Introduction - Lecture 01 - Web Information Systems (WE-DINF-11912)

Web Information SystemsIntroductionProf. Beat SignerDepartment of Computer ScienceVrije Universiteit Brusselhttp://www.beatsigner.com 2 December 2005

Course Organisation  Prof. Beat Signer Vrije Universiteit Brussel F.10.721 +32 2 629 12 39 bsigner@vub.ac.be www.beatsigner.com  Reinout Roels Vrije Universiteit Brussel F.10.707 +32 2 629 11 03 Reinout.Roels@vub.ac.beSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2

September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 3

Prerequisites  Note that this is an advanced Masters level course and the official course description lists the following required previous knowledge  basic programming skills  basic knowledge in modelling and querying data (e.g. design and use of databases)  It is not impossible to follow the course without these prerequisites, but in this case you should not complain about the potential additional workload!September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 4

Exercises  The course content is further investigated in the exercise sessions  the topics covered in the exercise sessions will also be helpful for the assignment  Weekly exercise sessions  2 groups (starting on October 3); send an email with your preference to Reinout Roels until Monday October 1  Wednesday 10:00–12:00 in E.1.02 and Friday 15:00–17:00 in E.1.03  assistants: Reinout Roels  Additional content may be covered in exercise sessions  strongly recommended to attend all exercise sessions!  exam covers content of lectures and exercisesSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 5

Lecture Schedule Lecture 1: Introduction E.0.06 2 No Exercises Lecture 2: Web Architectures E.0.06 3 Exercise 1: Bush Paper & Assignment E.1.02/03 Lecture 3: Markup Languages E.0.06 4 Exercise 2: HTTP E.1.02/03 Lecture 4: XML and XML Applications E.0.06 5 Exercise 3: Java Servlet Technology E.1.02/03 Lecture 5: Web Application Frameworks E.0.06 6 Exercise 4: XML/XSLT E.1.02/03 7 Intermediate Project Presentations TBA Lecture 6: Web 2.0 Basics E.0.06 8 Exercise 5: Web Application Frameworks E.1.02/03September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 6

Lecture Schedule … Lecture 7: Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies E.0.06 9 Exercise 6: Web Services E.1.02/03 Lecture 8: Mobile Web Information Systems E.0.06 10 Exercise 7: Mashup Tools E.1.02/03 Lecture 9: Semantic Web E.0.06 11 Exercise 8: Google Maps and Geolocation API E.1.02/03 Lecture 10: Web Search E.0.06 12 Exercise 9: Semantic Web E.1.02/03 Lecture 11: Security, Privacy and Trust E.0.06 13 Exercise 10: Web Search and PageRank E.1.02/03 Lecture 12: Future Trends E.0.06 Exercise 11: Security E.1.02/03 14 Final Project Presentations TBASeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 7

Assignment  Fitness Web Application  general information about different physical exercises - enter, edit, delete or comment on physical exercises - integration of existing web resources - personal monitoring and sharing of progress  map-based interfaces and services - e.g. "where can I do certain exercises" or "show my running tracks on a map"  Assignment handed out in week 3  group project with 3 students per group - send an email with the 3 group members to Reinout Roels by Friday, October 5 (Reinout.Roels@vub.ac.be) - deadlines: final presentation (week of December 17), report ( December 21)  assignment counts 40% for the overall grade - students have some flexibility to distribute the grades (±2 points)September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 8

Exam  Oral exam in English  covers content of lectures and exercises  counts 60% for the overall grade  15 mins questions about the assignment  15 mins questions about the course content (no preparation time)  Overall grade = oral exam (60%) + assignment (40%)  Course information (lecture slides, exercises, additional content, agenda, …) is available on PointCarré  http://pointcarre.vub.ac.be  make sure you are subscribed to the course (WE-DINF-11912)  Similar information is also available on the WISE website  http://wise.vub.ac.be/content/web-information-systemsSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 9

Course Outline 1. Introduction  history of the Web 2. Web Architectures  HTTP protocol  client-side and server-side processing  multi-tier architectures 3. Markup Languages  HTML and CSS  HTML5 and the Open Web Platform 4. XML and XML Applications  XML, XPointer, XPath, XSLT, XQuery and XLink  XML-RPCSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 10

Course Outline … 5. Web Application Frameworks  Model-View-Controller (MVC)  Apache Struts 2, Adobe Flex, Ruby on Rails, OpenLaszlo, … 6. Web 2.0 Basics  Web 2.0 basic terminology  Web 2.0 applications 7. Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies  Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs)  mashups  Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)  collaborative taggingSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 11

Course Outline … 8. Mobile Web Information Systems  Peer-to-Peer (P2P)  context and proximity 9. Semantic Web  RDF, RDFs, OWL, SPARQL, …  Linked Data  semantic web applications 10.Web Search and Retrieval  search engine architecture  Google PageRank  search engine optimisation (SEO)September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 12

Course Outline … 11.Security, Privacy and Trust  HTTP Authentication  public key cryptography  web logging and user profiling 12.Future Trends and Summary  Internet of Things  cloud computing  cross-media information systems  Comments about the examSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 13

