人月神话

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    人月神话 - Presentation Transcript

    1. THE MYTHICAL MAN-MONTH ÈË Ô Éñ »° FREDERICK P. BROOKS, JR. ·-Òë £º Adams Wang
    2. ¹ØÓÚ×÷Õß Frederick P. Brooks£¬ Jr.ÊDZ¿¨ÂÞ À´ÄÉóѧ Kenan-Flagler ÉÌѧԺµÄ¼ÆËã»ú¿ ½Ì ÊÚ£¬±¿¨À´ÂÞÄÉóѧλÓùúÖݵ²é¼¶ûÏ¡ Brooks ±»ÈÏΪÊÇ¡° IBM 360 ϵͳ֮¸¡± £¬ Ëûµ£ÈÎÁ 360 ϵͳÄ-Àí£¬ÒÔ¼° 360 ²Ù×÷ϵͳ ÏîÄ¿Éè¼Æ½×¶Îµ¾-Àí¡£ ÔÚÉÏÊöîÄ¿µ½Ü³¹±×£¬Ëû¡¢ Bob Evans ºÍ Erich Bloch ÔÚ 1985 ÄêÈÙ»ñÁË ÃÀ¹ú¼ÒÊõ½± £¨ National Medal of Techology£© ¡£ ÔçÆÚ£¬ Brooks Ôøµ£ÈÎ IBM Stretch ºÍ Harvest ¼ÆËã »ú µÄÌåϽá¹Ê¦¡£ Ôڲ鼶ûÏ£¬ Brooks ²©Ê¿´Á¢Ë¼Æã»úѧϵ£¬ ²¢ÔÚ 1964 ÖÁ 1984 Äê ÆÚ¼äµ£ÈÎÖ÷ϯ¡ ËûÔøÈÎ Ö°ÓÚ ÃÀ¹ú ¼Ò¿Æ ¼¾ÖºÍ ¹ú·À ¿ÆÑ§¼ Êõί Ô±»á¡£ Brooks Ŀǰµ½Ì ѧºÍÐ ¾¿·½ ÏòÊǼÆËã »úÌåϵ½á¹¡¢·Ö×ÓÄ£ÐÍæ¼ºéâ¾³
    3. 1975 Ä ê ° æ Ï × ´ Ç ÖÂÁ½Î»Ìرð·á¸ËÒ IBM ËêÔµÄÈ£º Thomas J. Watson, Jr.£¬ Ëû¶ÔÈÃǵĹػ³Ú«¾ÒÀÎÞù² ºÍ Bob O. Evans£¬ Ëû´óµ¨ÄÁì¼Ê¹¤×÷³ÉΪ̽ÏÕ¡£ 1995 Ä ê ° æ Ï × ´ Ç Ö Nancy£¬ Éϵ۴͸øÎÒÄÀñï¡£
    4. Preface to the 20th Anniversary Edition£© 20 ÄêºóÈÔ È»¼ÌÐøÁ÷£¬ Ó¡Êý³¬¹ ÁË 250,000¡ÈË £ ¡¶ ÈËÔÂÉñ»° ÁîÎÒ¾ªÆæºÍ¸ßÐ˵ÄÊÇ£¬ ÚÔ·¡ ÃǾ-³£Îʬ ÎÒÔÚ 1975 Äê Ìá³öµÄ¹ÛãºÍ½¨Ò飬 ÄЩÊÇÎÒÈÔ»¼á³Öµ£¬ ÄЩÊÇÒѾ-¸±ä¹Ûµã£¬ ÊÇÔõÑù¸Ä±äµ£¿¾¡¹ÜÎÒڻЩ½²×ÉÏ·ÖöýÕâ̬ë°Ëü´³Â Peter Gordon ÏÖÔÚÊÇ Addison-Wesley µÄ³ö°æ»ï飬Ëû´Ó 1980 Ä꿪ʼºÍÎÒ¹²Â¡£Ëû ·Ç ³£ÄÍЬ¶ÔÎÒ°ïÖúºÜ´ó¡Ëû½¨éÃÇ×¼±¸»öîæ¾²-ÈÞ© Ö»ÊÇÔ-·â²¶¯µØÓ¡£¨³ýÁËÒЩϸÄÞÕ £¬²¢ÓøüеÄ˼ÏëÀ´©³ä¡ µÚ 16 ÕÂÖØÓ¡ ÁËһƪÔÚ 1986 Äê IFIPS »áÒéÉϵÄÂÛΡ¶ÃÓÐø¯£ºÈí¼þ¹¤³Ì¸ù±¾Í´ ÒªÎÊÌâ¡· ¡£ Õâ ÆªÎÄÕÂÀ´ ×Ô ÎÒÔÚ¹ú·À ¿Æ ѧίԱ»á Ö÷ ³Ö¾üÓÃÈí ¼þ ·½ÃæÑо¿ ʱ µÄ¾-Ñé¡£ ÎÒ µ±ÊÄÑÐ ¾¿ºÏ×÷Õߣ¬Ò²ÊÇεÄÖ´ÐÃØé Robert L. Patrick °ïÖúÎÒ»Ø ÏëºÍ¸ÐÊÜÄÇ©×ö¹ýµÈí¼þ´óî ¼ÆËã»ú Ä¿¡£ 1987 Ä꣬ IEEE µÄ¡¶ ¡·ÔÓÖ¾ØÁËÕâÆªÂÛÎÄ£¬Ê¹ü´«²¥µÃ¸ã ¡¶Ã»ÓÐÒøµ¯¡·±»Ö¤Ã÷ÊǸ ÓÐÉ¿¶¯ Եģ¬Ëü ¤ÑÔÊ®Äê ÚûÓÐÈκ ±à³Ì¼ ÇÉÄܹ»¸øÈí¼þ µÄ Éú²ÂÊ´ø À´ ÊýÁ¿¼¶ÉÏ µÄ Ìá¸ß¡£Ê® Äê ֻʣÏÂÒ Äê ÁË£¬ÎÒµÄ Ô¤ ÑÔ¿´À°² È« ÁË ¡£ ¡¶Ã»ÓÐ Òø µ¯¡·¼¤Æð ÈËÔÂÉñ»° ÁËÔ½À´¶àÎÄ×ÖÉϵ¾çÒÕùÂÛ£¬±È¡ ¡·»¹Òª¶à£ò´ËÔÚµ 17 Õ£¬ÎҶԻЩ¹«¿ªµÄ ÅúÆÀ×÷Á˵㬲¢¸üÐÂÔÚ 1986 ÄêÌá³öµ¹Ûã¡£ ÈËÔÂÉñ»° ÔÚ×¼±¸¡¶ ¡·µÄ»Ø¹ËºÍ¸üÐÂʱ£¬Ò»Ö ½øÐ µÄÈí¼þ¹¤³ÌÑо¿ºÍ - éÒѾ ÅúÆÀ¡¢ Ö¤ ʵºÍ·ñ¶¨ÁËÉÙýéÖÐÏÑÔĹÛ㣬 Ò²Ó°ÏìÁËΡ£ °þÈ¥¸¨ÖúµÄÕùÂÛºÍÊý¾Ýó£¬ °ÑÄÇЩ¹Ûµã´ÖÂÔ µØ·ÖÀ࣬¶ÔÎҴ˺ÜÓаïú¡Ú 18 ÕÂÁгö ÕâЩ¹ÛµãĸÅÒª£¬ÏÍû¥÷³ÂÊöÜ» ÒýÀ´ÕùÂÛºÍÖ¤¾Ý£¬È»óµÃ½Ê¡¢·ñ¶¨¸üÐò«Á µÚ 19 ÕÂÊÇÒ» ƪ¸üеĶÌΡ£ ¶ÁÕßÓ¦¸Ã×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ й۵㲢»ÏóÔ-À´ÄÊéÒÑù×Î Ç×Éí¾- Àú¡£ ÎÒÔÚ´ó ѧÀï ¹¤×÷£¬ ²»ÊÇ ÔÚ¹¤Òµ ½ç£¬ ×öµÄÊÇ Ð¡¹æ Ä£µÏî Ä¿£¬ ²»ÊÇ´ó ÏîÄ¿ ¡£×Ô 1986 ÄêÒÔÀ´£¬ ÎÒ¾ÍÖ»ÊǽÌÚÈí¼þ¹¤³£¬ ²»ÔÙ×öÕâ·½ÃæµÄÑо¿¡£ ÎÒÏÖÔÚµÄÑо¿ÁìÓòÊÇéâ»·³¼°Æä ӦᣠÔÚÕâ´Î»Ø¹ËµÄ×¼±¸ ý³ÌÖУ¬ÎÒÕ ÁË »Ð© ý¹¤×÷ÔÚÈí¼þ¹¤³ÌÁìÓòµÄÅó Ñ£¬Õ÷Ç Ëûà µÄ µ± -i-
