Unit 8 Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance

Science Interactive LTD Multimedia CD-ROM for PC is a collection of 38 units totalling over 1150 PowerPoint slides matched to current single and double Science GCSE syllabuses. Each unit covers a wide range of different delivery and learning styles, offering an exciting way to involve your pupils during lessons or revision sessions. All styles of teaching and learning are supported through use of high quality images, graphics, challenging exercises and questions. Units can be used in the classroom via an interactive whiteboard , data projector or used during individual study via a PC or school network. Full users’ licence is available under our ‘ comprehensive package ’ or lessons can be purchased separately. Science Interactive LTD. PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk web: www:science-interactive.co.uk GCSE SCIENCE OCR EDEXCEL AQA Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Unit 19: The Transitional Metals Unit 18: Metals and their Properties Unit 17: The Alkali Metals Unit 16: The Periodic Table and its Elements Unit 15: Genetic Engineering Unit 14: Evolution and Human Impact Unit 13: Inheritance and Selection Unit 12: Mitosis and Meiosis Unit 11: Flow of Energy and Elements through the Environment Unit 10: Water Transport in Plants Unit 9: Photosynthesis in Green Plants Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System Unit 6: Human Homeostasis Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses Unit 4: The Respiratory System Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity Unit 2: The Circulatory System Unit 1: The Digestive System Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems Unit 37: Natural Forces Unit 36: Sound and Hearing Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 33: Earth and Space Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces Unit 31: Radioactivity Unit 30: Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Unit 29: Electricity Unit 28: Generating Electricity and its Domestic Use Unit 27: Energy Unit 26: Rates of Reaction Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses Unit 24: The Halogens, their Uses and Compounds Unit 23: Ionic and Covalent Compounds Unit 22: Elements, Molecules and Compounds Unit 21: Rock Cycle Unit 20: Crude Oil and its Products

Unit 8

Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance

How leading a healthy lifestyles in humans increases our life expectancy.

The range of drugs used and misused by humans in society.

That there are three types of drugs: Stimulants, Depressants and Hallucinogens.

The likely consequences if you are caught, tried and prosecuted for possession or supply of illegal drugs.

Drugs and their effects on the human body as stimulants, depressants or hallucinogens.

Alcohol and its effects on the human body.

Cannabis and its effects on the human body.

Smoking and its effects on the human body.

Heroin and its effects on the human body.

Cocaine and its effects on the human body.

Solvents and their effects on the human body.

Steroids and their effects on the human body.

Making the right choice and long term effects on the brain of drug abuse.

Drugs, Abuse, Heroin, Cocaine, Cigarettes, Cannabis, Habit, Ecstasy, Alcohol, Liver, Brain, Lungs, Disease, Addiction, Dependence, Stimulants, Depressants, Hallucinogens & Addictive. Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.uk Science Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Understand: Keywords:

Malnutrition Healthy growth and development over your lifetime requires sensible eating and a balanced diet. Respiration Assimilation Dietary intake at 9,750 kJ/day Over the last 200 years, here in Western Europe our life expectancy has increased partly due to our healthy diets. Eating a low f____, medium protein, high fibre and carbohydrate diet containing lots of minerals, vitamins, fresh fruit and vegetables is important so that we maintain our correct body weight. Also avoiding substances like alcohol, d_____ ( legal and illegal ) and nicotine as part of a healthy lifestyle, may help us to fulfil our life expectancy. Many thousands of lives every year are cut short by excessive drinking, drug misuse and smoking. Longevity in humans: Longevity and healthy living in humans Harmful substances Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: fat drugs A balanced diet, regular exercise and avoiding alcohol, cigarettes and drugs is all part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Following this healthy lifestyle means that you will have a life expectancy of around 80 years. Many smokers, drinkers and drug users die young...why ? Notes Diagram Healthy lifestyles

Drugs abuse by humans Drugs including a__________, heroin, cocaine, LSD , ecstasy and cannabis have been misused for many centuries by humans. A drug is a natural or synthetic substance or chemical that can alter the way you think, feel or behave. Some drugs are legal like alcohol and t___________, but others like cannabis and e___________ are not. Drug misuse is relatively widespread and can affect your long term health and life expectancy. Drugs are misused more by young males than any other group within society. Drugs used by humans: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: alcohol tobacco ecstasy acid speed S_________ E____________ A______ Charlie Slang Diagram Ecstasy Fags Nicotine Amphetamines LSD Cocaine Drug Slang Diagram Drug Booze Alcohol Weed Cannabis Smack Heroin

