4. population, in millions
Average annual
increases in world
Growth Rate ↓
The number of people added to the world population yearly appears
likely to follow downward trend.
5. Distribution of world population
In 2002*
Continent
Percentage
North America
2%
Latin and South America
9%
Europe
4%
Africa
27%
Asia
58%
*Projected by the World Bank
} 85
%
6. Plant
Animal
{
{
Contributions of Various Food Groups
to the World Food Supply
Food Group
Calories (%)
Protein (%)
Cereals
49
43
Roots, tubers, pulses
10
10
Nuts, oils, vegetable fats
8
84% 4
Sugar and sugar products
9
2
Vegetables and fruits
8
7
Meat
7
15
Eggs
1
2
16% 5
Fish
1
Milk
5
11
Other
2
1
Sourced: Adapted from several FAO world food surveys
} }
} }
66%
34%
11. Background Summary
•
•
•
•
•
Increasing world population
Increasing demand for animal products
Decreasing availability of farmland
Changing demographics of farms and farmers
Political pressures
12. Nutrients in Manure
•Nitrogen (N)
•Phosphorus (P)
•Potassium (K)
Major nutrients found in manure that are needed for both plant
and animal growth
20. Animal Waste Management
Dilemma
Increasing animal concentrations
Decreasing land base
Encroaching suburbia
New waste management techniques are needed, these new
techniques may require more management and expense
22. Review of Historical Soil
Conservation Experiment Data
Erosion is still the number one
source of nonpoint source
pollution in the United States.
• Manure reduced total runoff by 1% to 68%.
• Manure reduced soil erosion by 13% to 77%.
(((Risse and Gilley, 2000)
26. Prevention: Planning
for the “Impossible”
North Carolina swine farm flooded after Hurricanes
Dennis and Floyd, September 1999
(7,040-head swine feeder-to-finish farm)
29. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Spreading and disposal
• Manure Storage
• Manage storm-water
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.
30. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing
manure spreading and disposal.
– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some
locations or bedding types.
31.
32. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure
spreading and disposal.
– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some locations
or bedding types.
– Where and how often should manure be spread?
33. Where to Spread Manure?
Geological Investigation
• Streams
• Lakes
• Aquifers/water tables
Slope
• Apply manure to sites with the
gentlest slopes possible
• Avoid slopes >10%
Neighbors
• Odors
• Nuisances
• Common Courtesy
Seek Technical Assistance
37. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure
spreading and disposal.
– Off-farm disposal is a good option for some locations
or bedding types.
– Where and how often should manure be spread?
– Nutrient management plans.
42. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure
spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free
from storm-water runoff.
43. Where to Store Manure?
Geological Investigation
• Streams
• Lakes
• Aquifers/water tables
Slope
• Apply manure to sites with the
gentlest slopes possible
• Avoid slopes >10%
Neighbors
• Odors
• Nuisances
• Common Courtesy
44. Facility Siting
• Consider topography and flood patterns when developing new
facilities/pasture.
– Not near streams
– Not in flood-prone areas
– Not on steep hillsides
– Flat, impermeable,
deep watertable
– Keep covered if possible
45.
46. Solid Manure Storage
• Covered facilities
• Tarp may provide cover
with less cost and more
labor
• Stack or stockpile in a welldrained area for later
hauling
• Regulations may require
runoff control
47.
48.
49.
50. Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons
• Commonly used when some
treatment needed for
handling or reduced odors
• Contain a permanent
treatment volume for
bacteria
• Earthen structures larger
than slurry facilities
51. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure
spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free
from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of
water bodies and eliminate runoff.
52.
53. Stormwater Runoff Management
• Divert all clean water away from “manure areas.”
• Maintain roof gutters to flow away from buildings
• Add drains, ditches, berms where needed
• Divert polluted waters into vegetative buffer
areas.
• Any “manure storage” areas should be separated
from “clean water” areas with vegetative buffer
strips.
54. Vegetative Buffer Strips
• Inexpensive to install
• Removes some solids
from liquids
• Maintenance is not easy
• Needs to be long and flat
• Channel flow reduces
effectiveness
55.
56. Horse Farm Manure Management
• Each farm should have a plan for managing manure
spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location free
from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure contamination of
water bodies and eliminate runoff.
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
59. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing
manure spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location
free from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure
contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
60. Soil Erosion
Erosion is still the number one
source of nonpoint source
pollution in the United States.
61. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Each farm should have a plan for managing
manure spreading and disposal.
• Store manure in a dry, level, impermeable location
free from storm-water runoff.
• Manage storm-water to prevent manure
contamination of water bodies and eliminate runoff.
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.
64. Get Along With Neighbors
• Reduce
Odors
Traffic
Noise
Flies
• Increase
Communications
65. Manure Management to
Improve Water Quality
• Spreading and disposal
• Manure Storage
• Manage storm-water
• Control animal access to streams and waterways.
• Control farm erosion.
• Neighbors, feed, odors, emergency management.