    5. Barry Boehm¡¢ Ken Brooks¡¢ Dick Case¡¢ James Coggins¡¢ Tom Demarco¡¢ Jim McCarthy¡¢ David Parnas¡¢ Earl Wheeler ºÍ Edward Yourdon¡Ð¸£ »Ð Fay Eard ³öÉ«µØ¶ÔÐÂÄ ÕÂ½ÚøÐÁ˼ÊõÓ¹¤¡£ ¸Ð»ÎÒÔÚ¹ú·À¿ÆÑ§¯±á¾üÊÂÈí¼þ¤×÷éµÄͬ Gordon Bell¡¢ Bruce Buchanan¡¢ Rick Hayes-Roth£¬ ÌØ±ðÊÇ David Parnas£¬ ¸Ð»ËûÃǵĶ´²ìÁ¦ºÍÉú¯Ïë·¨¡£ ¸Ð» Rebekah Bierly ¡° ¸ù±¾µÄ ´ÎÒªµÄ ¶Ô 16 ÕµÄÛ ÎĽøÐÁ˼ÊõÓ¹¤¡£ ÎÒ°ÑÈí¼þÊÌâ·Ö³É °¡Íº±¡ ¡± £¬ ÕâÊÇÜ Nancy Greenwood Brooks µÄÆô·¢ £¬ËýÔÚһƪ Suzuki СÌáÇÙ ½ÌÓýµÄÂÛÎÖЦÃÁËÕâÑù·ö¨ ¡£ ÔÚ 1975 Äê°æ ±¾µÄÐòÑÔÖ£¬ Addison-Wesleys ³ö°æ Éç°´¹æ¶¨²»ÔÊÐíÎÒÏòËüµÄ©ÑÝÁ ¹Ø¼ü½ÇÉ«µÄÔ±¤ÖÂл¡£ÓÁ¸öÈËÏ×ëÌðẴà- Norman Stanton ºÍÃÀÊõ Ö¸µ¼ Herbert Boes¡£ Boes Éè¼ÆÁËÓÅѵķç¸ñ£¬ ËûÔÚÆÀ×¢Ê±ÌØðáµ½£º ¡°Ò³ ±ßµÄ¿Õ°×Òªí£¬ ×Ö ÌåºÍ°æÃ Òª ÓÐÏëñÁ¦¡± ¡£ ¸üÖØÒªµÄ ÊÇ £¬ËûÌá³ö ÁË ÖÁ¹ØÒª µÄ ½¨Ò飺Ϊ ÿ Ò»ÕµĿª Í· ÅäÒ»·ùͼ Ƭ£¨µ±Ê ÎÒ Ö»ÓС°½¹ ÓÍ ¿Ó¡±ºÍ° À¼ ˹´ó½Ìà ¡± µÄͼƬ£© ¡£ Ѱ ÕÒâЩͼ Ƭ ʹÎҶ໨ ÁË Ò»ÄêµÊ± ¼ä£¬µ«ÎÒÓÀÔ¶¸Ð¤ÕâöÖæ¡ Soli Deo gloria£-Ô¸Éñ¶ÀµÃÈÙÒ«¡£ ²éçê¶ûÏ£¬±¿¨ÂÞÀ´ÄÉ F.P.B., Jr. 1995 Äê 3 Ô - ii -
    6. Preface to the First Edition£© ÔÚºÜ¶à·½Ãæ£¬¹ÜÀíÒ»¸ö´óÐ͵ļÆËã»ú±à³ÌÏîÄ¿ºÍÆäËüÐ Òµ Ä´ó ͹¤³ÌºÜÏàËÆ¡ª ±È ´ó ¶àÊý³ÌÐòÔ±ËùÈÏΪµÄ»¹ÒÆ£ ÔںܶàÁíÍâµÄ·½Ã棬 ËüÓÖвî±ð¡ªÈ´ó¶àÊý°Òµ¾-ÀíùÏ ÎªµÄ²î±ð»¹Ò´ó¡£ Õâ¸öÁìÓòµÄ֪ʶÔÚÀÛ»ý¡£ ÏÖÔÚ AFIPS£¨ÃÀ¹úÐÅÏ¢´¦íѧ»áÁªº£© ÒѾ-ÓÐÁË»©ÌÖÂÛºÍ »áÒ飬 Ò²³ö°æÁ˻ЩÊé¼®ºÍÂÛÎÄ£¬ µ«ÊÇ»¹ÃÓгÉÍÄ·½¨À´ÏØø²ûö¡£ ÌṩÕâÑùÒ»±¾ Ö÷Òª·´Ó³¸öÈ˹۵ãÄСÊé¿ÀǺϣ ËäÈ»ÎÒÔ-À´ÓʼÆãú¿Ñ§µÄ±à³Ì·½Ã湤×÷£¬«ÇÚ 1956-1963 Äê ¼ä×Ô¶¯¿ØÖƳÌÐò ºÍ¸ß¼¶ÓïÑÔ±àÒëÆ÷¿ª·¢³öÀ´µÄÊò£¬ÎÖ²Çþ¹Ü½Ãæ¤×¡Ú 1964 Ä꣬ÎÒ ³ÉΪ²Ù×÷ÏµÍ OS/360 µÄ¾-Àí£¬·¢ÏÖÇ°Ð©ê½øÕ¹Ê±à³Ìç¸äÁ˺ܶ¡ ¹ÜÀí OS/360 µÄ¿ª·¢ÊǺÜÓаïÖú¾-À£¬ ËäÈ»Êǧ°ÜµÄ¡£ ÄǸöÍŶӣ¬ °üÀ¨ÎҵļÌȾ- Àí F. M. Trapnell£¬Óкܶà ÖµÃ×ÔºÀĶ«Î÷¡£Ç¸öÏͳ°ü¨ÁËÜàÓÅÐãÉè¼ÆÊ©¬¹¦Ø Ó¦ÃÔںܶàÁìò£¬ ÌØ±ðÊÇÉè¸ÎÞ¹µÄäÈë³öºÍⲿÜÀí£¬ ±»ºÜ¶à¼Êõ¸ïÐÂ¹ã·´ÖÆ¡£ Ëü ÏÖÔÚÊÇ®·¿ÉµÄ£¬à±ÓЧºÍ³¨Ã¡ µ«ÊÇ£¬ ²¢»ÊÇËùÓеÄŬÁ¦¶¼³É¹¡£ ËùÓÐ OS/360 µÄÓû§ºÜ ¿ì¾ÍÄÜ·¢ÏÖËüÓ¦¸Ã×öµ ºÃ¡£ Éè¼ÆºÍʵÏÖÄȱÝÔڿسÌÐòðÕ飬 Ïà±È֮£¬ ÓïÑÔ±àÒëÆ÷¾ÍºÃµ¶¡£ ´ó¶àÊý ÕâЩȱÏÝ·¢ÉúÔÚ 1964-1965 ÄêµÉè¼Æ ½×¶Î£¬ ËùÒÔÕâ¿Ï¶¨ÊÇεÄðÈ¡£ ´ËÍ⣬ Õâ¸ö²úÆ·¢¼Í ³ÙÁË£¬ ÐèÒªµÄÚ´æ±È¼Æ»®Ö¶à£¬ ³É±¾Ò²ÊǹÀ¼ÆµÄºÃ¸¶£¬ ¶øÇÒµÚ»´Î·¢²¼Ê±Äܺà µØÔËУ¬Ö±½·¢²¼Á¸´ÎÒºó¡ ¾ÍÏóµ±³õ½ÓÊÜ OS/360 µÄ ÈÎñʱÐ-É̺õģ¬ ÔÚ 1965 ÄêÀ뿪 IBM ºó£¬ ÎÒÀ´µ½²éçê¶ûÏ£ ¡£ ÎÒ¿ªÊ¼·Öö OS/360 µÄ¾-Ñé £¬¿´Äܲ»ÓÖÐѧµ½ÊùÀíºÍ¼õÉÏ̡رðÎÒªË Ã÷ System/360 Ó²¼þ¿ª·¢ºÍ OS/360 Èí ¼þ¿ª·¢ÖеĹÜÀí¾-ÑéÊdz£²»Í¬¡¶Ô Tom Watson ¹Ø ÓÚΪʲô±à³ÌÄÑÒÔ¹ÜÀíµ½Ë÷Ð⣬վéÇ»·ÝÙ𰸡 ÔÚÕâ´Î̽Ë÷ÖУ¬ÎÒºÍ 1964-65 Ä ê µ Ä ¾-ÀíÖúÀí R.P.Case£ ¬ » ¹ ÓÐ 1965-68 Ä ê µ Ä ¾ - Àí F.M.Trapnell£¬ ½øÐÁ˳¤ ̸£¬ ´ÓÖÐÊÜÒæÁ¼¶à¡£ ÎÒ¶Ô±ÈÁËÆäû´óÐÍà³ÌÏîÄ¿µ¾-Àí½áÂÛ£¬ °ü À¨ M.I.T.µÄ F.J.Corbato£¬ Bell µç»°ÊÑéÒÄ V.Vyssotsky£¬ International Computers - iii -