Drugs and the law There are legal drugs like caffeine, aspirin, nicotine and alcohol and then there are illegal drugs. Illegal drugs are classed by the law or government into three categories for sentencing purposes if you are either caught in possession or dealing the drug. A_________ and nicotine, although the biggest killers and most widely consumed are legal and generate huge tax incomes for the government. Discuss the ‘pros and cons’ for legalising cannabis a class C drug ? Drugs and the law: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: alcohol Up to 5 years imprisonment and or a fine. Up to 2 years imprisonment and or a fine. Class C Tranquillizers, Painkillers & Cannabis Up to 14 years imprisonment and or a fine. Up to 5 years imprisonment and or a fine. Class B Amphetamine & Codeine Up to life imprisonment and or a fine. Up to 7 year imprisonment and or a fine. Class A Ecstasy, LSD, Heroin, Cocaine & Methadone Dealing or production For possession Diagram Type of drug

Drugs general effects All drugs fall into three classes based on how they affect the human body; stimulants, hallucinogens or depressants. For example, caffeine is a mild s__________ which can raise heart rate, blood pressure and awareness, whereas alcohol is a d___________, which in high quantities can lead to unconscious, respiratory failure and even death. LSD, an hallucinogen can alter your perception of your surroundings. Drug types; Stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: stimulant depressant alcohol Users of hallucinogens like LSD and magic mushrooms describe a change in perception, a trip, which will often depend on a person’s feelings and surroundings. Users also experience what is called a ‘ flashback'- where even several months later, the 'trip' is relived without actually taking the drug. These drugs can cause mental illness.

Drugs that slow down the nervous system are called depressants.

Effects:

Depressed heart rate.

Depressed respiration.

Slowed mental functioning.

Nausea and vomiting.

Suppression of pain.

Slow, slurred speech.

Drugs that speed up the nervous system are called stimulants.

Effects:

Increased heart rate.

Increased breathing rate.

Increased alertness.

Feeling euphoric.

Feeling great energy and strength.

Difficulty relaxing or sleeping.

LSD or Acid Magic mushrooms A_________ Heroin Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines and Speed Hallucinogens Stimulants Depressants

How drugs are taken by humans Before drugs can affect your brain and nervous system, they have to enter the body. Some drugs like a_________ and ecstasy are taken by mouth. Drugs like c__________ and cocaine are smoked or i___________. Injecting drugs like heroin are very dangerous, because of the risk of possible overdose and contracting diseases like HIV , the virus that leads to AIDS . Injecting drugs produces a greater effect because they avoid breakdown by the digestive system. Which organ is responsible for the breakdown of drugs like paracetamol and heroin ? Ways of taking drugs by humans: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: cannabis injected nicotine heroin Absorption: Absorption of nicotine contained in nicorette patches through the skin substitutes the addictive chemical for those trying to give up smoking. Smoking: Tobacco and cannabis are usually smoked. Users can suffer a number of respiratory problems. Crack cocaine is heated to form a vapour which is inhaled by the user Injection: Injecting drugs increases the ‘high’ but can lead to the spread of hepatitis and HIV from sharing ‘dirty needles.’ Ingestion: Alcohol and ecstasy have to pass through the gut wall in order to enter the blood stream. Notes H__________ Injection Ecstasy N___________ Cocaine Drug Diagram Method Absorption Smoking Ingestion

Alcohol and its use by humans Fermented sugar from grain or fruits producing alcohol has been used by humans for social and recreational reasons for many thousands of years. It is part of most adult’s social lives. Alcohol acts like a depressant. The recommended weekly intake of alcohol for males is 21 units and for females 14 units . An increasing amount of the population exceed this amount with b_______ drinking. This is taking large amounts of alcohol over a relatively short time period. Why is the recommended daily amounts for women less than men ? Recommended weekly intake: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: binge ____ ? ____ ? 14 21 ____ ? ____ ? 14 21 Number of drinks per week Female Male A shot of spirit (whisky) is equal to 1 unit. Spirits One alcopop is equal to 1 unit Alcopops Unit strength Diagram Alcohol 1 glass of red or white wine is equal to 1 unit Wine A pint of beer or lager is equal to 2 units. Beer & lager

