Current and Future Trends in Web Search - Seminar on Web Search

Seminar on Web SearchCurrent and Future Trends in Web SearchProf. Beat SignerDepartment of Computer ScienceVrije Universiteit Brusselhttp://www.beatsigner.com 2 December 2005

The Future of the Web  From a Web of documents (e.g. HTML pages) to a Web of structured data and services  semantic web and linked data  cloud computing  enabling technologies - URI, XML, XHTML, RDF and OWL  The Internet as one global machine  interoperability of services  automatic reasoning  The mobile web  access information and services offered by the global machine from everywhere at any time, feed the machine with new data and teach the machine new relationships between dataSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2

The Future of the Web ...  Internet of Things  integration of physical objects with the global machine  physical world gets reflected in digital space via sensor input data - RFID, GPS, temperature, ...  information and services managed by the global machine get projected into the physical space via augmented reality  Personal data that is nowadays stored in folders on personal computers might move to the global machine  User interfaces for the global machine  personalised filtering and recommendation of related information based on user profiling and AI technologies  cross-media browsersSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 3

The Future of the Web ...  How will documents look like in the future?  graph of linked data  documents as structural view of the linked data  How are the presented ideas related to the approaches introduced earlier?  e.g. Bushs Memex or Nelsons Xanadu  Do we need new publishing models for the creation of linked data to be managed by the machine?  Finally, it is not only about connecting our data, services and machines but we are the machineSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 4

The Future of the Internet internet of things security and privacy web of data mobile web self-organisation social computing cloud computing one global machineSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 5

The Semantic Web  Meaning of data on the Web can not only be infered by people but also discovered by machines without (or with less) human intervention  Web of data instead of web of documents  the Web as a huge decentralised database (knowledge base)  machine-accessible data  data may be interconnected similar to todays webpages  combination of data from different sources to derive new facts  machine-readable metadata for existing web content  machines (agents) may use logical reasoning to infer facts that are not explicitly recorded  Crucial component of Web 3.0September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 6

Resource Description Framework (RDF)  The Resource Description Framework (RDF) has been designed to describe  data and metadata about specific subjects  structure of data sets  relationships between bits of data  An RDF statement (triple) consists of three parts  subject  predicate (property)  object (value) {person-1, name, "Niklaus Wirth"} subject predicate objectSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 7

Friend of a Friend (FOAF)  Personal information and connections to friends in RDF  http://www.foaf-project.org <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> <foaf:Person> <foaf:name>Beat Signer</foaf:name> <foaf:title>Prof.</foaf:title> <foaf:givenname>Beat</foaf:givenname> <foaf:family_name>Signer</foaf:family_name> <foaf:nick>Beat</foaf:nick> <foaf:mbox_sha1sum>ce6d419869307d57839feef6445a9d64f784eb36</foaf:mbox_sha1sum> ... <foaf:knows> <foaf:Person> <foaf:name>Moira C. Norrie</foaf:name> <foaf:mbox_sha1sum>4cb61b36a6feaa48c78acbb51fcce7cb356afdd6</foaf:mbox_sha1sum> <rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource="http://www.globis.ethz.ch/people/norrie.rdf"> </foaf:Person> </foaf:knows> ... </foaf:Person> </rdf:RDF>September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 8

Friend of a Friend (FOAF) ...  First social Semantic Web application  Miller and Brickley, 2000  Describe a social network without a central database  links can be followed by spiders (data mining)  no unique identifier [http://rdfweb.org/images/foaf/foafnaut-screenshot-path.jpg] - identification by description (pedicates and objects)  "six degrees of separation" or "small world phenomenon"  FOAFNaut browserSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 9

Semantic Wikis  Use Semantic Web technologies to provide machine-processable Wiki content  page content  link metadata  Ontology reasoning  Existing semantic Wikis  DBPedia  Semantic MediaWiki  KiWi  ...September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 10

Linked Data [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Lod-datasets_2009-07-14_colored.png]  Web of data instead of Web of documents  Semantic Web  linked data as part of the Semantic Web - based on URI, HTTP and RDF  various applications and search engines already make use of structured data on the WebSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 11

Microformats  Add semantics to (X)HTML pages  Makes use of specific (X)HTML tag attributes  class and rel attributes - e.g. rel="nofollow" for search engines  Specific microformats  hCard: contact information  hCalendar: event information  hProduct: product information  Alternative solutions  semantic web (RDFa)  ...September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 12

hCard Microformat Example <head profile="http://www.w3.org/2006/03/hcard"> ... </head> ... <div class="vcard"> <div class="fn">Lode Hoste</div> <div class="org">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</div> <div class="tel">32 2629 3306</div> <a class="url" href="http://wise.vub.ac.be/members/lode/"> http://wise.vub.ac.be/members/lode/</a> </div>  Some search engines start to pay attention to different types of microformats (e.g. hProduct)September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 13

RDF in Attributes (RDFa)  Add a set of attribute extensions to XHTML for embedding RDF metadata  Different vocabularies  FOAF, video, audio, commerce, …  Search engines (e.g. Yahoo and Google) process certain RDFa metadata (e.g. product information) <p xmlns:dc=http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ about="http://www.amazon.com/..."> and the will to live. <span property="dc:creator">Simpson</span> dedicates the book <cite property="dc:title">Touching the Void</cite> to the... The book was published in <span property="dc:date" content="1989-12-01">December 1989</span>. </p>September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 14