    7. Limited µÄ Charles Portman£¬ËÕÁª¿Æ ѧԺÎ÷²®ÀûÇ·Ö¿¼ÆËãʵéÒÄ A.P.Ershov£¬ºÍ IBM µÄ A.M.Pietrasanta¡£ ÎÒ×Ô¼ºµÄ½áÂÛÌåÏÖÔÚ ÂÃæµÄÎ ×Ö Ð£¬Ë͸øÖ°Òµ³ÌÐòÔ±¡¢Ö°Òµ¾-Àí¡¢ÌØ±ðÊdz ÐòÔ±µÄ Ö° Òµ¾-Àí¡£ ËäȻд³öÀµÄÊÇ·ÖëÕ½ڣ¬ »¹ÊÇÓÐÒ¸öÖĵÂÛ㣬 ÌØ±ð°üº¬ÔÚµ 2-7 Õ¡£ ¼òÑÔ Ö® £¬ ÎÒÏàÐÅÓÉÚÈËÔ±µÄ·Ö¹¤£¬ ´óÐͱà³ÌÏîÄ¿Åöµ½¹ÜÀíÎÊâº¡Çøð£» ÎÒÏàÐŹؼüèª ÊÇά³Ö²úÆ·×ÔÉíµÄ¸ÅîÍêÕûС£ ÕâЩ½ÚÌÖÁËÆäµÄÀ§ÑºÍ¾ö·¨¡£ ºóÐøµÄÕ½ÚÌÖ Èí¼þ¹¤³ÌÜÀµÄÆäËû·½Ãæ¡£ Õâ¸öÁìÓòµÄÎ Ïײ¢ »¶à£¬µ«É¢²¼ºÜ¹ã¡£Òò´ËÎ ³¢ÊÔ¸ø ö²Î¿¼×ÊÁÏ£¬ËµÃ÷ij¸öÌØ¶¨Öª ʶ µãºÍÖ¸ÒýÐËȤĶÁÕߥ¿´ÆäûÓù×÷¡£ ºÜ¶àÅóÓÑÁ¹ý˱¾ÊéµÄָ壬 ÆäÖÐÒ»©ÅóÓѸø ³öÁ˺ÜÓаïÖúµÄÒâ¼û¡£ ÕâЩҼûºÜÓÛÖµ£¬ µ«ÎªÁ˲»´òÂÒÄ×Öͨ³£¬ ÎÒ°ÑËüÃÇ×÷ª¢½â º¬ÔÚÊéÖС£ ÒòΪÕâ±¾Êé ÇËæ ²»Ê ¿Î±¾£¬ËùÓеIJο¼ Ï×ºÍ ¢½â¶¼±»·Åµ½Êé Ä ©Î²£¬½¨Òé¶ÁÕß ÔÚ ¶ÁµÚÒ»±éÊÂÔÈ¥²¿´¡£ ÉîÇи» Sara Elizabeth Moore С½ã£¬ David Wagner ÏÈÉú£¬ºÍ Rebecca Burris ·òÈË£¬ ËûÃǰïÖúÎÒ×¼±¸ÁÊ塣л Joseph C.Sloane ½ÌÊÚÔͼâ·ÃæµÄ¨Òé¡£ ²éçê¶ûÏ£¬±¿¨ÂÞÀ´ÄÉ F.P.B., Jr 1974 Äê 10 Ô - iv -
    8. Contents£© PREFACE TO THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION£© ¶þÊ®ÖÜÄê ¼Í Äî°æÐòÑÔ £¨ ...................... I µÚÒ»°æÐò ÑÔ £¨ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION£© ............................................................ III Ŀ¼£¨ CONTENTS£© ..................................................................................................................... V ½¹ÓÍ¿ £¨ THE TAR PIT£© ..............................................................................................................1 ±à³ÌϵͲúÆ· ...............................................................................................................................1 Ö°ÒµÄÀȤ ...................................................................................................................................3 ְҵĿàÕ ...................................................................................................................................4 ÈËÔÂÉñ»° £¨ THE MYTHICAL MAN-MONTH£© ...........................................................................6 ÀÖ¹Û÷Òå .......................................................................................................................................7 ÈËÔ ...............................................................................................................................................8 ϵͳ²âÊÔ .....................................................................................................................................10 ¿Õ·ºµÄ¹ÀËã ................................................................................................................................. 