69. Composting
• Natural aerobic process for stabilizing
organic matter, production of a more
homogeneous, drier end product
• Well composted manure has humus
smell, 25-50% volume reduction, and
destruction of pathogens and weed
seeds due to heat of composting.
• May have marketability
(mushroom compost, organic
compost ??)
77. Vermicomposting
• Earthworms and microorganisms
convert organic materials into nutrient
rich humus called vermicompost.
• Worms separated from the castings
or compost have high value as animal
and aquaculture feed.
• Techniques range from boxed and
outdoor windrows to automatic
systems.
79. Anaerobic Digestion
About Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas recovery systems are sometimes known as anaerobic digesters,
because they use a process called anaerobic digestion. During anaerobic
digestion, bacteria break down manure in an oxygen-free environment.
One of the natural products of anaerobic digestion is biogas, which typically
contains between 60 to 70 percent methane, 30 to 40 percent carbon
dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases.
When biogas is captured, it can be used to generate heat, hot water, or
electricity - significantly reducing the cost of electricity and other farm fuels
such as natural gas, propane, and fuel oil. Biogas is a renewable source of
energy with much lower environmental impacts than conventional fossil
fuel.
http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/manage.pdf
Editor's Notes
Nutrient management is a process of managing manure and other nutrients on a livestock farm in order to prevent losses and minimize any damage to the environment. Simply put nutrient mangement seeks to preserve and utilize nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium found in manure by using the manure on available cropland. When manure is spread on cropland plants will use these nutrients for plant growth. Keeping the system in balance is the goal while maximizing plant growth. Excessive application of manure may result in loss of nutrients by surface runoff or leaching through the soil.
Although chronic problems of odor and other airborne emissions are common from the animal production site, the more acute emissions usually occur during the spreading or application of manure on the land.
Nearly half of the odor complaints reported in a study in England were traced back to the spreading of manure during a one-year time period.
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics
1. Slides 12-14 focus on environmental stewardship principles.
2.Manure, if managed correctly, will produce many positive environmental benefits including:
reduced N leaching potential because organic-N in manure is released slowly more closely timed to crop N requirements.
increase in soil carbon levels produce more productive soils, better soil structure for resisting erosion and reducing runoff, and fewer greenhouse gases.
replacement of commercial nitrogen (production of which requires substantial natural gas) and phosphorus (limited resource) fertilizers.
Discussion Question:
References
LPES Lesson 1: pages 9-10
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics
1.Manures contribution to improved soil structure results in improved water infiltration and greater water-holding capacity, benefiting crop water stress, soil erosion.
2.An extensive review of the literature and historical soil conservation experiment station data (Risse and Gilley, 2000) at selected locations around the U.S. suggested that manure produced substantial reductions in soil erosion (13%-77%) and runoff (1%-68%).
3. Increased manure application rate produced greater reductions in soil erosion and runoff.
4.A residual benefit of past manure application was noted during years when manure was not applied.
Discussion Question:
References
LPES Lesson 1: pages 9-10
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics
1.Manure contains most elements required for plant growth including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients.
2.It is manure’s unique combination of these nutrients with organic carbon that provides its value to crop production and the environment.
3.Soil organic matter is considered nature’s signature of a productive soil. Manure’s organic carbon provides the energy source for an active, healthy soil microbial environment critical to both stabilizing nutrient sources and making those nutrients available to crops.
Discussion Question:
References
LPES Lesson 1: pages 9-10
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics:
Discussion Question:
What provisions need to be taken ahead of time to prevent animal losses or manure discharges?
References:
LPES Lesson 50: pages 7 and 8
LPES Lesson 51, Mortality Management
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics:
Discussion Question:
What provisions need to be taken ahead of time to prevent the severe loss of animal?
References:
LPES Lesson 50: page 8
LPES Lesson 51, Mortality Management
Presenter note:
The various nutrient paths vary in importance as land characteristics change. Engage the audience by asking what conditions are most (or least) important in your local area.
This farm collects horse manure from several local farms and composts it. The manure is turned regularly with a large skid-steer loader. It is disposed of locally. Composting can be an excellent means of managing horse manure. It will stabilize the product, reduce the weight and volume, and is often in demand commercially as soil amendment or fertilizer.
All farms should have a nutrient management plan that includes a plan for spreading manure on owned acreage.
The green is highly erodible ground located near a stream. Areas like this should be avoided for manure spreading. Producers should consider regularly soil testing fields where manure is applied. Fields high in phosphorous that are near open waters, or are erodible should not receive manure.
Key Discussion Topics
Eliminate the source.
Contain the spill.
Assess the extent of the spill, and note obvious damage.
Contact appropriate agencies.
Clean up the spill and make repairs.
Prepare and submit summary report.
2. Many states require an emergency action plan. Contact your state water quality agency or your local Cooperative Extension Service for more information.