Alcohol and its effects on the human body Alcohol, fermented from grain or fruit sugar has been used and misused for many thousands of years. Alcohol acts like a d___________. Chronic long term exposure to alcohol can have many effects on the human body. Over the long term, alcohol can be addictive causing many health problems including cirrhosis of the liver and h_______ disease. It is estimated to cause the early death of perhaps 50,000 people every year in the UK alone. Despite this, alcohol is sold everywhere and raises huge tax revenues for the government. Alcohol and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: depressant heart Brain Liver Heart Lungs Alcohol: Effects on the Human body Binge drinking in the UK has soared where 4/10 males and 3/10 females binge on alcohol at least once a week. The main effects of alcohol on the human body include High and excessive alcohol intake causes liver cirrhosis over the long term. Also the heart can be affected and shows signs of widespread heart disease. Heavy drinking in males also causes impotence and reduces fertility. Alcohol Vomiting Impotence

Smoking and its effects on the human body Nicotine, the active c__________ in cigarette smoke is highly a__________. Nicotine itself has an effect on the heart and blood pressure like other stimulants, however it is the tar which contains carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke that dramatically increase the risk of developing lung and throat cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. How would a smoking ban in public places protect the public ? Smoking and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: chemical addictive Brain Liver Heart Lungs Smoking: Effects on the Human body Nicotine in cigarette smoke is inhaled and absorbed through the lungs. At over five pounds a day it is a very expensive habit. The average smoker consumes 20 cigarettes per day until death from heart failure or lung cancer. The main effects of smoking on the human body include: Heart failure or lung cancer. Lung cancer kills about 100,000 people in the UK every year with the majority of incidents caused by smoking or passive smoking. Increased heart rate and blood pressure may lead to heart disease. Smoking Damaged lungs Healthy lungs

Damaging your lungs In addition to smoking, your lungs can be damaged by your life style, your place of work or even a traffic jam. Our lungs take in over fifty litres of air every minute of the day . The quality of the a____ we breathe at work, where we live and play affects how our lungs perform over our lives. Remember, our lungs are the most sensitive organs we have and can be quickly damaged by our lifestyles and our own e____________. How might the pollutants from cars and lorries affect our lungs ? Protecting our lungs: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: air environment Traffic pollution can affect the quality of the air we breathe. In our cities, traffic pollution can increase the number of deaths from respiratory failure. Air pollution Many work places can expose our lungs to dust and other airborne pollutants. We can protect ourselves by wearing a face mask, which filters out dust. Work Notes Diagram Risk Smoking in the UK kills over 100,000 adults per year. Despite these figures, the UK government has yet to ban smoking from public places. Smoking Our lifestyles can also damage our lungs. Smoking and living near busy car jammed roads can damage our delicate lungs for the rest of our lives. Lifestyle

. Smoking as a cause of lung cancer Smoking was first linked as a direct cause of lung cancer by the scientist John Doull . He studied the main causes of death in many thousands of smokers and non smokers. His research linked smoking with an increased risk of dying from lung cancer. Smoke irritates the lung causing new cells to grow. Dividing lung cells expose their genes or DNA to the cancer causing chemicals in cigarette smoke and t_____. A change in the lung cell DNA results in lung c________ in the future. Lung cancer and smoking: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: tar cancer Drugs, chewing gum and inhalers all supply the addictive drug nicotine, to help smokers give up their habit. Why is will power also important when quitting ? Giving up Key (Death rates in the US) 70/100,000 50/100,000 35/100,000 20/100,000 From the graph more people smoke in coastal areas or in large cities. Smoking is still seen as a social habit. Cancer Deaths in America Notes Diagram An X-ray of a cancerous lung tissue (right) Six tumours are growing and increasing in size in both the right and left lung. Untreated this patient will die form the presence of all these tumours. The right picture shows the lung of a dead 56 year old male smoker. Notice how the tissue has changed because of the build up of tar deposits. Cancer x-ray Lung cancer