11 ÖØ¸´²úɵĽø¶ÈÔÑ .................................................................................................................12 Íâ ¿Æ ÊÖ Êõ¶ÓÎé £¨ THE SURGICAL TEAM£© ...............................................................................16 ÎÊÌâ .............................................................................................................................................16 MILLS µÄ½¨Òé .............................................................................................................................17 ÈçºÎÔË×÷ .....................................................................................................................................20 ÍŶӵÄÀ©½¨ .................................................................................................................................21 ¹ó×å ¨ÖÆ¡¢ ÃñÖ÷Õþ Î ºÍ ϵͳÉè¼Æ £¨ ARISTOCRACY, DEMOCRACY, AND SYSTEM DESIGN£© ........................................................................................................................................................22 ¸ÅÄîÒ»ÖÂÐÔ .................................................................................................................................22 »ñµÃ¸ÅÄîÍêÕûÐÔ .....................................................................................................................23 ¹ó×å¨ÖÆÍ³ÎºÃñ÷Õþ .........................................................................................................24 Ôڵȴýʱ£¬ÏÖËÓ¦¸Ã×ö²¿ .........................................................................................26 »-ÉßÌí×ã £¨ THE SECOND-SYSTEM EFFECT£© ......................................................................29 ½á¹Ê¦µÄ»¥×¼ÔòºÍúÖÆ .........................................................................................................29 ×ÔÂÉ¡ª¿·¢µÚ¶þ¸öÏͳËù´øÀĺó¹û .................................................................................30 ¹á³ Ö´Ð £¨ PASSING THE WORD£© ..........................................................................................33 Îĵ»¯¹æ¸ñËÃ÷¡ªÊÖ²á .....................................................................................................33 ÐÎʽ»¯¶¨Òå .................................................................................................................................34 Ö±½ÓÕûºÏ .....................................................................................................................................36 »áÒéºÍ´ó .................................................................................................................................36 ¶àÖØÊµÏ .....................................................................................................................................38 -v-
