Chemistry Unit 2 Part 5 - The Representative Elements

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    Chemistry Unit 2 Part 5 - The Representative Elements - Presentation Transcript

    1. Unit 2 Part 4 Organization of the Modern Periodic Table
    2. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metaloids
      • metals- those elements on the left side of the chart.
        • high luster, electrically conductive
        • Malleable
      • nonmetals- those elements on the right side of the chart.
        • no luster
        • brittle, nonmalleable
        • non conductive
      • metaloids- elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals.
    3. The Representative Elements
    4. The Transition Metals
    5. Inner Transition Metals
    6. Hydrogen
      • Although in Group 1A, hydrogen shares few properties with other elements in the group.
      • Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Over 90% of the mass in the universe is hydrogen.
      • Hydrogen can behave like a metal or a non- metal.
    7. The Alkali Metals
      • Alkali (arabic al-qili – meaning “ashes of a saltwort plant”)
      • These Group 1A elements react with water to form alkaline (basic) solutions.
      • Most are soft enough to cut with a knife
      • Lithium
        • Least reactive in group.
        • Similar to Magnesium
        • Common Compounds:
          • Lithium Hydride – Batteries
          • Lithium Carbonate – treat bipolar disorder.
      • Sodium and Potassium
        • Most abundant of the Group 1A elements
        • Both react “vigorously” with water.
        • Common Compounds
          • Sodium chloride – table salt
          • Potassium chloride – “salt” substitute.
          • Potassium Nitrate – explosive.
    8. The Alkali Earth Metals
      • Alchemy used the word “earth” to describe elements that did not melt in fire.
      • Most compounds of this group do not dissolve in water.
      • Beryllium
        • Used to control nuclear reactions
        • Used to make tools for the petroleum industry
      • Calcium
        • Essential in humans for bones and teeth.
        • Calcium Carbonate – antacid, major component of limestone, chalk, and marble.
        • Lime – calcium oxide.
      • Magnesium
        • Useful in the construction of strong and lightweight alloys.
        • Magnesium oxide – high melting point
      • Strontium
        • Fireworks “red” color
      • Barium
        • Used to color glass.
        • Some compounds used for medical diagnostics.
      • Radium
        • Highly radioactive – once used to paint the hands on watches to glow in the dark.
    9. The Boron Group
      • These elements are always found combined with other elements in nature.
      • Boron
        • Least representative.
        • Borax –
        • Borosilicate glass – withstands high temperature differences.
      • Aluminum
        • Most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
        • Bauxite – ore of aluminum oxide. It is used as an abrasive.
      • Gallium
        • Gallium Arsenide – converts solar energy from electricity.
        • Gallium based laser – “blue-ray” DVD players.
    10. The Carbon Group
      • Wide range of properties within one group.
      • Carbon
        • Organic and biological chemistry.
        • Inorganic compounds.
        • Compounds of itself.
          • Graphite, Coal, Diamond.
          • Allotropes – same elements in the same state with different structures and properties.
      • Silicon
        • Used in computer chips and solar cells.
        • Silca – silicon dioxide. Major component of sand.
      • Lead
        • Lead was one of the first metals separated from ore. Once used for plumbing, now known to cause brain damage.
        • Car batteries.
    11. The Nitrogen Group
      • Nitrogen- colorless, odorless gas; makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere. Common element in explosives.
      • Phosphorus – essential for plant growth.
      • Antimony, Arsenic, and bismuth
        • Arsenic sulfide – toxic but used at one time to treat illness
        • Antimony sulfide – makeup to darken eybrows.
        • Bismuth- “Pepto-bismol” and in Wood’s alloy (fire sprinklers)
    12. The Oxygen Group (Chalcogens)
      • Oxygen
        • Two common allotropes
          • O 2 – 21% of the earth’s atmosphere
          • O 3 – unstable gas that decomposes under heat and UV radiation
        • The most abundant element in earth’s crust.
      • Sulfur
        • Yellow with multiple allotropes
        • Sulfur dioxide – emission responsible for acid rain
        • Hydrogen sulfide – “rotten egg” smell.
        • Silver sulfide – silver tarnish
      • Selenium
        • Sodium Selenate - found in multivitamins. Works with Vitamin E to prevent cell damage.
        • Locoweed – contains toxic concentrations of selenium.
        • Used in solar panels, photocopiers, and microprocessors
      • Polonium
        • Rare
        • Radioactive
        • Extremely Toxic
        • Discovered by Marie and Piere Curie (1898). Named for her homeland (Poland)
    13. The Halogens
      • Flourine
        • The most reactive nonmetal.
        • Added to toothpaste and drinking water to prevent decay.
      • Chlorine
        • Although a toxic gas, is used to disinfect sewage and drinking water.
      • Bromine and Iodine
        • Sodium Bromide, and Sodium Iodine coat photographic film.
        • Goiter – condition where body is deprived of iodine. Ex: Iodized salt.
        • Water purification tablets.
    14. The Noble Gases
      • Colorless and non reactive
      • Helium
        • Used by divers to prevent the bends.
        • Found on earth in Natural gas wells.
        • Texas is a leading supplier of Helium.
      • Neon, Argon, and Krypton
        • Light displays
        • Argon is used in high temperature welding to prevent combustion.
      • Radon
        • Radioactive gas
    15. Transition Metals
      • “ B” Groups
      • Most are solids at room temperature with high melting points.
        • The more unpaired electrons the greater the hardness and higher the melting point.
      • Can vary in their loss of electrons
    16. Inner Transition Metals
      • Lanthanide Series
        • “ Silvery” metals with high melting points.
        • Typically found mixed together in nature and very difficult to refine.
        • Neodymium and Praseodymium – Welder’s Glasses
        • Yttrium oxide and europium oxide – TVs and CRTs
        • Lanthanide – used in projectors and sunglasses
      • Actinide Series
        • Radioactive
        • Only 3 exist in nature
        • Transuranium element – synthetic elements exist beyond Atomic number 92.
        • Plutonium – nuclear “fuel” for power plants.
        • Americium – smoke detectors.

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