Pests of castor_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
sociology theory
1. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Behavioral PsychologyBehavioral Psychology
Dr. Bill Bauer
EDUC 202
2. ht 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Overview
Understanding Learning
Early Explanations of Learning
Contiguity and Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Applied Behavior Analysis
Behavioral Approaches to Teaching &
Management
Recent Approaches: Self-Regulated
Learning & Cognitive Behavior
Modification
Problems & Issues
3. ht 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Concept Map for Chapter 6
Behavioral Views
of
Learning
Understanding
Learning
Early Explanations
of Learning
Contiguity and
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Applied
Behavior
Analysis
Behaviorism,
Teaching &
Management
Self-Regulated
Learning & Cognitive
Behavior Modification
Problems
& Issues
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
4. ht 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Permanent change
Change in behavior or knowledge
Learning is the result of experience
Learning is not the result of maturation or
temporary conditions (illness)
Definition of Learning
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Contiguity Learning
Learning by simple associations:
Pairing
Stimulus → Response
Examples:
Golden Arches = McDonalds
Times tables (7 X 8 = 56)
States & capitals (Lansing, MI)
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Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s dilemma
Involuntary
responses:
Respondents
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
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Unconditioned
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Classical Conditioning
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Neutral
Stimulus
Neutral
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Unconditioned
Response
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Repeat pairing US with NSRepeat pairing US with NS
Classical Conditioning
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Neutral
Stimulus
Neutral
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Unconditioned
Response
Conditioned
Stimulus
Conditioned
Stimulus
Conditioned
Response
Conditioned
Response
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Repeat pairing US with NSRepeat pairing US with NS
Classical Conditioning
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Classical Classroom Examples
A first grader feels ill when recess time
approaches because he was beat up on the
playground the last 3 days in a row.
Certain smells that can elicit nauseous sensations
(Hopefully NOT from the cafeteria!)
Speech phobia : cold sweat, shaking knees and
hands
Phobias in general
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Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Operants : Deliberate
actions
Thorndike’s Law of
Effect
ABC’s
Reinforcement
Punishment
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Types of Consequences
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Types of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Examples:
Praise
Teacher attention
Rewards
Negative reinforcement
Avoid the loss of privileges
Take away an aversive stimulus
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Types of Punishment
Presentation Punishment
Detention
Extra work
Removal Punishment
Loss of recess
Loss of privileges
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Kinds of Reinforcement & PunishmentKinds of Reinforcement & Punishment
Behavior encouragedBehavior encouraged Behavior suppressedBehavior suppressed
Stimulus
presented
Stimulus
presented
Stimulus removed
or withheld
Stimulus removed
or withheld
Positive
Reinforcement:
Praise / reward
Presentation
Punishment:
Detention / extra
work
Negative
Reinforcement
Avoid losing
points
Removal
Punishment
Loss of recess /
grounded!
See Woolfolk, Figure 6.1, p. 208 and Table 6.1, p. 209
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Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous
Interval Ratio
Fixed
Ratio Interval
Variable
Intermittent
Types of Reinforcement Schedules
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
18. ht 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Reflection Questions
What is the difference between
punishment and negative
reinforcement?
What schedule of reinforcement is best
for building persistence? Why?
What happens when all reinforcement
is withdrawn?
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Controlling Antecedents
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Antecedents
Providing previous information about
expected behaviors
Signaling when a behavior should be
emitted
Cueing: Lights off means “Be quiet!”
Prompting: Verbal reminder after students
do not get quiet after lights were turned off :
they missed the cue.
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Applied Behavior Analysis
Baseline behavior
Target behavior
Classroom application:
1 - Specify the desired behavior
2 - Plan a specific intervention
3 - Keep track of the results
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Interventions: Encouraging
Positive Behavior
Teacher attention
Premack principle
Shaping
Positive practice
See Guidelines,
Woolfolk, pp. 214 &
217
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Coping with Undesirable
Behaviors
Negative reinforcement: ‘No recess until…’
Satiation: ‘I would like 1000 of those perfect spit
wads, please!’
Reprimands: soft & private
Response cost
Social isolation
Punishment
See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 220
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Coping with Undesirable
Behaviors
Cautions: Use a two pronged
approach:
Punishment for undesired behavior
Clarify and reinforce desired
behavior
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Behavioral Approaches to
Teaching & Management
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Teaching : Mastery Learning
Students must
demonstrate
competence before
moving to next unit
Mastery means 80 –
90% correct
Focuses on basic skills
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Behavioral Management
Group
consequences
Token
reinforcement
Contingency
contracts
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Recent Approaches: Self-Regulation &
Cognitive Behavior Modification
The object of teaching a child is to enable him to
get along without his teacher.
Elbert Hubbard
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Self-Regulated Learning
Self management
Set goals and make the goals public
Note: Standards and effect on performance
Evaluate & record performance
Promote self-reinforcement
See Family & Community Partnerships,
Woolfolk, p. 227
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Cognitive Behavior Modification
& Self-Instruction
Similar to self-
regulated learning
Adds thinking and
self-talk
More cognitive
than behavioral
approach
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Cognitive Behavior Modification
& Self-Instruction
Teaching self-talk:
Demonstrate & supervise
Talk out loud while practicing,
student imitates
Whisper while practicing, student
imitates
Work toward private speech while
practicing
See Woolfolk, Figure 6.4, p. 229
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Reflection Question
What is a habit you would like to change?
How would you implement the steps of
cognitive behavior modification to change
your habit?
Make a graphic organizer or flow chart to
illustrate your goal and steps toward
meeting that goal.
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Problems & Issues
Extrinsic rewards may lead to loss of
interest in learning for learning’s sake
Decrease in motivation
Motives for influencing student
behaviors: control?
See Point▼Counterpoint, Woolfolk
pp. 230-231
34. ht 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Summary
Understanding Learning
Early Explanations of Learning
Contiguity and Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Applied Behavior Analysis
Behavioral Approaches to Teaching &
Management
Recent Approaches: Self-Regulated
Learning & Cognitive Behavior Modification
Problems & Issues
35. ht 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Review Questions
Define learning.
How does a neutral stimulus become a
conditioned stimulus?
Discriminate between generalization and
discrimination.
What defines a consequence as a reinforcer?
As a punisher?
How are negative reinforcement and
punishment different?
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Review Questions
How can you encourage persistence in a
behavior?
What is the difference between a prompt
and a cue?
What are the steps in applied behavior
analysis?
How can the Premack principle help you
identify reinforcers?
When is shaping an appropriate approach?
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Review Questions
What are some cautions in using
punishment?
What is mastery learning?
Describe group consequences, token
programs, and contracts.
What are the steps in self-management?
What are the main criticisms of behavioral
approaches?
