The nitrogen cycle involves the transformation of nitrogen between its various chemical forms and exchanges between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals. Nitrogen enters the soil through decomposition of organic matter by microbes in a process called ammonification. Further microbial oxidation converts ammonium to nitrite and nitrate, which are taken up by plant roots. Animals get nitrogen from eating plants or other animals. Microbes in soil and water can also convert nitrates back to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere through a process called denitrification. Human activities like combustion engines, fertilizer production, and intensive agriculture have significantly increased the global nitrogen cycle.