElementById("drawingArea"); var context = canvas.getContext("2d"); context.fillStyle = "#0000FF"; context.fillRect(50,50,100,50); context.moveTo(0,0); context.lineTo(200,200); </script> October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 25

HTML5 Canvas and JavaScript Demo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnexWE5Rbx4October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 26

Canvas 2D Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=canvasOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 27

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)  Vector graphics alternative to Canvas 2DW3C Candidate Recommendation  resolution independent  define graphics in XML format (embeddable in HTML)  good support for animations (declarative description)  full control over each element via the SVG DOM API  On the other hand, Canvas 2D offers better performance <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>...</head> <body> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <circle id="myCircle" cx="50" cy="50" r="100" fill="blue" /> </svg> </body> </html> October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 28

SVG Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#cats=SVGOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 29

Web Graphics Library (WebGL)  3D graphics API for JavaScript  getContext("3d") in the future  currently there exist a number of vendor-specific prefixes such as getContext("moz-webgl") for FirefoxOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 30

Video: Google Body Browser (WebGL)October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 31

WebGL Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=webglOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 32

Web Storage  localStorage and sessionStorage JavaScriptW3C Candidate Recommendation objects to store data (key/value) on the client  localStorage has no time limit whereas sessionStorage is deleted when the browser window is closed  replace cookies for large amounts of data - cookies are limited in size (maximal 4 KB) and are sent with each request <script type="text/javascript"> if (localStorage.counter) { localStorage.counter = Number(localStorage.counter) + 1; } else { localStorage.counter = 1; } document.write("Total of " + localStorage.counter + " visits"); </script> October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 33

Web Storage Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#search=web%20storageOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 34

Indexed Database  Low-level indexed storage capabilitiesW3C Working Draft  libraries to be developed based on top of the indexed core  In contrast to the Web Storage API, an object store may have an arbitrary number of indexes  Likely going to become the future structured storage  replacing the Web SQL API  Introduces the concept of transactions and cursors October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 35

Indexed Database Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#search=indexed%20dataOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 36

Drag and Drop  Drag items and drop them anywhere in the browserW3C Working Draft  define draggable elements via the draggable attribute  define elements that can accept drops  exchange information via the dataTransfer object  Items can also be drag and dropped from the browser to external applications October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 37

Drag and Drop Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=dragndropOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 38

Web Workers  When executing JavaScript in an HTML page, theW3C Working Draft page becomes unresponsive until the script is finished  Web Workers can be used to execute JavaScript code in a background process (thread)  to avoid the complexity of multi-threaded programming, Web Workers have independent JavaScript contexts and can only interact with each other via event-driven message passing <script type="text/javascript"> var worker = new Worker("myScript.js"); worker.onmessage = function(event) { alert("The worker sent me this: " + event.data); ... }; worker.postMessage("Hello worker!"); </script> October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 39

Web Workers Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=webworkersOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 40

Offline Web Applications  Application cache is used forW3C Working Group Note  offline browsing where users can use the web application while they are offline  increased performance due to cache hits and reduced server load  Managed via a cache manifest <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" manifest="/myApp.appcache>...</html> CACHE MANIFEST CACHE: index.html default.js FALLBACK: time.js fallback-time.js #version 3 October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 41

Offline Web Applications Support When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#feat=offline-appsOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 42

When Can We Start to Use HTML5?  HTML5 is not yet an official standard – but many HTML5 features are already implemented by browser vendors  line between web apps and native apps gets blurry!  Seamless transition from HTML 4.01 to HTML5  backwards compatibility and fallback solutions  It is time to start using different parts of HTML5! ... In a recent online survey con- ducted by Contemporary Analysis, on behalf of appendTo, a JavaScript and HTML5 consulting company, 84% of developers planned on using HTML5 in projects within the next 6 months. ... When can I use..., http://caniuse.com/#cats=HTML5 Contemporary Analysis, September 2011October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 43