Other effects of smoking on the human body In addition to lung cancer, smoking over a long period can increase the risk of developing emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Again, many of the 300 chemicals that cigarette tar contains causes these respiratory diseases, particularly in the heavy smoker. Emphysema is a fatal lung condition involving the breakdown of the a________ tissue, causing many years of suffering. Coal miners and others whose occupations have exposed them to dust and pollutants can also suffer from these diseases. Emphysema and bronchitis: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: alveoli See how the lung alveoli have been destroyed by the inner walls breaking down. Less oxygen is able to diffuse across the lung into the blood stream. Emphysema The alveolus has a very thin wall, a large surface area which is kept moist and a good blood supply These four features help the diffusion of O 2 and CO 2 across its wall. Normal alveoli Notes Diagram Normal bronchioles have a large diameter which transports inhaled and exhaled air to and from the alveoli tissue through the windpipe. Normal bronchioles Bronchitis can be fatal in the very old and in smokers. Excessive mucus can damage the delicate lung tissue causing scaring and infection from microbes. Bronchitis

Cocaine and its effects on the human body Cocaine, extracted from the c_______ plant is taken through the nose and absorbed into the l_______. It then acts directly on the brain, producing a feeling of great energy and strength. Long term use can cause paranoia and irritability. Cocaine damages the nose lining and the capillaries in your heart. It is also combined with other chemicals to form a highly addictive drug known as crack cocaine. A cocaine habit is extremely costly to your health and your wallet. Cocaine and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: coca lungs Brain Liver Heart Lungs Cocaine: Effects on the Human body Cocaine, a white powder is usually snorted through the nose. At over fifty pounds a hit it is a very expensive habit. The main effects of cocaine on the human body include: Increased heart rate and blood pressure. Possible heart failure. Many coke uses suffer their first heart attack in their thirties. Observe the animation. In the picture above, over-activity of the brain causes the craving sensation in the addict. Cocaine user Heart attack Addicted brain

Cannabis and its effects on the human body Cannabis is the most widely abused i________ drug and accounts for around 70% of all drugs cases dealt with by the police. It is usually smoked in the form of resin a brown or black solid mass. Cannabis makes you feel relaxed and because it’s a mild hallucinogen, you can find colours and sounds brighter and sharper. It can cause anxiety and effect short term m________. Long term use can cause heart, lung and breathing problems, as well severe depression. Cannabis and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: illegal memory Brain Liver Heart Lungs Cannabis: Effects on the Human body Cannabis, a black resin is normally inhaled and absorbed through the lungs. Cannabis is normally smoked in a ‘spliff’ with normal tobacco The main effects of cannabis on the human body include: Cannabis makes you feel relaxed and because it’s a mild hallucinogen, you can find colours brighter and sharper. Because it is taken with tobacco and inhaled deeply into the lungs it can lead to lung cancer. In high doses or over long term use, cannabis use can cause anxiety and paranoia in the user. Cannabis user Lung damage Paranoia

Ecstasy and its effects on the human body Ecstasy is a man made or synthetic drug that became popular amongst the rave set. It is usually taken instead of a_________ by 16 – 25 year olds. It typically costs around one pound for a single tablet. Although it can become addictive, long term effects on the human body are unknown, because it is a relatively new drug. Some people have reacted instantly and died from multiple organ failure. This is because they are allergic to the drug. This cannot be predicted and many youths have lost their lives over the last decade. Leah Betts story is the most famous. Ecstasy and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: alcohol Brain Liver Heart Lungs Ecstasy: Effects on the Human body Ecstasy is a synthetic drug sold as ‘E s ’ at discos, clubs and raves. The main effects of Ecstasy on the human body include: Research shows that the normal brain changes and deteriorates within 2 years of ecstasy use. Ecstasy is used during animal studies to destroy brain nerve cells in rats. It is very likely that it has a similar effect in your brain. Nausea, dehydration, teeth grinding and increased muscle tension are some of the other side-effects. Ecstasy Rave discos Grinding teeth