Reading Wheel (Bookwheel)  Described by Agostino Ramelli in 1588  Keep several books open to read from them at the same time  comparable to modern tabbed browsing  The reading wheel has never really been built  Could be seen as a predecessor of hypertextSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 14

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)  Library classification system  developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876  Hierarchical classification  10 main classes with 10 divisions each and 10 sections per division  total of 1000 sections  After the three numbers, decimals can be used for further subclassificationSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 15

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ...  Documents can appear in more than one class  however, there is normally only one physical copy  Different alternatives  Library of Congress (LC) classification  Universal Decimal Classifi- cation (UDC) by Paul Otlet and Henri La FontaineSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 16

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ... 000-099 Computer Science, Information and General Works 000 Computer Science, Knowledge and Systems 000 Computer Science, Knowledge and General Works ... 005 Computer Programming, Programs and Data ... 009 [Unassigned] 010 Bibliographies ... 100-199 Philosophy and Psychology 200-299 Religion 300-399 Social Sciences 340 Law 341 International Law 400-499 Language 500-599 Science 600-699 Technology 700-799 Arts 800-899 Literature 900-999 History, Geography and BiographySeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 17

"As We May Think" (1945) When data of any sort are placed in storage, they are filed alphabetically or numerically, and information is found (when it is) by tracing it down from subclass to subclass. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which Vannevar Bush path will locate it, and the rules are cumbers- ome. Having found one item, moreover, one has to emerge from the system and re-enter on a new path. The human mind does not work that way. It operates by association. ...September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 18

"As We May Think" (1945) … ... It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying Vannevar Bush two items together is the important thing. ... Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, Atlanic Monthly, July 1945September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 19

"As We May Think" (1945) …  Bushs article As We May Think (1945) is often seen as the “origin" of hypertext  The article introduces the Memex  memory extender Memex  store and access information  follow cross-references in the form of associative trails between pieces of information (microfilms)  prototypical hypertext machine  trail blazers are those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trailsSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 20

Scientist of the Future ...September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 21

Video: MemexSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 22

Hypertext (1965)  Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext  Nelson started Project Xanadu in 1960  first hypertext project  non-sequential writing  referencing/embedding parts of a document in another document (transclusion)  transpointing windows Ted Nelson  bidirectional (bivisible) links  version and rights management  XanaduSpace 1.0 was released as part of Project Xanadu in 2007September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 23

Digital Documents as a Paper Simulator? Most people dont understand the logic of the concept: "What You See Is What You Get" is based on printing the document out ("get" means "get WHEN YOU PRINT IT OUT"). And that means a metaphysical shift: a document can only consist of what can be printed! This re-froze the computer document into a closed rectangular object which Ted Nelson cannot be penetrated by outside markings (curtailing what you could do with paper). No marginal notes, no sticky notes, no crossouts, no insertions, no overlays, no highlighting - PAPER UNDER GLASS. Ted Nelson, Geeks Bearing Gifts: How the Computer World Got This Way, Mindful Press 2009September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 24

Transpointing Windows Mockup (1972) [http://www.xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/PARALUNE/paraviz.html]September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 25

XanaduSpace 1.0 [http://xanadu.com/XanaduSpace/btf.htm]September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 26

Video: Ted Nelson Explains XanaduSpaceSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 27

Hypertext Editing System, HES (1967)  Early hypertext system  developed at Brown University (1967) by Andries van Dam and his team  Ted Nelson was a visitor at Brown University a that time  Limitations  unidirectional links  non-overlapping links  only embedded links  File Retrieval and Editing System, FRESS (1968)  follow-up project taking ideas from HES and NLS  first system introducing undo functionality  bidirectional linksSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 28

The Mother of All Demos (1968)  Douglas Engelbart and his colleagues at the Stanford Research Institute developed the oNLine System (NLS) as part of the Augment Project  vision about the future of interactive computing  NLS was demonstrated at the Fall Douglas Engelbart Joint Computer Conference in 1968  showed first practical use of hypertext  computer mouse  remote collaboration (connected computers)  raster-scan video monitors  screen windows  ...September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 29

NLS DemoSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 30

Aspen Moviemap (1978)  Early hypermedia system  developed at MIT by Andrew Lippman and his team  hypermedia = extension of hypertext with other media types (e.g. images, sounds)  Virtual tour of Aspen  pictures taken every 10 feet while driving through the city  additional linked media (e.g. images and sounds)  Similar concept now used in Google Street ViewSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 31

HyperCard (1987)  One of the early widespread hypermedia systems  Released by Apple Computer Inc. (as part of System Software 6)  developed by Bill Atkinson  Information is stored in a series of cards that are arranged into stacks  Links can be defined between different cards  HyperCards may contain text, pictures, audio and video  HyperTalk programming language is used to execute commands and jump to other cardsSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 32

ARPANET (1969)  Advanced Research Projects Agency Network  created by DARPA (US Department of Defense)  first operational packet switching network  first ARPANET link esta- ARPANET Team blished in November 1969  ARPANET applications  Email (1971), Ray Tomlinson  FTP (1973)September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 33