Problems with HTML  Mix of content, structure and presentation  no separation of concerns  structure of content defines the presentation in the browser  "Forgiving" browsers weaken the standard  an HTML document with errors (e.g. missing tags etc.) will still be rendered without any error messages  HTML documents can be checked against the standard - http://validator.w3.org  most existing websites (>99%) contain errors - exercise: can you find a webpage without any errors?  Lack of support for multiple presentationsOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 44

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)  Separation of presentation and content  visualisation of HTML elements defined by styles  enables multiple presentations of the same content  media-specific stylesheets via the media attribute <html> <head> ... <link ref="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="default.css" media="screen, tv" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="alternative.css" media="print, handheld" /> </head> <body> ... </body> </html>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 45

CSS Syntax  The CSS syntax contains three parts  a selector - HTML element  a property and a value - surrounded by curly braces - multiple properties are separated with a semicolon selector {property1:value1;propertyn:valuen}  Example h1 {color:red;font-size:10px} p {color:blue}October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 46

CSS Inclusion  There are three ways how a style sheet can be inserted  inline style  internal style sheet  external style sheet  Inline style  defined via the style attribute of the corresponding HTML element  still mixes content and presentation and should therefore be avoided <h1 style="color:red;font-size:10px">Urgent Tasks</h1>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 47

CSS Inclusion ...  Internal style sheet  used when single document has a unique style  defined in the <head> section <html> <head> ... <style type="text/css"> h1 {color:red;font-size:10px} p {color:blue} ... </style> </head> <body> ... </body> </html>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 48

CSS Inclusion ...  External style sheet (in *.css file)  changes to the overall appearance of an entire website can be managed in a single file - removes a lot of redundancy - saves a lot of time - leads to more consistent websites <html> <head> ... <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="default.css" /> </head> <body> ... </body> </html>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 49

Multiple Style Sheets  Multiple styles will cascade into a single one  properties/values are inherited from more specific style sheets  Overriding priorities (1) default browser style (2) external style sheet (3) internal style sheet (4) inline style (highest priority)  Note that if the link to the external style sheet in the <head> section is placed after the internal style sheet, then the external style sheet will override the internal oneOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 50

What is XML?  Standardised text format for (semi-)structured information  Meta markup language  tool for defining other markup languages - e.g. XHTML, WML, VoiceXML, SVG, Office Open XML (OOXML)  restricted version of SGML  Data surrounded by text markup that describes the data  ordered labeled tree <note date="2010-10-08"> <to>William Van Woensel</to> <from>Beat Signer</from> <content>Let us discuss exercise 3 this afternoon ...</content> </note>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 51

... and What is it Not?  XML is not a programming language  however, it can be used to represent program instructions, configuration files etc.  note that there is an XML application (XSLT) which is Turing complete  XML is not a database  XML is often used to store long-term data but it lacks many database features  many existing databases offer an XML import/export  more recently there exist specific XML databases - e.g. Tamino by Software AGOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 52

XML Example <?xml version="1.0"?> <publications> <publication type="inproceedings"> <title>An Architecture for Open Cross-Media Annotation Services</title> <author> <surname>Signer</surname> <forename>Beat</forename> </author> <author> <surname>Norrie</surname> <forename>Moira</forename> </author> <howpublished>Proceedings of WISE 2009</howpublished> <month>10</month> <year>2009</year> </publication> <publication type="article"> ... </publications>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 53

Evolution of XML  Descendant of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)  SGML is more powerful but (too) complex  HTML is an SGML application  XML was developed as a “SGML-Lite” version  XML 1.0 published in February 1998  Since the initial XML release numerous associated standards have been published  http://www.w3.org/xml/October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 54

Why has XML been so Successful?  Simple  General  Accepted  Many associated standards  Many (freely) available toolsOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 55

XML Specification  Provides a grammar for XML documents in terms of  placement of tags  legal element names  how attributes are attached to elements  ...  General tools  parsers that can parse all XML documents regardless of particular application tags  editors and various programming APIs  Specification available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml/October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 56

XML Tree Document Structure  An XML document tree can contain 7 types of nodes  root node - always exactly one root node  element nodes - element node with optional attribute nodes  attribute nodes - name/value pairs  text nodes - text belonging to an element or attribute  comment nodes  processing instruction nodes - pass information to a specific application via <? ... ?>  namespace nodesOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 57