Ecstasy and the Leah Betts story Leah Betts story: Why did Leah Betts take Ecstasy ? Not even Leah's parents can answer that. In their heartbreaking letter, Paul and Janet Betts say, "Why our beautiful daughter felt she needed Ecstasy we will never know." Leah was not at a night club, or a rave when she took the single ecstasy pill . She was at home, with her parents, celebrating her 18 th birthday. One of the lessons to be learned from this tragedy is that there is no "safe and sound" advice about taking Ecstasy. Why do you think Leah’s parents used her death to highlight the risk of taking Ecstasy ? The Leah Betts story: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Brain Liver Heart Lungs Leah Betts story Is the general medical advise on taking ecstasy safely right or wrong ? To begin with we were told if you take Ecstasy, "Drink plenty of water." Now however it is apparent that it could be the excess of water in the body that is causing the problems for many victims of this drug. We cannot allow Leah to have died in vain. If one life is saved through all this heartache, then there has been a saviour in our day. Ecstasy Leah Betts in a coma shortly before her death

LSD and its effects on the human body LSD (acid) was very popular in the seventies. Small quantities of the drug LSD are impregnated on squares of usually decorative blotting paper or t______. Users of LSD describe a change in perception, hallucinating or a t______, which will often depend on the prevalent feelings and surroundings varying between euphoria or terror. Users may also experience what is called a ‘flashback'- where even several months later, the 'trip' is relived without actually taking the drug. LSD and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: tabs trip Brain Liver Heart Lungs LSD: Effects on the Human body LSD is a synthetic drug sold as ‘acid’ on tabs usually decorated with images like a ‘smiley face’ at discos and raves. LSD is a hallucinogen. This drug can alter the brain’s perception of the World. The main effects of LSD on the human body include: Marked deterioration of brain tissue with 10 years of use. LSD can increase the risk of developing permanent mental illness in the user: e.g. schizophrenia. LSD tabs on paper Hallucinogenic effects of LSD (acid)

Steroids and its effects on the human body Steroids are normally prescribed to help tissue recovery after a sports injury. Body builders, sometimes in their teens take illegal steroidal injections to help them increase their m_________ mass, as well as to train longer and harder. It is a growing problem amongst boys, as pressure mounts for everyone to have the perfect six-pack. Why do boys feel pressure to take steroids ? Steroids and their effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: muscle Brain Liver Heart Lungs Steroids: Effects on the Human body Steroids sold in vials usually obtained from the farming industry are sold to young males who are into body building. The main effects of steroids on the human body include: Short term effects include an increase in muscle mass. The perfect six-pack, but at what cost ? Steroids also affect the heart muscle, with the heart wall becoming enlarged leading to heart failure. Also: Acne. Deeper voice. Temper. Reduced fertility. Increased sex drive. Steroids by injection Body builders Acne of the skin

Solvents and their effects on the human body Solvents are mainly abused by young teenagers, often before using other drugs including alcohol, cannabis and even crack cocaine. Used to produce a feeling of euphoria and a mild hallucinogenic effect, users i_______ the solvent through the airways. Solvents can also have very unpredictable effects including causing h_______ failure and death. Why is solvent abuse popular amongst very young children ? Solvents and its effects: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: inhale heart Brain Liver Heart Lungs Solvents: Effects on the Human body Solvents used in glues, paints, sprays and other industrial products are readily available and extremely cheap. They are used mainly by youths because of their low cost. Addicts carry around glue or solvents and use them continuously. The main effects of solvents on the human body include: Solvent abuse can increase the risk of a stroke. This is where a blood clot develops in the brain. The abuse of some solvents can lead to dramatic heart failure and even death in some cases. Solvents Solvent abuser Dead solvent abuser

Effects of certain drugs on spiders Although we have many reports informing us on the effects of many drugs on the human body and our behaviour, it remains unethical to test drugs directly on humans. Scientists have tested the effects of certain drugs on the ability of spiders to spin their webs. Web spinning is a highly complicated task. Spiders given small amounts of cannabis, LSD and heroin were then allowed to spin webs. Below are pictures of the results, showing the effects of various drugs. Spiders given cannabis just gave up. Spiders given LSD produced a chaotic web design as their perception of the surroundings is changed by the drug. Spiders given heroin surprisingly span a near perfect web. Should cannabis still be regarded as a ‘soft drug’ by the government ? Drugs effects on spiders: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Spider given LSD Notes Diagram Normal web: A normal spiders web. Compare this to the other webs produced after the drug trials. Spider given cannabis: Giving a spider cannabis appears to make them give up half way through. Spider given LSD : Giving a spider LSD produces this erratic web design. Link this to LSD ’s effects in humans ? Spider given heroin: Heroin seems to have the least affect on the spiders ability to spin a web. Normal web Spider given cannabis Spider given heroin