    9. .....................................................................................................................................38 ²úÆ·âÊÔ .....................................................................................................................................38 Ϊʲô°Í ±È Â×Ëþ»áʧ °Ü £¿ £¨ WHY DID THE TOWER OF BABEL FAIL?£© ...........................40 °Í±ÈÂ×ËþµÄ¹ÜÀí½ÌÑ .................................................................................................................41 ´óÐͱà³ÌÏîĿֵ½»Á÷ .............................................................................................................41 ÏîÄ¿¹¤×÷ÊÖ²á .............................................................................................................................42 ´óÐͱà³ÌÏîÄ¿µ×éÖ¯¼Ü¹ .........................................................................................................44 ÐØÓ ³ÉÖñ £¨ CALLING THE SHOT£© ..........................................................................................49 PORTMAN ýÊĵ ݾ ........................................................................................................................50 ARON µÄÊý¾Ý ..............................................................................................................................51 HARR µÄÊý¾Ý ..............................................................................................................................51 OS/360 µÄÊý ¾Ý ...........................................................................................................................53 CORBATO ýÊĵ ݾ ........................................................................................................................53 Ï÷×ãÊ ÂÄ £¨ TEN POUNDS IN A FIVE-POUND SACK£© ..........................................................55 ×÷Ϊ³É±¾µÄÌÐò¿Õ¼ä .................................................................................................................55 ¹æÄ£¿ØÖÆ .....................................................................................................................................56 ¿Õ¼äÄÜ .....................................................................................................................................57 Êý¾ÝµÄ±íÏÖÐνÇà³Ì¸ù .................................................................................................58 Ìá¸ÙêüÁì £¨ THE DOCUMENTARY HYPOTHESIS£© ...............................................................60 ¼ÆËã»ú²·µÄÎ .....................................................................................................................60 ´óѧ¿ÆÏµÄÎ .........................................................................................................................62 Èí¼þÏîÄ¿µÎ .........................................................................................................................62 ΪʲôÒÓÐÕý½µÄ£¿ .........................................................................................................63 δÓê³ñçÑ £¨ PLAN TO THROW ONE AWAY£© ............................................................................64 ÊÔÑéй¤³§ºÍö´óæÄ£ .............................................................................................................64 Ψһ²±äµÄ¾ÍÊǯÉí .........................................................................................................65 Ϊ±ä¸ü¼Æ»®ÏµÍ³ .........................................................................................................................66 Ϊ±ä¸ü¼Æ»®×éܹ֯ .................................................................................................................66 ǰ½øÁ²£¬ºóÍËÒ» .................................................................................................................68 ǰ½øÒ»²£¬ºóÍË .................................................................................................................69 ¸É½«ÄªÐ° £¨ SHARP TOOLS£© ......................................................................................................71 Ä¿±ê»úÆ÷ .....................................................................................................................................72 ¸¨Öú»Æ÷ºÍÊý¾Ý·þÎñ .................................................................................................................73 ¸ß¼¶ÓïÑԺͽ»¥Ê±à³Ì .............................................................................................................76 ÕûÌ岿·Ö £¨ THE WHOLE AND THE PARTS£© ..........................................................................78 ÌÞ³ý BUG èÉĵ Ƽ ........................................................................................................................78 ¹¼þµ¥Ôª÷Ê .............................................................................................................................80 - vi -