GoodRelations  Lightweight ontology for expressing product information in e-commerce web applications  Product features  offers  prices  units  ...  Adopted by various companies  Yahoo  BestBuy  ...  Leads to enhanced product search functionalitySeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 15

Wolfram Alpha  Semantic search engine  Searches and computes answers based on curated set of structured data  Complements traditional search enginesSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 16

Location-Based Search  Use contextual information about a persons or objects position as part of a query  Different possibilities to get a clients position  (manually entered by user)  Global Positioning System (GPS)  Wi-Fi signal strength  cell phone tower triangulation,  RFID tags  ...  Potential applications include  navigation services, tracking services (e.g. parcels), location-based advertising, recommender systems (e.g. nearby restaurants), augmented reality search, ...September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 17

Geotagging of Digital Resources  Add geographical metadata (latitude, longitude) to different types of media  websites - e.g. special Geo microformat  photographs  videos  RSS feeds  ...  Metadata can be added manually or automatically  e.g. recent digital cameras automatically geotag new picturesSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 18

Location-Based Search  Location-based queries for nearby services and route finding  e.g. Google maps  map-based data fusion  Location-aware querying can be combined with social networking  e.g. foursquare  check-in at specific places and get tips from colleagues  what about privacy?September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 19

Augmented Reality Search  The WIKITUDE World browser presents information about nearby physical landmarks as well as content added by other users  Real-time augmentation of mobile phone camera view  WIKITUDE.me authoring tool to add points of interest  WIKITUDE API for augmented reality applications  Available for different types of mobile phones  Android, iPhone, ...September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 20

Audio-Based Search  Audio search engines use acoustic fingerprints of recorded audio samples  use mobile phone micro- phone to record a few seconds of a song  send query to server  e.g. SoundHound or Shazam  Query by Humming (QbH)  find similar songs based on a hummed melody  e.g. musipediaSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 21

Internet of Things  In the future we will see more and more network- or Internet-enabled physical objects  Physical objects get linked to digital information and services offered in the cloud  How many objects will there be?  estimates of 100000 billion and more objects  Is a simple tagging via RFID tags or barcodes enough?  e.g. Barcode Hero or RedLaser  what if only a part of an object should be linked to data?  Is the simple mapping to a web presence (URI) enough?September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 22

Paper-Based Search  Interactive festival guide for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe  Multimodal interface  digital pen input  voice (input) and output  Augmented paper with digital query functionality  "button"-based queries  map-based queries  advanced query interface via paper bookmarkSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 23

EdFest DocumentsSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 24

Image-Based Search  Reverse image search engines to find different versions of an image  e.g. TinEye  Image-based querying of textual information  e.g. Google Goggles  Image retrieval with face recognition  e.g. Flickr  what about privacy if used on a global scale?September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 25

Personalisation  To deal with the sheer amount of data, we can apply semantic filtering and recommedation on the web of data  The filtering and recommendation can be based on  personal profiling - monitoring a users interaction with the global machine  social profiling - investigate a users social network  item classication - find similar items based on intrinsic properties as well as collaborative annotationsSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 26

Social Search  Web search that makes use of the Social Graph for result ranking  e.g. Google Social Search  comments and input from friends  note the similarity to PageRank  Queries can also be outsourced to colleagues via Twitter, Facebook etc.September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 27

Social Bookmarking  Social bookmarking services  store bookmarks and access them from different browsers  share and discover bookmarks  e.g. delicious  Non-hierarchical classi- fication based on tags  Social bookmarking services provide additional metadata that can be used to improve search engine ranking algorithmsSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 28

The Google Effect  A recent study by Sparrow et al. shows that people less likely remember things that they believe to be accessible online  Internet as a transactive memory  Does our memory work differently in the age of Google?  What implications will the future of the Internet and new search have?September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 29

Conclusions  Rapidly changing environment with innovative non- textual query interfaces  semantic web, mobile applications, Internet of Things, ...  market for many specialised search engines  Technology brings new challenges for search engines  e.g. increase in hidden data via Rich Internet applications (RIAs)  Growing amount of semantic data  reasoning over linked data  Integration of results from different query engines  e.g. Open Search and other initiatives  One global machine ...September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 30

References  The Friend of a Friend Project  http://www.foaf-project.org  DBpedia  http://dbpedia.org  Linked Data  http://linkeddata.org  GoodRelations  http://www.heppnetz.de/projects/goodrelations/  Foursquare  https://foursquare.comSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 31

References ...  Wolfram Alpha  http://www.wolframalpha.com  Wikitude  http://www.wikitude.com  SoundHound  http://www.soundhound.com  Musipedia  http://www.musipedia.org  TineEye  http://www.tineye.comSeptember 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 32

References ...  Delicious  http://www.delicious.com  B. Signer, Fundamental Concepts for Interactive Paper and Cross-Media Information Spaces, ISBN 978-3-8370-2713-6, May 2008  B. Sparrow, J. Liu and D.M. Wegner, Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips, Science, July 2011September 12, 2011 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 33

Current and Future Trends in Web Search - Seminar on Web Search

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