Effects of certain drugs on your brain tissue Taking drugs is your choice ! However, by having all the information about the effects of drugs on various organs including the brain, heart, liver and lungs and moreover, the consequences of long term use, you can make an informed choice . If you manage to avoid excessive alcohol intake, smoking and long term use of illegal drugs you can avoid about 85% of the diseases like lung c_________ that lead to premature death in humans. These are called lifestyle diseases which cause the death of perhaps 200,000 people in the UK alone every year. Long term effects of drugs on the brain: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: cancer 20 years of heroin Notes Diagram Normal brain: Normal brain in an adult with healthy areas shown in blue by this imaging technique. Cocaine brain: Here dead regions of the brain are shown by these holes. Cocaine has a significant effect even after only 2 years of abuse. Heroin brain: Long term heroin addicts show almost 25% loss in brain function and tissue. These effects cannot be reversed. Alcohol brain: Drinking heavily, although legal is as damaging as taking heroin for the same amount of time. Normal brain scan 2 years of cocaine 25 years of alcohol

Complete fitness Athletes require their key organ systems to work together so that they can exercise and play their sport. Fitness is a measure of how well you body w_____ and exercises. Athletes require ‘total fitness’ so that they can win and excel at their s______. The cardiovascular, respiratory and skeletal-muscle system all work together to supply the oxygen and nutrients to your muscles. How would you devise a training programme to increase your overall fitness ? Essential organ systems: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: works sport The skeletal-muscle system works to move the body during sport. A sprinter requires the fastest contracting muscles during a 100 m race. Muscle Your respiratory system is constantly working to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries in the lung. Respiratory Notes Diagram Professional athletes like runners and footballers work hard to be fit for their sport, but ideas of fitness vary according to their sport. Athlete The cardiovascular system is the human body’s transport system. It moves oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells around a network of tubes. Cardiovascular

Maintaining fitness Athletes work hard to achieve total fitness, but what does being fit mean ? If you are fit, you will have a low resting heart rate which recovers quickly after e_________. Your lungs efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli tissue and your skeletal m________ system moves you quickly, without tiring during a race or a game. Exercising ( running, weights & gym work ) helps us to achieve fitness and improve our ability to compete and win. Fitness and the five ‘S’ Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: exercise muscle Notes The five ‘s’ strength, stamina, skill, suppleness and speed are all improved by repetitive training and exercise. Regular exercise also helps prevent people becoming overweight and developing heart disease and diabetes. Nearly 25% of all adults are now considered obese with almost 50% of all pupils of secondary school age not taking enough exercise. Suppleness Speed Skill Diagram Strength Stamina

Dietary intake of foods Our dietary intake of foods like proteins, c____________ and lipids should provide us with the correct amount of chemical energy to maintain our daily activities, growth (if we are children) and repair. An adult male requires about 10,500 kJ per day, equivalent to about 100 joules per second. This is the same energy that a 100 watt light bulb uses. Taking too much energy by perhaps consuming too much raw s_______ can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure and eventually obesity. Daily energy requirements: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: carbohydrates sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O Mitochondria Energy Respiration Growth & reproduction Assimilation Dietary energy Respiration 10,500 kJ/day (adult male) All the chemical energy that we require, vitamins and minerals and fibre are provided by balanced diet. A balanced diet is essential for healthy growth, development and repair. Mostly, common sense and eating lots of the ‘right things’ in our diet is the right thing to do ! Notes Diagram Dietary intake, assimilation and respiration