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    34. Aristocracy, Democracy, and System Design£© ´ó½ÌÃÊÇÒÕõ·ÉÏÎÞÓëÂױȵij¾Í¡£ ËüµÄÔ-ò¼È²»·¦Î¶ÒìÂ¡Õæý´ï½Áç¸ñÉÏ« Ö£¬ Íê³ÉÕâ¼þ×÷Æ·µÄÒÊõÃÇ£¬ ÍêÈ«Áì»áºÎüÊÕËÒÔùµÄ³É¹¦¾-Ñ飬 Ò²ÍêÈ«ÕÆÎÁËûÃÇĸö ʱ´úµÄ¼õ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚӦúò×ö½ÁË¡ÈçÆä·Ö¾²»á嬃 ÕýÊÇ Jean d ¡® Orbais ¹ ˼Á½¨ÖþµÄÕûÌåÉèÆ£¬â¸öúóßÈÏÍÙÔÚ±¾Ê ÉÏÈç´Ë¡£ÕâÒ²ÊǸö½¨ÖþºÍг»µÄÔ-ò® À¼Ë¹´ó½ÌÃÖ¸ÄÏ 1 - This great church is an incomparable work of art. There is neither aridity nor confusion in the tenets it sets forth. . . . It is the zenith of a style, the work of artists who had understood and assimilated all their predecessors ’ successes, in complete possession of the techniques of their times, but using them without indiscreet display nor gratuitous feats of skill. It was Jean d ‘Orbais who undoubtedly conceived the general plan of the building, a plan which was respected, at least in its essential elements, by his successors. This is one of the reasons for the extreme coherence and unity of the edifice. REIMS CATHEDRAL GUIDEBOOK1 - ¸ÅÄîÒ»ÖÂÐÔ ¾ø´ó¶àÊýÅ·Ö޵Ĵó½Ì ÃÖУ¬Óɲ»Í ʱ´ú¡¢²»Í¬½¨ÖþʦËù ÔìµÄ¸÷ ö²¿·Ö ®¼ä£¬ÔÚÉè ¼Æ »ò½á¹ ·ç ¸ñ É϶¼´æÔÚ ×Å Ðí¶à²îÒì ¡£ ºóÀ´µÄ½¨ Öþ ʦ×Ü ÇÊÔ Í¼ ÔÚ -Óн¨ Öþ ʦµÄ»ù´¡ ÉÏ ÓÐ Ëù ¡° Ìá ¸ß¡± £¬ÒÔ·´ Ó³ ËûÃÇÔÚÉè ¼Æ ·ç¸ñºÍö ÈË Æ·Î¶É쵀 ¸Ä ±ä¡£ËùÒÔ £¬ ÔÚÐÛΰµÄ ¸ç ÌØÊ½µÄ Ìà ÉÏ£¬ÒÀ¸½ ×ÅÏéºÍµÄÂüÚ·ç¸ñʮּܣ¬ËÔ¾ÉÛÈÙÒ«±Õ¹ÁÑùôÓ½¨þ¦°¡ ÓëÖ®¶Ô¦µÄÊÇ£¬ ·¨¹ú³ÇÊÐÀ¼Ë £¨ Reims£© ÔÚ½¨Öþ ·ç¸ñÉϵÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔºÍÃæËù´ó½ÌÎ - 22 -
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    50. System/360 µÄ½á¹Ê¦¾ßÓÐÁ¸ö¿ÕǰÀûÌõ¼þ£º³ä×ã¤÷±¬ëÏÖÈËÔà ͬµÄ²ßÂÔÓ°ÏìÁ¦¡£ ³ä×ãʱ¼À´ÔÐÂõµÄ¿ª·¢ÈÕÌ£» ¶øàÖØÊµÏÄͬ±¿ª·¢´ÀÁ˲ßÂÔÉ Æ½µÈÐÔ¡£²»Í¬ÊÏÖ®¼äѸñÒªÇóà¥æÝÕâ±Ø¿¹ËÃ÷Ä×î´ú ÔÚ´ó¶àÊý¼ÆËã»úÏîÄ¿ÖУ¬»úÆ÷ºÍÊÖ²á ®¼äÍù »áÔÚÄ³Ò Ìì öÏÖ²»Ò £¬ÈËÃÇͨ³£»á ºö ÂÔÊֲᡣ ÒòΪÓë»úÆ÷Ïà±È£¬ ÊÖ²á¸üÈÝÒ×͝£¬ ²¢Çҳɱ¾¸üµÍ¡£ È»¶ø£¬ µ±´æÔÚ¶àÖØÊÏ£¬ Çé ¿ö¾Í²»ÊÇÕâÑù¡£ Õâʱ£¬ Èç ʵØ×ñ´ÓÖ²á¸üлúÆ÷ËùÔì³ÉÄÑٺͱ¾Ïû£¬ ±È¸ù¾Ý»úÆ÷µ ÕûÊÖ²áÒªµÍ¡£ ÔÚ¶¨Òåij±à ÌÓïÑÔµÄʱºò£¬ÉÏ ö¸ÅÄî¿ÉÒÔ× Óг §µØ à ½Ó¦ ¡£¿ÉÒÔ Ï¶¨µÄÊÇ£¬³Ù Ôç »áÓкܶà±ÒëÆ÷ò½âÊͳö£¬ ÒÔÂú×ã¸÷ÖÑùµÄ¿±ê¡£ Èç¹ûÆð³õÖÁÉÙÓнÒÔϵÄÊ£¬ ÄÇô¶¨Òå»á¸ü¼ÓÕû½àºÍ¹æ·¡£ µç»°ÈÕÖ¾ Ëæ×ÅʵÏÖ ÄÍÆ½ø£¬ÎÞÂÛ¹æ¸ñ˵Ã÷ÒѾ-¶à ´ «È·£¬»¹ÊÇ á³öÏÖÎÞÊý½á¹ Àí âºÍ½ Ê · Ãæ µÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÏÔÈ»ÓкܶàèÒª×Ö³Çåͽ¬¹©öòÀí²± ÏÔÈ»£¬¶ ÓÚ´æ ÐÒÉÎ浀 ÏÖÈËÔ±£¬Ó¦¹ÄÀøËûÃÇ´òµç»°Ñ¯ÎÊÏàÓ¦µÄ½á¹ Ê £¬¶ø²» ÇÒ ±ß ×ÔвÂâÒ»±ß¹¤÷£¬ ÕâÊÇÒ»ÏîºÜù±¾µÄ´ë©¡£ ËûÃÇ»¹ÐèÒªÈÏʶµ½Ä£¬ ÉÏÊöÎÌâµÄ´ð°¸±ØÐë ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¸æÖªÃöÈ˵ĨÍþнáÂÛ¡£ µç»°ÈÕÖ¾ Ò»Ö ÓРõĻúÖÆÊÇÓɽṠ¦±£´æ ¡£ÈÕÖ¾ Ð ¬Ëû¼Ç Á ÿһ¸öÎÊÌâºÍÏàÓ¦µÄ »Ø ´ð¡£ ÿÖÜ£¬ ¶Ô Èô¸É½á¹Ê¦µÄÕÖ¾øÐºÏ²¢£¬ ÖØÐÂÕûÀí£¬ ²¢·¼¸øÓû§ºÍʵÏÖÈËÔ±¡£ ÕâÖ»úÆ ºÜ²»Õýʽ£¬µ«·Ç³¿ìÝÍÒ×ÓÚÀíâ¡ ²úÆ· âÊÔ /С×é£ ¸Ã ÏîÄ¿¾-Àí׺õÅóÓÑÍÊÇËûÌìÒªæ¶ÔÐÈ¡Á¢²úƷ⻹ С×é¸ù¾Ý¹æñ˵Ã÷¼ì²»úƺͳÌò£¬ ³äµ±Âé·Ä´úÑÔÈË£¬ ²éÃ÷¿Ò»¸öÉÄܵȱÏݺÍॠì¶ÜµÄØ·½¡£¿¸öª¢»ú¹¼ÐèÒÕâÑùÀÁÊõà²Å´±Ö¤Æä«ýÔ - 38 -
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    52. Why Did the Tower of Babel Fail?£© ¡-ÏÖÔÚÕû¸ö´óµØ¶¼²ÉÓÃÒ»ïÑ£¬ Ö»°üÀ¨ÎªÊý²¶àµÄ¥´¡£ ÔÚÒ»´ÎÓ¶«·½ÍùÎ÷·½Ç¨áãµÄ¹ý ³ÌÖУ¬ÈË ÃÇ ·¢ÏÖÁËÕ ÃÀ ¶ûµØÇø£¬ ²¢ ÔÚÄÇÀﶨ ¾Ó ÏÂÀ´¡£½Ó ×Å ËûÃDZ¼×ß Ïà ¸æËµ£º ¡°À´ £¬ ÈÃÎÒÇÖÆ Ôìש¿é£¬ ²¢°ÑËüÃÇÉÕº¡£ ¡± ÓÚÊÇ£¬ ËûÃÇÓש¿é´úÌæÊ¯Í·£¬ ÓÃÁ¤Çà´úÌæ»ÒÄ £¨½Ôì·¿ÎÝ£© ¡£ È»ºó£¬ ËûÃÇÓÖµ£º ¡° À´£¬ÈÃÎÒ ÃÇ ½¨ÔìÒ»×ù ´ø ÓиßËþµÄ ³Ç ÊУ¬Õâ¸ö Ëþ ½«¸ß´ïÔÆ Ïü £¬Ò²½«Èà ÎÒ ÃÇÉùûÔ¶ ÑÍʱ £¬ ÓÐÁËÕâ¸ö ³Ç ÊУ¬ÎÒÃÇ ¾Í ¿ÉÒÔ¾ÛÓ ÔÚ ÕâÀÔÙ Ò² ²»á·ÖÉ¢ ÔÚ ¹ãÀ«µÄ´ó µØ ÉÏÁË¡£ ¡±ÓÚ ÊÇÉϵ۾ö ¶¨ ÏÂÀ´¿ ÈË Ãǽ¨ÔìµÄ ³Ç Êк͸ßËþ £¬ ¿´ÁËÒÔºó £¬ Ëûµ£º ¡°Ëû ÃÇ Ö»ÊÇÒ¸ö Ö ×壬ʹÓà һֵÄÓïÑÔ£¬Èç¹ûËÃÇ¿ªÊ¼¾Íܽ¨ì³Ðº¸ßþó²´Á¡À ÈÃÎÒÇÏ ȥ £¬ÔÚËûÃÇ µÄ ÓïÑÔÀÖÆ Ôì Щ»ìÏý£¬ Èà ËûÃÇÏ໥ Ö® ¼ä²»ÄÜÌý ¶®¡£ ¡±ÕâÑù£¬ ÉÏ µÛ°ÑÈËÃÇ ·ÖÉ¢µ½ÊÀç¸÷Ø£¬ÓÚÇËûò»ÍÖ¹¨ÔìÄ×ù³Ð¡ £¨´ÊÀ¼Í¬ 11:1-8£© Now the whole earth used only one language, with few words. On the occasion of a migration from the east, men discovered a plain in the land of Shinar, and settled there. Then they said to one another, \"Come, let us make bricks, burning them well.\" So they used bricks for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, \"Come, let us build ourselves a city with a tower whose top shall reach the heavens (thus making a name for ourselves), so that we may not be scattered all over the earth.\" Then the Lord came down to look at the city and tower which human beings had built. The Lord said, \"They are just one people and they all have the same language. If this is what they can do as a beginning, then nothing that they resolve to do will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there make such a babble of their language that they will not understand one another's speech.\" Thus the Lord dispersed them from there all over the earth, so that they had to stop building the city. (Book of Genesis, 11:1-8). - 40 -
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