ARPANET Map (March 1977)September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 34

Worldwide Number of Hostnames 620132319 hostnames in September 2012, source: http://news.netcraft.comSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 35

TCP (1974)  Transmission control protocol  replacement of Network Control Protocol (NCP)  A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection  by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn  Reliable and ordered Vint Cerf Bob Kahn transmission of byte stream between two endpoints  Migration of ARPANET to TCP/IP in 1982September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 36

TCP/IP (1978)  4 abstraction layers  each layer offers functionality to the above layer  separation of concerns  Application layer  HTTP, FTP, POP, ...  Transport layer  TCP, UDP, ...  Internet layer  addressing hosts and packet routing  IP, ...  Link layerSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 37

TCP/IP Layers Application Application Transport Transport Internet Internet Internet Internet Link Link Link Link Ethernet Satellite, Ethernet ...September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 38

OSI Reference Model (1984)  Open Systems Intercon- Application 7 nection Reference Model 6  released by ISO in 1984 Presentation  dataflow between two 5 computers over network Session  7 layer model 4 - 3 network layers (1-3) Transport - 4 host layers (4-7) 3  aims to simplify network Network interconnection 2 - standardised interfaces Data Link - modular and interchangeable networking components 1 PhysicalSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 39

OSI Reference Model (1984) ...  Application layer  enable access to network resources  HTTP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet, ...  Presentation layer  translation, compression and encryption  Session layer  establish, synchronise and terminate sessions between systems  Transport layer  reliable endpoint-to-endpoint message delivery  TCP, UDP, ...September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 40

OSI Reference Model (1984) ...  Network layer  move packets from a source to a destination  IP, ...  Data link layer  divide stream of bits into frames (includes error correction)  PPP, ...  Physical layer  transfer bits over a physical medium (e.g. electrical specifications)  repeaters, hubs, ...September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 41

World Wide Web (WWW)  Networked hypertext system (over ARPANET) to share information at CERN  first draft in March 1989  The Information Mine, Information Mesh, …?  Components by end of 1990 Tim Berners-Lee Robert Cailliau  HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)  HyperText Markup Language (HTML)  HTTP server software  Web browser called WorldWideWeb  First public "release" in August 1991September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 42

WordWideWeb Browser (1993)September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 43

WWW and Hypertext  WWW is mainly a network-enabled version of the HES hypertext model  unidirectional links between heterogeneous resources  is it more than just a digital version of paper documents with links?  What about all the richer functionality researched by the hypertext community?  bidirectional links  transclusion and external (non-embedded) links  version management  …  Is there something wrong with the WWW?September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 44

Mobile Web  HTML markup language is no longer sufficient  WML, VoiceXML, cHTML, …  New forms of connectivity and information exchange  P2P networks  New requirements and functionality  location-based services  Access the Web from anywhere at anytimeSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 45

Web 2.0  User becomes an author and shares information  tagging  Wikis  social networking  mashups  ...  Not a new technology!  Why did some of these things not happen earlier?  limitations of the original World Wide Web?September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 46

Semantic Web (Web 3.0)  Add explicit semantics User interface and applications to web resources Trust  Machine-interpretable Proof Web Unifying Logic  Use of ontologies Ontologies: Rules: Cryptography Querying: OWL RIF/SWRL  Potential reasoning over SPARQL Taxonomies: RDFS Web resources Data interchange: RDF Syntax: XML and XML Namespaces Identifiers: URI/IRI Character set: UNICODE Based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semantic-web-stack.png]September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 47

Internet of Things  Mark Weiser coined the term Ubiquitous Computing while working at Xerox PARC  M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 1999  Related terms are Disappearing Computing, Pervasive Computing or Internet of Things Mark Weiser  Physical objects with emedded computing functionality that actively or passively participate in the Web  mobile phones, RFID-tagged objects, smart pens, …  Do we have to extend the current web infrastructure?September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 48

Cross-Media Information Spaces  Information moves from digital to physical space and vice versa  e.g. paper-digital integration  Multimodal interaction  How should information be stored and accessed?  use of web technologies?  is the desktop metaphor still EdFest project appropriate?  …September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 49

Exercise 1  Read the paper As We May Think by Vannevar Bush and try to answer the questions formulated on the exercise sheet  Discuss your answers and the Bush paper with your teaching assistant and classmates during the exercise sessionSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 50

References  Web Technologies: A Computer Science Perspective, Jeffrey C. Jackson, Prentice Hall, August 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0131856035  Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, Atlanic Monthly, July 1945  http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush/  http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/Secondary.html  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees  Videos of the NLS demo  http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.htmlSeptember 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 51

References …  Ted Nelson demonstrates Xanadu Space  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=En_2T7KH6RA  Aspen Moviemap  http://www.naimark.net/projects/aspen.html  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w18MyqszIYc  Networking Technologies (TCP/IP, …)  Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall 2002, ISBN-13: 978-0130661029  Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century, ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, July 1999September 26, 2012 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 52

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Introduction - Lecture 01 - Web Information Systems (WE-DINF-11912)

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