Respiration Obesity Assimilation Dietary energy Respiration Dietary intake in excess of 10,500 kJ/day (adult male) Your brain regulates your appetite and signals when you are h______. Your body is able to regulate the amount of chemical energy that you take over many years. Consuming foods high in sugar and fat and low in bulk tend to upset the right balance. Excess chemical energy in your diet leads to greater assimilation, weight gain and eventually obesity. Some individuals who are grossly obese, store upwards of a million additional kilojoules in their body as f___. What health consequences does obesity in humans cause ? Over consumption of nutrients: Getting the balance wrong Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: hungry fat C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O Mitochondria Energy All the chemical energy, vitamins and minerals that we require are provided by a healthy balanced diet. Overeating or under eating, eating too little vitamins and minerals can cause many health problems in adults and children. It is estimated that one in four adults will be clinically obese by 2010. Notes Diagram Dietary intake in excess of daily requirements

Atherosclerosis and heart disease A high f____ diet over many years, lack of e__________, too much alcohol and smoking leads to arthrosclerosis and general heart disease. Arthrosclerosis reduces the diameter of the aorta and other major arteries, therefore increases blood p_______. Eventually a heart attack may follow because of a clot in the coronary arteries. How can we educate people to reduce their risk of developing atherosclerosis ? Atherosclerosis: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: fat exercise pressure smoking The heart starved of oxygen suffers a heart attack. Fatty deposits block veins and arteries reducing blood flow. Healthy arteries allow red blood cells to flow freely through the heart tissue. All these risk factors contribute to heart disease. Notes

Alcohol

S________

Drugs

No exercise

Atherosclerosis Smoking Heart attack Exercise Normal Veins or Arteries Risk factors Process Diagram Factor Alcohol Drugs

Understanding heart attacks During a heart attack, the arteries supplying the heart and its muscular ventricles become blocked with f______ deposits that have become detached from the lining of the coronary arteries. Any heart muscle ‘downstream’ of the blockage is starved of o_______ and dies. The heart can withstand losing about 50% of its muscle function. A fatal heart attack is where the blockage deprives over 50% of heart muscle of the essential oxygen and nutrients. What ‘lifestyle factors’ increase the risk of a heart attack ? Heart attack: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: fatty oxygen If you coronary arteries become blocked, you can opt for a triple bypass, where veins from your leg replace the blocked arteries supplying the heart. Heart bypass A final option, if the heart becomes damaged beyond repair, is to have a mechanical heart. Post operative survival rates for this procedure are relatively low. Mechanical heart During a heart attack, the muscle tissue is starved of oxygen and nutrients because of a blockage in the coronary arteries. The muscle tissue then dies. A high fat diet may lead to fatty deposits blocking your arteries. These can break free causing a blockage in the arteries supplying the heart. Notes Diagram Blocked arteries Heart attack

1: Define the following terms: Drugs, Addiction, Dependence, Stimulant, Depressant, Hallucinogen & Addictive. 2: Look at the pictures of the three types of drugs. Complete the table. 3: Explain the following: a) Never drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs of any kind. b) Never share needles whilst taking drugs. c) The difference between a stimulant and a depressant. d) The difference between dependence and addiction. e) What parts of the body do (i) alcohol (ii) cigarettes and (iii) cocaine effect. f) What effects do drinking heavily for many years have on the body. Extension questions and homework Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Depressant Cigarettes Alcohol Cannabis What diseases or effects on health do they cause after long-term use Stimulant Drug

4: Look at the information in the table below. a) Explain what are the typical sentences if you are caught in possession of each drug. b) Explain what are the typical sentences if you are caught dealing these drugs. 5: Explain why the following are not true. a) Drinking alcopops are less harmful than drinking spirits like whisky. b) Alcohol is a stimulant drug. c) Ecstasy is completely safe if you only take one tablet. d) If is completely safe to drive if you are below the legal limit. e) Drinking heavily for many years does no harm to your body because you get use to it. f) It is safe to share needles with your friends as long as you know them. g) Taking steroids will not affect your heart muscle when you are young. 6: Complete the following: Drugs can either be legal or illegal and fall into three categories; depressants, _____________ and hallucinogens. Drugs like _____________ and heroin are depressants whilst cocaine and _____________ are stimulants. Some drugs are very _______________ and cause you to become dependant over many years. Internet: Go to google.co.uk and find about how steroids are misused by young teenagers who want the perfect body and six-pack. Also find drug treatment centres and addiction treatment. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Legal Alcohol B Amphetamine A Heroin A Cocaine C Legal Class Cannabis Nicotine Drug