Well-Formedness and Validity  An XML document is well-formed if it follows the rules of the XML specification  An XML document can be valid according to its Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema  completely self-describing about its structure and content through - the document content - auxiliary files referred to in the document  validity can be checked by a validating XML parser - online validation service available at http://validator.w3.orgOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 58

Differences Between XML and HTML  XML is a tool for specifying markup languages rather than a markup language itself  “special markup languages for special applications”  XML is not a presentation language  defines content rather than presentation  HTML mixes content, structure and presentation  XML was designed to support a number of applications and not just web browsing  XML documents should be well-formed and valid  XML documents are easier to process by a programOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 59

Differences Between XML and HTML ...  Readability is more important than conciseness  e.g. <tablerow> rather than <tr>  Matching of tags is case sensitive  e.g. start tag <Bold> does not match end tag </BOLD>  Markup requires matching start and end tags  e.g. <p> and </p>  exceptions are special non-enclosing tags e.g. <br/> or <image ... />  Whitespaces in texts are significantOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 60

XHTML  XHTML is a reformulation of HTML to make it an XML application  we accept that HTML is here to stay  improve it by using XML  use benefits of XML with minimal effort <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Vrije Universiteit Brussel</title> </head> <body> ... </body> </html>October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 61

Differences Between XHTML and HTML  Documents must be valid  XHTML namespace must be declared in <html> element  <head> and <body> elements cannot be omitted  <title> element must be the first element in the <head>  End tags are required for non-empty clauses  Empty elements must consist of a start-tag and end-tag pair or an empty element (e.g. <br/>)  Element and attribute names must be in lowercase  Attribute values must always be quoted  Attribute names cannot be used without a valueOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 62

Exercise 3  Java Servlet Technology  develop a servlet that processes data which has been entered in an HTML formOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 63

References  HTML – Living Standard, WHATWG  http://www.whatwg.org/html  HTML5 – A Technical Specification for Web Developers  http://developers.whatwg.org  HTML5 – A Vocabulary and Associated APIs for HTML and XHTML, W3C Working Draft  http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/  HTML Design Principles, W3C Working Draft  http://www.w3.org/TR/html-design-principles/  HTML Canvas 2D Context, W3C Working Draft  http://www.w3.org/TR/2dcontext/October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 64

References ...  Web Storage, W3C Candidate Recommendation  http://www.w3.org/TR/webstorage/  Indexed Database API, W3C Working Draft  http://www.w3.org/TR/IndexedDB/  Offline Web Applications, W3C Working Group Note  http://www.w3.org/TR/offline-webapps/  HTML5 Canvas and JavaScript Demo  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnexWE5Rbx4  Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1  http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 65

References ...  Web Workers, W3C Working Draft  http://www.w3.org/TR/workers/  Web Audio API, W3C Working Draft  http://www.w3.org/TR/webaudio/  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2010, W3C Working Group Note  http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS/  HTML Tutorial  http://www.w3schools.com/html/  Andy Harris, Core HTML  http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/core-htmlOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 66

References ...  James Sugrue, HTML5: The Evolution of Web Standards  http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/html5-new- standards-web-interactivity  Mark Pilgrim, HTML5: Up and Running - Dive Into the Future of Web Development, OReilly Media, August 2010, ISBN-13: 978-0596806026  W3C Markup Validation Service  http://validator.w3.org  CSS Tutorial  http://www.w3schools.com/css/October 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 67

References ...  Molly E. Holzschlag, Core CSS (Part I, II & III)  http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/corecss-part1  http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/corecss2  http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/corecss3  Amaya Web Browser  http://www.w3.org/Amaya/  Elliotte Rusty Harold and W. Scott Means, XML in a Nutshell, OReilly Media, September 2004  XML and XML Technology Tutorials  http://www.w3schools.com  Masoud Kalali, Using XML in Java  http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/using-xml-javaOctober 12, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 68

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Markup Languages - Lecture 03 - Web Information Systems (WE-DINF-11912)

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