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Project of Science


 Cell Structure and
 Function
The Discovery of the Cell


      • Robert Hooke – first to see
        and identify cork “cells.”
The Cell Theory


            •  Cell Theory:
            2. All living things are
               composed of cells.
Schleiden   3. Cells are the basic units of     Schwann
               structure and function in
               living things.
            4. New cells are produced from
               existing cells.
                                              Virchow
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes


       • Nucleus – large membrane-
         enclosed structure that
         contains the cell’s genetic
         information.
       • Prokaryotes – cells that do
         not contain nuclei. (Bacteria)
       • Eukaryotes – cells that
         contain nuclei. (All other
         organisms)
Eukaryotic Cell Structure


      • Organelles – structures in a
        cell that act like “little organs.”
      • Cytoplasm – the jelly-like
        fluid where the organelles
        “float.”
Inside the Nucleus


      • Nuclear Envelope – membrane
        that surrounds the nucleus.
      • Chromatin – consists of DNA
        wrapped around proteins. “Ball of
        string”
      • Chromosomes – condensed
        string-like structure that forms from
        DNA just before the cell divides.
      • Nucleolus – structure within the
        nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Inside the Nucleus


         Nucleolus
      Chromatin

Nuclear Envelope
Ribosomes


    • Ribosomes – made of RNA
      and protein. Make Proteins!
Ribosomes


            Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


   • Endoplasmic reticulum –
     internal membrane system of
     the cell.
     – Lipids, proteins, and other
       products are made here.
     – Rough ER – has ribosomes
     – Smooth ER – no ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

                       Rough ER




                                  Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus


      • Golgi Apparatus – modifies,
        sorts, and packages proteins.
Golgi Apparatus




Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes


     • Lysosomes – small
       organelles filled with enzymes.
       – Digest molecules to be used by
         the cell.
Vacuoles


     • Vacuoles – store materials.
Vacuoles


      Vacuoles
Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria – organelle that
      converts chemical energy
      stored in food into compounds
      that are more convenient for
      the cell to use.
      – “Powerhouse of the Cell!”
Mitochondria




               Mitochondria
Chloroplasts


      • Chloroplasts – organelles
        that capture energy from
        sunlight and convert it into
        chemical energy.
        (Photosynthesis)
         – Found only in plants.
Chloroplasts




   Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton


      • Cytoskeleton – helps cell to
        maintain shape, move, and
        move organelles.
      • Centrioles – help organize
        cell division. Not found in
        plants.
Cytoskeleton
Cell Boundaries


      • Cell membrane – thin, flexible
        membrane that surrounds the
        cell.
      • Cell walls – rigid layer around
        the membrane found only in
        bacteria, fungi and plants.
Cell Membrane


     • Controls what
       enters/leaves cell,
       provides
       support/protection.
     • Lipid Bilayer – double-
       layered sheet of
       phospholipids.


             Two layers!
Diffusion and Osmosis


              • Diffusion – movement of
                particles from an area of high
                to low concentration.
              • Osmosis – the diffusion of
                water through a selectively
                permeable membrane.
                – Water will move into/out of a cell
                  to equalize concentrations.
Facilitated Diffusion and Active
Transport


       • Facilitated diffusion – when
         the plasma membrane “helps”
         particles pass through protein
         channels.
          – No energy used.
       • Active transport – when the
         plasma membrane uses
         energy to move particles
         against a concentration
         gradient.
          – Uses Transport Proteins
Facilitated Diffusion and Active
Transport
Organization in Multicellular
   Organisms


Cells
        Tissues
                  Organs
                           Organ System
                                          Organism
Thank
you!
                 Submitted to :-
Prepared By:-
                 mrS. deShalini
Devansh Sharma

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cells

  • 1. Project of Science Cell Structure and Function
  • 2. The Discovery of the Cell • Robert Hooke – first to see and identify cork “cells.”
  • 3. The Cell Theory • Cell Theory: 2. All living things are composed of cells. Schleiden 3. Cells are the basic units of Schwann structure and function in living things. 4. New cells are produced from existing cells. Virchow
  • 4. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Nucleus – large membrane- enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic information. • Prokaryotes – cells that do not contain nuclei. (Bacteria) • Eukaryotes – cells that contain nuclei. (All other organisms)
  • 5. Eukaryotic Cell Structure • Organelles – structures in a cell that act like “little organs.” • Cytoplasm – the jelly-like fluid where the organelles “float.”
  • 6. Inside the Nucleus • Nuclear Envelope – membrane that surrounds the nucleus. • Chromatin – consists of DNA wrapped around proteins. “Ball of string” • Chromosomes – condensed string-like structure that forms from DNA just before the cell divides. • Nucleolus – structure within the nucleus that makes ribosomes.
  • 7. Inside the Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear Envelope
  • 8. Ribosomes • Ribosomes – made of RNA and protein. Make Proteins!
  • 9. Ribosomes Ribosome
  • 10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Endoplasmic reticulum – internal membrane system of the cell. – Lipids, proteins, and other products are made here. – Rough ER – has ribosomes – Smooth ER – no ribosomes
  • 11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER
  • 12. Golgi Apparatus • Golgi Apparatus – modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  • 14. Lysosomes • Lysosomes – small organelles filled with enzymes. – Digest molecules to be used by the cell.
  • 15. Vacuoles • Vacuoles – store materials.
  • 16. Vacuoles Vacuoles
  • 17. Mitochondria • Mitochondria – organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. – “Powerhouse of the Cell!”
  • 18. Mitochondria Mitochondria
  • 19. Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts – organelles that capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. (Photosynthesis) – Found only in plants.
  • 20. Chloroplasts Chloroplast
  • 21. Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton – helps cell to maintain shape, move, and move organelles. • Centrioles – help organize cell division. Not found in plants.
  • 23. Cell Boundaries • Cell membrane – thin, flexible membrane that surrounds the cell. • Cell walls – rigid layer around the membrane found only in bacteria, fungi and plants.
  • 24. Cell Membrane • Controls what enters/leaves cell, provides support/protection. • Lipid Bilayer – double- layered sheet of phospholipids. Two layers!
  • 25. Diffusion and Osmosis • Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration. • Osmosis – the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. – Water will move into/out of a cell to equalize concentrations.
  • 26. Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport • Facilitated diffusion – when the plasma membrane “helps” particles pass through protein channels. – No energy used. • Active transport – when the plasma membrane uses energy to move particles against a concentration gradient. – Uses Transport Proteins
  • 27. Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport
  • 28. Organization in Multicellular Organisms Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism
  • 29. Thank you! Submitted to :- Prepared By:- mrS. deShalini Devansh Sharma