Mf transparency presentation slides

Promoting Transparent Pricing in the Microfinance Industry Pricing Transparency, Profits, IPOs and Responsible Microfinance San Deigo| April 2011

The Good News in October 2006

… and the bad press a year later

Interest rates quoted in Business Week• Compartamos (leading MFI): 105%• Banco Azteca (consumer finance): 90%• Wal-Mart (corporation): 86%• Question: Which of these do you consider MFIs? – Does the public distinguish them? – Does the government distinguish them? – Do clients distinguish them? – Even Business Week really didn’t distinguish them

Financial Services for the Poor 3000 Years on One Slide Moneylenders From 1000 BC - Present “Credit Usury” NGO “projects” 1970’s – 1980’s Credit-and-training Very low interest Double-Bottom Line MFIs Transformation begins…. 1990’s- 2000’s While supply doesn’t meet Sustainable demand…. Credit-led Moderate interest Single-bottom Line Double-bottom line The temptation Maximize interestSome activity is now blurring the lines Maximize profitbetween microfinance and moneylending

Which loan would you pick? Zero Interest Interest and And Savings Interest Loan Fees OnlyLoan amount: R1,000 R1,000 R1,000 R1,000Loan term: 10 weeks 10 weeks 10 weeks 10 weeksInterest Rate: 0% 15% “flat” 12% “flat” 40% declUpfront fee: 5% 2% 1% 0%Security 0% 0% 20% 0%deposit: APR 49% 47% 49% 40%Transparency 0 32 25 100 Index

Profits in MicrofinanceReturn on Equity, Latin America

ROE de Compartamos vs BancosMexicanos

Compartamos Accionistas antesdel OPI Shareholders Invested % Compartamos AC $2.3M 39.20% ACCION $1.0M 18.05% IFC $0.6M 10.57% 18 Individuals $2.0M 32.18% Total $6.0M 100.00%

ACCION’s Investment in Compartamos ACCION (NGO) USAID $1M ACCION Gateway Fund $1M (For-Profit) Taxpayers$1M $300M Compartamos (Sofol)

“The median interest rate for sustainable MFIs was about 26% in 2006.” CGAP BriefAverage Price

Too High!Responsible Pricing Range Too Low!

Is there a curve in other countries?

The interesting question:Are institutions “off-of-the-curve” pricing responsibly?

Possible Conclusion: The poorer the client, the morewe exploit her by charging higher prices

In the Philippines, we find a curve not only forprices, but also for Operating Costs.

Common industry benchmark of 15-20%OpCost Ratio is appropriate for larger loans

But smaller loans generate an Op Cost Ratio well in excess of 20%

Comparison of the Cost Curve and the Price Curve

Reality:The price curve is inevitable

What price would be needed on a $1 loan for ayear? To generate $20 of income over the yearwould require an annual interest rate of 2000%

The success of microfinance has been to pushthe limits of when the curve starts its upward bend. But there are limits. We cannot sustainably give extremely small loans.

Cost Components that AffectPricing Component Financial Costs 10% Loan Loss 2% Operating Costs 20% Profit 3% Total Price 35%

Comparing “theory” with actual data The following graphs analyze data from over 600 MFIs around the world ◦ All data comes from The MIX ◦ The first set of graphs display operating cost ratios relative to loan size ◦ Later graphs then show the yield on portfolio relative to loan size

Efficiency: Operating Cost Ratio The formula for the ratio: Annual Operational Cost ------------------------------ Average Loan Portfoliio We will do an analysis at the level of a single loan

Pricing for Different Products Component $100 Loan $1000 Loan Financial Costs 10% 10% Loan Loss 2% 2% Operating Costs 50% 15% Profit 10% 10% Total Price 72% 37%

Lack of Transparent PricingThe way we communicate prices to our clients is far from transparent

What is Transparent Pricing?The pricing, terms, and conditions of financialproducts will be adequately disclosed to the clientsin a clear manner that allows both • Accurate understanding of prices, and • Ability to compare different products.

Example of Loan Pricing Interest rate of 3% per month Small closing fee of 2% Savings account with 15% of loan We pay you 5% interest on your savings What do you think the APR of this loan is? (we will calculate APR without compounding, i.e, using the US formula, not the EU formula)

Declining Balance interest reflects the textbook definition of interest as a charge for theuse of money over time. APR is equivalent to declining balance interest with no fees.

With “Flat” interest, interest is charged on the original loan amount resulting in nearlydouble the cost of declining balance interest. Why double? The area of the rectangleunder the green line is almost double the area under the red stair-step loan balance.

In addition, the client is often charged fees for the loan. In this example, a 2% up-front fee,because of the short loan term, surprisingly adds 13% to the APR. A loan advertised as 36%interest is now the equivalent of 78% APR.

The red area shows money invested in business. The blue line shows money held in savings.Compulsory savings adds to the cost. Clients are charged interest on the original loan ($1000)even though they never have use of that amount. In this example, the APR is now 107%.

Clients are paid interest, but significantly less interest on their savings than they are charged ontheir loans. When earning 5% interest, the APR only drops from 107% to 105%.

In this example, the client pays a total cost of $131 for the $1,000 loan for 16 weeks. If she wereto renew the loan consistently for an entire year, she would pay a total of $425 for the year.

Average net loan balance is $360But, the client never had a $1,000. She only received $850 because of the savings, andthen she paid back a portion each week. She paid $425 to have an average loan balanceof $360 for a year, giving an APR greater than 100%.

And with compulsory savings there are some months in which the client actually has moremoney in savings than invested in her business, giving a negative net loan balance.

Which loan looks less expensive? Loan Product Initial Loan Total Cost Length of Loan APR Amount Loan Option A $1,000 $131 16 weeks 79% Loan Option B $511 $425 12 months 79% Loan Option C $360 $425 12 months 105% The three products we were comparing are actually identical in financial terms.Loan C includes cost of compulsory savings in the APR calculation. Loans advertised as 3% per month can have APRs of 79% or even 105%

How can the industry advocate pricing transparency? The challenge is how to practice transparency in an environment where non-transparency is the norm… It is very difficult to be the first or only MFI practicing transparent pricing!• MFTransparency will create the proper “enabling environment” • Enable industry-supported “truth-in-lending” • Publish APR-equivalent interest rates all-at-once, country-by-country • Educate the public on why interest rates vary by loan size 87

Who will monitor MFTransparency Info?“MFIs will find the service of MFTransparency very helpful. Investors, donors, policy makers, researchers, and practitioners will immensely benefit from their service.”Muhammad Yunus, Managing Director, Grameen Bank“MFTransparency aims at giving MFIs information to offer better value to customers. And it will give investors and others the information they need to put pressure on those institutions that may be charging unreasonably high fees or hiding the full cost of their services. We applaud the effort.” Elizabeth Littlefield, CEO, CGAP 88

How does MFT work? Work with Country Data MFIs one-on- selection verification one, if neededData collection Data Data analysis preparation Collection & synthesisMeetings with Training Dissemination market workshops in of pricing datastakeholders country 89

A long-overlooked need “We have made major investments in improving the quality and clarity of information on microfinance institutions. But we have not yet invested as much as we should in making sure costs of financial services for poor clients are clear and fair. MFTransparency’s initiative is a bold one that promises to fill an important gap.” Elizabeth Littlefield, Director and CEO, CGAP 90

Mf transparency presentation slides

by San Diego Microfinance Alliance on Apr 18, 2011

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Mf transparency presentation slides — Presentation Transcript