PRESENTER NOTES
Discussion Topic(s):
Roofing a solid manure storage facility may eliminate the need to collect and manage runoff. Also, rainfall does not add moisture to the manure, which keeps the manure more solid and less “soupy.” Handling solids in inclement weather may be easier with a roofed facility. Tarp covers for manure stockpiles such as poultry litter can be effective and less expensive, but require more labor.
PRESENTER NOTES
Lesson Objectives/Outcomes:
1. To understand the concepts used in sizing manure storage facilities.
2. To understand the meaning and function of the various volume fractions in manure storage facilities.
Identify important levels in manure storage facilities.
To understand the nutrient loss and retention characteristics of different types of manure storage facilities.
Recommended Participant Resources: Livestock and Poultry Curriculum Text Lesson 21
Natural Resources Conservation Service Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook
MidWest Plan Service-18, Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook
Suggested Lesson Prerequisites:
We recommend that participants have equivalent knowledge of or first attend a workshop on the following topics:
PRESENTER NOTES
Discussion Topic(s):
Lagoons are used when some treatment of manure is needed to improve handling characteristics, or to reduce odor. The permanent treatment volume provides an environment for bacterial growth and manure degradation. Because of the added treatment volume, lagoons are larger earthen structures than are slurry storage facilities.
A poorly maintained exercise lot that results in animal waste running directly off the lot onto surrounding fields, waterways, etc. A storm will result in further erosion of this channel.
Vegetative filter located near animal lots. Waste that runs off of lots will be filtered in this grassy area. These filters can reduce the flow of nutrients, pathogens, etc. but should be maintained regularly.
Animal access to streams can not always be prevented. Grazing animals need water. However, access should be controlled through the use of fences, properly designed stream crossings, and designated watering areas.
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics
1.Manures contribution to improved soil structure results in improved water infiltration and greater water-holding capacity, benefiting crop water stress, soil erosion.
2.An extensive review of the literature and historical soil conservation experiment station data (Risse and Gilley, 2000) at selected locations around the U.S. suggested that manure produced substantial reductions in soil erosion (13%-77%) and runoff (1%-68%).
3. Increased manure application rate produced greater reductions in soil erosion and runoff.
4.A residual benefit of past manure application was noted during years when manure was not applied.
Discussion Question:
References
LPES Lesson 1: pages 9-10
Although chronic problems of odor and other airborne emissions are common from the animal production site, the more acute emissions usually occur during the spreading or application of manure on the land.
Nearly half of the odor complaints reported in a study in England were traced back to the spreading of manure during a one-year time period.
Odor is one of the major sources of conflict between dairy producers and the general public. There is no low cost, complete and easy way to control odors from manure.
In a state wide survey of dairy farmers in NY State 61%, 42% and 24% of large, (>300 animal units) medium (<300 but > 100 animal units) and small farms (<100 animal units) respectively, received complaints about their operations in the past five years. 42% of these complaints were about odors, with roadway spills being the next highest compliant at 26%.
Farms need to improve their image and increase communications with their neighbors.
See:
Cultivating Farm, Neighbor, and Community Relations, Creative Approaches For Reducing Farm - Related Land-Use Conflict, Farming Alternatives Program, Department of Rural Sociology, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853, 607-255-9252 Duncan Hilchey, and Nathan Leonard.
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics
1. Many types of chemicals contribute to odor nuisance. The volatile fatty acids may be the single biggest contributor to odors. Efforts to predict odor from ammonia and hydrogen sulfide have had very little success.
2. Additional information of odor-causing compounds and their measurement can be found in Lesson 40.
Discussion Question:
References
LPES Lesson 1: pages 17-19 and Lesson 40
PRESENTER NOTES
Key Discussion Topics
1. Odors have long been known as a community nuisance. Although most state local governments do not regulate odors, an odor nuisance often leads to broader scrutiny of the environmental stewardship of an animal feeding operation.
2.Recent research suggests that neighbors have strong emotional reactions to animal-related odors. These reactions can impact psychological health. Research suggest significantly greater anger, confusion, tension, depression, and fatigue to populations living near intensive swine operations. Individuals exposed to swine odors also have more total mood disturbances than a control population.
3. Physiological responses to odorous compounds is less well understood. Some compounds associated with odor (hydrogen sulfide and ammonia) are toxic in high concentrations. However, it is rare that neighbors of animal operations are exposed to toxic levels. Long-term, low-level exposure to compounds may illicit nausea, vomiting and headache, and respiratory problems.
Discussion Question:
References
LPES Lesson 1: pages 17-19 and Lesson 40
Nutrient management is a process of managing manure and other nutrients on a livestock farm in order to prevent losses and minimize any damage to the environment. Simply put nutrient mangement seeks to preserve and utilize nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium found in manure by using the manure on available cropland. When manure is spread on cropland plants will use these nutrients for plant growth. Keeping the system in balance is the goal while maximizing plant growth. Excessive application of manure may result in loss of nutrients by surface runoff or leaching through the soil.
It is essentially the same process as natural decomposition except that it is enhanced and accelerated by mixing organic waste with other ingredients in a manner that optimizes microbial growth.
